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檢視中國的城市化進程與全球城市化研究將為被忽略的地區帶來新的視野 / The examination of urbanization processes in China with the combination of global and world city research are expected to provide new insights to this neglected area. Global city idea had often emerged in contemporary city development plans, mainly indicating rapid modernization efforts via building a so-called global city. The wide-scale embeddedness of this idea suggests that it became the synonym of international competitiveness and prosperity. The best example of that is China with its massive network of cities. Until recently public datas were less accessible regarding the major Chinese cities, sith the reasons behind their growth and properity are still widely unexplored. The goal of this thesis would be to collect data and examine the most relevant segments of a specific Chinese city, namely Shanghai in the context of global city formation and competition. In order to justify or deny the overall achievements of industrial and spatial restructuring, the thesis will rely on the latest datas, including the related theoretical aspects and two short case studies. There are multiple layers of conducting city-related research from which, there are statistically less traceable ones. Thus, the intention of the thesis is to highlight two, internationally relevant and comparable areas, such as the financial industry and the newly upgraded free trade zone. According to the author’s intentions the strengths and the weaknesses of Shanghai as a global city will be empirically tested, while at the same time there will be a strong emphasis on the introduction of world- and global cities’ theoretical background as well. Within that the Chinese global city idea will be distinguished from its Western counterpart and the contraints of current political system will be pointed out in terms of operation or management. The main subject of inquiry would be to learn more about the extent of global city transformation in the city, compared to the general assumptions on an actual global city. Since this thesis has its own limitations both in size and data processing capability, thus it mainly analyzed and used second-hand sources to derive its conclusions. The main purpose of this work would be to contest the aspects of Shanghai’s global citiness.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suzane Caroline Gil Frutuoso.pdf: 692281 bytes, checksum: a7b5b9b2a03fdaf92a8ae44c5c092b14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The 2008 global financial crisis has shaken rich countries financial health, once immune to topics like unemployment, underpayment and welfare state precariousness. Because of their strength and stability, these nations also attracted immigrants for years, including Brazilians. Mainly, as of the decade of 1980, they thought that the only way of being successful in times of hyperinflation and unfavorable social and economic perspectives was by leaving Brazil. Such logic changed with the global financial crisis that hit European countries, The United States and Japan in the late 2000s as Brazil was going through, for the very first time in years, employment rate, better incomes and purchasing power on the increase. A great deal of people decided to come back. According to Foreign and Commonwealth Office of Brazil data, around four hundred thousand Brazilians arrived in their home country between 2008 and 2012. It is a significant and previously unseen number. Never have so many emigrants returned at the same time. But the ones who came back with some qualification, such as college and post-graduation degrees, experiencing solid career or building it abroad, despite local opportunities, had to face inevitable culture shock along with the feeling of no longer totally fitting in the place where they came from. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the return of Brazilian citizens after years of living abroad and the impact of moving back to São Paulo City, with its advantages and disadvantages from social, economic, urban and emotional points of view. Traveling from place to place is considered to be multicausal, which in its turn, leads to reflections about identities in reconstruction. On the other hand, the balance between expectations and achievements end up revealing urban questions of a global city, with its contradictions. The interviewees are college graduates and have left the countries where they had been living for years or intended to stay longer due to the effects of the global financial crisis. They do not belong to the group of immigrants who had to be manual laborers (except for one of the interviewees who did it in order to complement her income to pay tourism travels). They sounded optimistic about their returning. Most of them, however, feel disappointed when it comes to situations that seem to never improve such as security, transportation, education, corruption. The interviewees were also dissatisfied with the quick decline of the so-called constant growth. Soon after their return, around 2012, they realized that economy had slowed down, the cost of living in São Paulo had become too high by comparison with other metropolis in the world, and the salaries were not that good anymore. Many of them consider to immigrate again. This is a qualitative research. Its data was collected through semi-structured interviews, which were all recorded. Institutional and governmental data complement our paper, which portrays a new face of traveling from place to place, migrations and human mobility in the twenty-first century, in the midst of a globalized scenario with an urban means (São Paulo City) that directly affects the identity in society as well as the way people behave or deal towards one another / A crise econômica internacional de 2008 abalou a saúde financeira de países ricos que antes pareciam imunes a questões como desemprego, baixas remunerações e precariedade. Bem como no Estado de bem-estar social. Por sua pujança e estabilidade, essas nações também atraíram durante anos imigrantes, inclusive brasileiros. Principalmente a partir da década de 1980, eles viram na saída do Brasil a única chance de ascensão numa época de hiperinflação e perspectivas socioeconômicas desfavoráveis. Tal lógica se inverteu com a crise que atingiu no final dos anos 2000 países europeus, os Estados Unidos e o Japão, enquanto o Brasil experimentava, pela primeira vez em muito tempo, taxas de pleno emprego, melhora na renda e crescimento da capacidade de consumo. Um contingente grande de pessoas resolveu voltar. Segundo dados do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, cerca de 400 mil brasileiros desembarcaram na terra de origem entre 2008 e 2012. O número é expressivo e inédito. Nunca tantos emigrados regressaram em um mesmo período. Mas para os retornados qualificados, graduados, pós-graduados, com carreira construída ou em construção lá fora, apesar das oportunidades aqui, o choque cultural foi inevitável, assim como a sensação de não mais pertencer totalmente ao local de onde partiram. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir e analisar o retorno de brasileiros depois de anos no exterior e o impacto de voltar a viver na cidade de São Paulo, com suas vantagens e desvantagens do ponto de vista social, econômico, urbano e emocional. Os deslocamentos são vistos como multicausais e provocam, por sua vez, reflexões sobre identidade em reconstrução. Por outro lado, o balanço entre expectativas e conquistas acaba por revelar as questões urbanas de uma cidade global, com suas contradições. Os entrevistados têm nível superior e deixaram os países em que viviam há anos ou pensavam passar mais tempo devido aos reflexos da crise internacional. Não são parte do contingente de imigrantes que se submeteram a qualquer trabalho braçal (apenas uma entrevistada realizou esse tipo de função para obter renda complementar enquanto estudava e, assim, poder fazer turismo). Estavam esperançosos quanto ao retorno. A maior parte, porém, demonstrou decepção com situações que parecem nunca mudar, como segurança, transporte, educação, corrupção. Pesou também na insatisfação dos entrevistados o declínio rápido do que era anunciado como um crescimento constante. Pouco depois do retorno, por volta de 2012, perceberam que a economia desacelerou, o custo de vida em São Paulo se tornou elevado demais na comparação com outras metrópoles do mundo e os salários já não eram tão vantajosos. Muitos deles consideram imigrar novamente. A pesquisa é qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, todas gravadas. Dados institucionais e governamentais complementam nosso trabalho, retrato de uma nova face dos deslocamentos, das migrações e da mobilidade humana no século XXI num cenário globalizado e com um ambiente urbano (cidade de São Paulo) que afeta diretamente a identidade na sociedade e a maneira de se relacionar

Les premières couronnes de banlieue parisienne et new-yorkaises, anciens espaces industriels, sont le territoire privilégié de l’expansion spatiale de la centralité parisienne recomposée par la globalisation de l’économie. Les conséquences spatiales de ces évolutions bouleversent les ordonnances et les hiérarchies existantes au sein des agglomérations urbaines. Les premières couronnes ont traversé une période de désindustrialisation et des phénomènes de crise économique, sociale et urbaine. Mais depuis les années 1980, elles sont confrontées à une recomposition économique du centre de l’agglomération, qui les confronte aux conséquences de la globalisation. Une typologie permet de distinguer différents types de choix. Certains espaces s’orientent résolument vers le tertiaire supérieur et l’installation d’une population de cadres aisés. A l’inverse, d’autres connaissent des évolutions économiques et sociales divergentes (intégration économique, pauvreté des habitants). Enfin, d’autres espaces s’orientent vers des fonctions résidentielles. Les politiques urbaines ont eu un rôle majeur dans l’évolution de ces premières couronnes, par le biais de régulations nouvelles entre les stratégies publique et privée. Cette thèse montre que les transformations récentes de ces territoires ne dépend pas seulement du contexte local, mais aussi d’héritages liés aux politiques urbaines, bien que les deux contextes étudiés soient très différents. De fait, les politiques urbaines tendent à produire des effets et des paysages urbains similaires, le paradigme de la croissance économique restant dominant. / In the core of Paris’ and New York metropolitan areas, former industrial spaces have undergone a massive restructuring of their productive and social profile. Global cities have dramatically changed for the past 30 years : their centres have regained economic power, and been gentrified. In particular, “peri-central spaces” or “first suburbs” faced a period of decline and deindustrialization, losing jobs and population, facing pauperization and unemployment. However, from the 1980s on, they are being restructured in connection with their specific spatial position neighbouring the center and are confronted with the impacts of globalization. Most spaces are oriented towards production, attracting office development and business services. Some poles of excellence have particularly gained from this restructuring while their population gentrified, and are competing fiercely for investment. Others are destructured urban areas where the economic and social evolutions are diverging (economic redevelopment versus increased poverty of the residents). Finally, other spaces remain more residential, with diverging social evolutions. Urban policies had a key impact on the evolution of first suburbs, the conjunction of private and public strategies creating the conditions for their redevelopment. This thesis shows that the recent transformation of these territories does not only depend on the local context, but also on long-term heritages and therefore on the choices implemented by local public strategies, be it in two very different contexts. As a matter of facts, urban policies tend to produce similar effects and urban landscapes, mostly because of the dominance of the growth paradigm.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Suzane Caroline Gil Frutuoso.pdf: 692281 bytes, checksum: a7b5b9b2a03fdaf92a8ae44c5c092b14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The 2008 global financial crisis has shaken rich countries financial health, once immune to topics like unemployment, underpayment and welfare state precariousness. Because of their strength and stability, these nations also attracted immigrants for years, including Brazilians. Mainly, as of the decade of 1980, they thought that the only way of being successful in times of hyperinflation and unfavorable social and economic perspectives was by leaving Brazil. Such logic changed with the global financial crisis that hit European countries, The United States and Japan in the late 2000s as Brazil was going through, for the very first time in years, employment rate, better incomes and purchasing power on the increase. A great deal of people decided to come back. According to Foreign and Commonwealth Office of Brazil data, around four hundred thousand Brazilians arrived in their home country between 2008 and 2012. It is a significant and previously unseen number. Never have so many emigrants returned at the same time. But the ones who came back with some qualification, such as college and post-graduation degrees, experiencing solid career or building it abroad, despite local opportunities, had to face inevitable culture shock along with the feeling of no longer totally fitting in the place where they came from. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the return of Brazilian citizens after years of living abroad and the impact of moving back to São Paulo City, with its advantages and disadvantages from social, economic, urban and emotional points of view. Traveling from place to place is considered to be multicausal, which in its turn, leads to reflections about identities in reconstruction. On the other hand, the balance between expectations and achievements end up revealing urban questions of a global city, with its contradictions. The interviewees are college graduates and have left the countries where they had been living for years or intended to stay longer due to the effects of the global financial crisis. They do not belong to the group of immigrants who had to be manual laborers (except for one of the interviewees who did it in order to complement her income to pay tourism travels). They sounded optimistic about their returning. Most of them, however, feel disappointed when it comes to situations that seem to never improve such as security, transportation, education, corruption. The interviewees were also dissatisfied with the quick decline of the so-called constant growth. Soon after their return, around 2012, they realized that economy had slowed down, the cost of living in São Paulo had become too high by comparison with other metropolis in the world, and the salaries were not that good anymore. Many of them consider to immigrate again. This is a qualitative research. Its data was collected through semi-structured interviews, which were all recorded. Institutional and governmental data complement our paper, which portrays a new face of traveling from place to place, migrations and human mobility in the twenty-first century, in the midst of a globalized scenario with an urban means (São Paulo City) that directly affects the identity in society as well as the way people behave or deal towards one another / A crise econômica internacional de 2008 abalou a saúde financeira de países ricos que antes pareciam imunes a questões como desemprego, baixas remunerações e precariedade. Bem como no Estado de bem-estar social. Por sua pujança e estabilidade, essas nações também atraíram durante anos imigrantes, inclusive brasileiros. Principalmente a partir da década de 1980, eles viram na saída do Brasil a única chance de ascensão numa época de hiperinflação e perspectivas socioeconômicas desfavoráveis. Tal lógica se inverteu com a crise que atingiu no final dos anos 2000 países europeus, os Estados Unidos e o Japão, enquanto o Brasil experimentava, pela primeira vez em muito tempo, taxas de pleno emprego, melhora na renda e crescimento da capacidade de consumo. Um contingente grande de pessoas resolveu voltar. Segundo dados do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, cerca de 400 mil brasileiros desembarcaram na terra de origem entre 2008 e 2012. O número é expressivo e inédito. Nunca tantos emigrados regressaram em um mesmo período. Mas para os retornados qualificados, graduados, pós-graduados, com carreira construída ou em construção lá fora, apesar das oportunidades aqui, o choque cultural foi inevitável, assim como a sensação de não mais pertencer totalmente ao local de onde partiram. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir e analisar o retorno de brasileiros depois de anos no exterior e o impacto de voltar a viver na cidade de São Paulo, com suas vantagens e desvantagens do ponto de vista social, econômico, urbano e emocional. Os deslocamentos são vistos como multicausais e provocam, por sua vez, reflexões sobre identidade em reconstrução. Por outro lado, o balanço entre expectativas e conquistas acaba por revelar as questões urbanas de uma cidade global, com suas contradições. Os entrevistados têm nível superior e deixaram os países em que viviam há anos ou pensavam passar mais tempo devido aos reflexos da crise internacional. Não são parte do contingente de imigrantes que se submeteram a qualquer trabalho braçal (apenas uma entrevistada realizou esse tipo de função para obter renda complementar enquanto estudava e, assim, poder fazer turismo). Estavam esperançosos quanto ao retorno. A maior parte, porém, demonstrou decepção com situações que parecem nunca mudar, como segurança, transporte, educação, corrupção. Pesou também na insatisfação dos entrevistados o declínio rápido do que era anunciado como um crescimento constante. Pouco depois do retorno, por volta de 2012, perceberam que a economia desacelerou, o custo de vida em São Paulo se tornou elevado demais na comparação com outras metrópoles do mundo e os salários já não eram tão vantajosos. Muitos deles consideram imigrar novamente. A pesquisa é qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, todas gravadas. Dados institucionais e governamentais complementam nosso trabalho, retrato de uma nova face dos deslocamentos, das migrações e da mobilidade humana no século XXI num cenário globalizado e com um ambiente urbano (cidade de São Paulo) que afeta diretamente a identidade na sociedade e a maneira de se relacionar

Cette thèse étudie le processus historique de mégapolisation de São Paulo au Brésil et Mumbai (ex-Bombay) en Inde depuis l’accélération urbaine mondiale dans les années 1950 jusqu’ à nos jours. L’objectif est de dégager les mécanismes de la mégapolisation à travers l’examen de ces deux métropoles du Sud. Chacune est donc analysée à travers trois facteurs stratégiques interreliés qui déclenchent et soutiennent leur développement, à savoir le contexte politique, économique et urbain. En tant que villes globales elles deviennent un enjeu pour leurs nations, et plus généralement pour les pays en développement, Elles soutiennent l’émergence de ces pays ainsi qu’un autre modèle de développement. Les examiner revêt donc un caractère stratégique. A l’heure de la métropolisation de nos systèmes urbains, cette analyse prend une dimension toute particulière. En effet, bien que le contexte notamment politique et de développement, de São Paulo et Mumbai diverge des autres grandes villes à vocation mondiale de l’hémisphère Nord, leurs exemples apportent un éclairage instructif sur les écueils et les réponses mis en oeuvre pour améliorer cette voie urbaine de développement. / This thesis has been exploring the historical process of megapolization (overdevelopment) of São Paulo in Brazil and Mumbai (ex-Bombay) in India since the world urban acceleration in the 1950s until today. The objective is to identify the mechanisms of megapolization through the examination of these two Southern cities. Each one is analyzed through three interrelated strategic factors: the political, economic and urban context that trigger and sustain their development. Global cities are strategic places for their nations and more generally for the developing countries. They support the emergence of these territories territories and an other development path. Considering them is therefore a strategic issue. At the time of the cities metropolization, this analysis takes on a particular dimension. Although, the São Paulo and Mumbai context and development diverge from other world cities in the northern hemisphere, their example sheds light on the pitfalls and answers to improve this urban development.

In recent years, urban historians have established that the period from 1560 to 1660 was a key era for London’s development from a relatively small European urban centre into a large dynamic global capital. This dissertation attempts to intervene in London scholarship by drawing attention to the economic, political, religious and – most significantly – cultural importance of clothing in the city in this period. Using material, visual, literary and archival sources, it explores the ways clothing contributed to the development of early modern London and, in turn, how London’s rapid growth changed the making, wearing, and meaning of clothing. This dissertation places material evidence at the fore using extant objects from museum collections. It also employs the new methodology of reconstruction to explore craft, ingenuity, and emotional self-expression in dress. As clothing infused economic and social life, it draws upon on a wide range of evidence, from London guild records, to portraits, travel accounts, personal letters, diaries and account books, plays, sermons and poems. With a focus on urban experience, this dissertation discusses not only elite luxury consumption, but also investigates the wardrobes of guildsmen, immigrant craftspeople, apprentices and maids – asking what they wore, what they thought about what they were wearing, and how they used clothing to navigate through the city during this time of rapid change. A chapter on the ‘London Look’ shows how inhabitants and visitors documented the visual and material styles of the city. Exploring the collaborative processes by which clothing was made, worn and appreciated by craftspeople and consumers, a chapter on making and buying clothing demonstrates how clothes were made and charts the emergence of a new consumer culture. Existing scholarship on sumptuary laws is challenged in a chapter that demonstrates how laws were enforced in the city while also integrating extant objects into the discussion for the first time. Finally, using a sample of London wills, the dissertation shows how Londoners owned, bequeathed and inherited clothing, and imbued it with emotional meaning. In sum, this dissertation aims to integrate scholarship on early modern London with material culture studies, and to promote the new methodology of reconstruction for historians. In revealing how London was conceived during a time of rapid change, clothing can be used as a lens through which to explore wider discourse about a city that by 1657 was being described as ‘Londinopolis.’ Clothing helped to make London into a wealthy, dynamic, and diverse urban centre, and these changes dramatically shaped the way clothing was made and appreciated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:15:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Pevarello Bacci.pdf: 1379041 bytes, checksum: 9171ff14fd37cc970b01890b08a21d5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis intends to study the Movimento Nossa São Paulo (MNSP), which was created in May 2007 and has the articulation among many social players as its peculiarity. The approach to such subject of study was made taking into account the concepts of civil society, social movements, networks, social control and articulating organizations as its theoretical bases. A short documental search about the MNSP was carried out, as well as a search on its internet platforms, where MNSP has a wide range of information about its main developed actions. The subjects of this research were assessed through qualitative methods, especially open-ended questions in semi-structured interviews which intended to supply tools to understand MNSP and the fields it mostly acts. This work found that MNSP is much more identified to the concept of network and articulating organization than to the one of social movement. This research also revealed that MNSP displays some level of social control, fact that was made explicit by its quest for participating in the management of public policies in the city of São Paulo / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objeto de estudo o Movimento Nossa São Paulo (MNSP), criado em maio de 2007, e que tem como particularidade a articulação entre diversos atores sociais. A aproximação com o objeto de estudo foi feita tomando como base teórica os conceitos de sociedade civil, movimento social, redes, controle social e organizações articuladoras. Além desses, procedemos a uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a cidade de São Paulo e suas determinantes históricas, sociais e culturais, na tentativa de melhor compreender o cenário em que a pesquisa foi desenvolvida. Foi realizada, também, uma pesquisa documental sobre o MNSP, bem como pesquisa em sua plataforma de Internet, onde o Movimento possui amplo acervo de informações sobre as principais ações desenvolvidas. A aproximação com os sujeitos da pesquisa foi feita por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, a partir de entrevista semi-estruturada, com perguntas abertas e que serviram como norte para compreender o MNSP e suas principais áreas de atuação. A pesquisa revelou que o Movimento está mais identificado com o conceito de redes e de organização articuladora do que com o movimento social. Também revelou que exerce controle social, explicitado, especialmente, na busca por participar a gestão pública da cidade de São Paulo

This dissertation analyses the consequences of seemingly placeless processes like the European integration and the increasing economic globalisation on Brussels and the people living there. The study shows that Brussels has become one of our time's most important international political capitals and a leading business node in Europe. European institutions, international organisations, headquarters and subsidiaries of transnational corporations are increasingly locating themselves in Brussels. Simultaneously there has been an influx of transnational professionals working in the international sector. This research shows that with the internationalisation of Brussels there has been concomitant economic restructuring with the emergence of an advanced service economy. The labour market has become polarised between those who have jobs and those who do not. Brussels has also experienced a spatial and socio-economic polarisation along ethnic lines. The thesis explores the connections between these changes and Brussels' international role. Drawing on the world / global city thesis of Saskia Sassen and John Friedmann, a theoretical framework is developed to analyse this. One of the important results of this study is that the world / global city thesis needs to be complemented with a thorough analysis of the place: the political and historical context, and also the role of the local agents, to enable an explanation of the observed development. The interplay between global and local processes needs to be clarified. It is also argued that to properly understand cities with an international role like Brussels, we need to know why international agents locate there. Michael Storper's concepts of 'economic reflexivity' and 'territorial specificities' are used to analyse the rise of Brussels into a reflexive world city - a city vibrating with specific knowledge, produced through inter alia social interaction and critical reflection, that some transnational agents find extremely vital to tap into.

This thesis begins with the hypothesis that the role of ideas in urban and global development is understudied and understated in comparison to studies that privilege economic and political analyses. The thesis generates two related models that seek to provide a comprehensive means of analyzing both the political economic constraints of development as well as the ideational limits that are overlooked by conventional models. The political economic model adapts constructivist principles to explain the structural limits on urban development that emerge from the contemporary global political economy. The second model draws on previous work done in the field of policy diffusion to posit four relational ways in which ideas are adapted and localized. The thesis argues that political economy analyses provide a comprehensive but mostly macro-level analysis and often fail to adequately understand individual thinking outside of the rational actor model. The ideational adaptation model corrects for this, providing a detailed micro-level analysis that is founded on the political economic framework. Together, the two models provide a comprehensive understanding of the ideational limits and political economic constraints at work in any given development scenario. In order to demonstrate the utility of the combined models (termed combined conceptual approach), the thesis applies the models to four different applications. Three examples are historical secondary source examples (educational philosophy, international business councils, and water sanitation) related to the history of Shanghai and China, and the impact of foreigners on their development vision, strategies, and practice. One application is a case study of Shanghai’s Expo 2010, which uses original data established through high-level interviews with Expo participants. The use of the combined conceptual approach shows how the interpersonal and inter-institutional adaptation and localization of ideas affect the way we understand the concept of legitimate best practice in urban development. The combined conceptual approach highlights the role that human thought, emotions, and psychology play in urban development. It links political economic activity to constructed bonds of trust, learning, the mentality of competition, and soft forms of coercive power (hegemonic ideas, leadership, and conditionality). Finally, the most important contribution of the combined conceptual approach is that it allows for an analysis of both the macro- and micro-levels of development in a relational and holistic fashion.