<p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">Improving student motivation and changing students from a negative motivational mindset to a positive one can be a viable way to ensure that students stay in their programs and obtain academic success. While educators and administrators are interested in improving motivation, they may not have the full body of knowledge about motivational theories and make uninformed classroom interventions and departmental policies. Using theory to understand student motivations grounds the research in specific constructs that allow educators and policymakers to easily interpret the results and make better-informed decisions regarding classroom activities and academic policies. Tying motivational mindsets to effective classroom behaviors and learning outcomes can help educators determine what motivational orientations are effective within the classroom, and which may need to be altered.</a></p><p dir="ltr">The work that I have done as part of this dissertation helps to advance the use of motivational theory within the field of engineering education and provides useful insight into the motivational mindsets of first-year engineering students. I conducted a latent profile analysis using data from engineering undergraduate students, combining constructs from two established motivational theories to develop motivational profiles. Using two theories, achievement goal theory and expectancy-value theory, allows me to look at the students’ motivational mindsets based on their expectations for success (Expectancy Beliefs), the perceived value of doing well in the course (Task Value Beliefs), their desire to develop their skills (Mastery Orientation), their desire to look well in front of their peers (Performance Approach Orientation), and their desire to not look bad in relation to others (Performance Avoidance Orientation). These five constructs were used to develop profiles, which were then correlated with classroom behaviors and academic performance to determine which motivational profiles were more effective. Correlational analysis was conducted using either ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, depending on the normality of the data.</p><p dir="ltr">The results of the latent profile analysis yielded five distinct profiles of motivation: <i>Moderate-Low All</i>, <i>Moderate-Low Performance/Moderate-High Intrinsic</i>, <i>Moderate All</i>, <i>High Performance/Moderate Intrinsic</i>, <i>and High All</i>. The <i>Moderate-Low All </i>profile consisted of students who reported lower measures of all motivation constructs than their peers. The <i>Moderate-Low Performance/Moderate-High Intrinsic</i> profile consisted of students who reported average responses related to Expectancy, Task-Value, and Mastery beliefs but scored lower in the Performance Approach and Performance Avoidance beliefs. The <i>Moderate All</i> profile was comprised of students who scored on average along all motivational constructs. The <i>High Performance/Moderate Intrinsic</i> profile contained students who reported average responses to Expectancy, Task-Value, and Mastery beliefs but scored higher in the Performance Approach and Performance Avoidance beliefs. The <i>High All</i> profile was comprised of students who scored higher than the average for all motivational constructs.</p><p dir="ltr">Students were asked to reflect on their use of specific classroom behaviors that were categorized based on the Interactive-Constructive-Active-Passive framework of educational activities. Correlational analysis showed that <i>Moderate-Low All</i> students reported using Passive, Constructive, and Interactive behaviors at a lower rate than their peers, especially <i>High All </i>students. Correlational analysis of academic performance measures also found that there were non-significant differences between profiles related to exam scores, but there were significant differences found in the final grades. <i>Moderate-Low All</i> students had lower final grades than the <i>Moderate-Low Performance/Moderate-High Intrinsic</i>, <i>Moderate All</i>, and <i>High All</i> groups.</p><p dir="ltr">These findings suggest that students in the <i>Moderate-Low All </i>profile are not doing worse in the class because of their exams, but due to not performing the other activities in the class. These activities include large group projects (Interactive tasks) and homework assignments (Constructive tasks). Considering the context of the study and the course that these students are taking, educational recommendations would be finding ways to incorporate more Constructive behaviors (i.e., reflection on their learning or making meaning from the material) into the course, as the class already has multiple Interactive tasks. Further research can also be done to investigate why students hold the views that they do, and whether this is an issue of perception or some other phenomenon.</p>

Syfte: Ledarskap är en viktig del i att skapa motivation hos idrottande individer. Med bakgrund mot den dramatiska nedgången av idrottare mellan 18-30 år inom den organiserade idrotten har studien haft som syfte att ta reda på vilken typ av ledarskap som motiverar dessa individer. Studiens förhoppning är att en större förståelse för denna fråga kan leda till att fler individer i den studerade målgruppen stannar inom idrotten vilket i förlängningen kan generera positiva resultat på folkhälsan.  Metod: Genom användningen av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, har det i denna studie genomförts semistrukturerade intervjuer med en hjälp av konstruerad intervjuguide som bygger på det teoretiska ramverk studien förhåller sig till. Det genomfördes 10 olika intervjuer med respondenter som faller inom den population som studien ämnar att undersöka.   Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat visar på att ett mer individanpassat ledarskap skapar mer motivation inom den studerade kontexten. Genom att individanpassa och involvera idrottarna i större grad visar fynden i studien på en större motivation till fortsatt idrottande. I studien kunde en skillnad urskiljas mellan den individuella- och lagidrotten där graden av individanpassning generellt var bättre inom den individuella idrotten.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie bidrar med kunskap kring hur ledare kan anpassa sin ledarskapsstil i syfte att skapa motivation hos följarna, i detta fall inom en idrottskontext. Studien presenterar även förslag på vilka åtgärder som skulle kunna fungera och bidra till ett större kvarhållande av idrottare. Studien har även kunnat kontextualisera omfattande ledarskapsteorier inom det studerade ämnet. Det genererar en möjlighet till att besvara forskningsfrågan, men även utgöra en grund för framtida forskning inom ämnet.   Förslag på vidare forskning: Studiens frågeställning kan enligt oss besvaras med användningen av olika typer av forskningsmetoder. En kvantitativ forskningsmetod eller liknande kan generera en högre grad av generaliserbarhet i förhållande till populationen. Motivation samt ledarskap och dess implikationer på kvarhållandet av idrottare överlag är även en forskningsbar aspekt som bör beaktas. Det kan vara fördelaktigt att studera olika former av populationer inom samhällets ramar, för att bidra till en bredare förståelse inom ämnet. / Aim: Leadership is an important part of creating motivation amongst athletes. Against the background of the dramatic decline in athletes between the ages of 18-30 in organized sports, the study aims to find out what type of leadership that motivates these individuals. The study aspire to provide with a greater understanding of this issue which in the long run can lead to more individuals, in the studied target group, staying in sports and also generate positive results on public health.  Method: The study uses a qualitative research method in the form of semi-structured interviews. The interviews have been conducted with the help of a constructed interview guide based on the theoretical framework the study relates to. 10 different interviews were realized with respondents who are within the population in which the study intends to examine.    Results and conclusions: The results of the study showed that more individualized leadership creates more motivation within the studied context. By adapting to the individual and involving the athletes to a greater extent, the findings in the study showed a greater motivation for continued sports. In the study, a difference could be distinguished between the individual and team sports where the level of individual adaptation generally was better in the individual sport.  Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes with knowledge about leaders and how they can adapt their leadership style in order to create motivation within the followers, in this case within a sports context. The study also presents suggestions on what measures could work and contribute to greater retention of athletes. The study has also been able to contextualize extensive leadership theories within the studied subject. This generates an opportunity to answer the question in the study, but also form a basis for future research.   Suggestions for further research:We believe that different types of research methods can be applied to conduct this study.  A quantitative research method or similar can generate a greater degree of generalizability in relation to the population. Motivation and leadership and their implications for the retention of athletes in general is also a researchable aspect that should be considered. It can be beneficial to study different forms of populations within the framework of society, in order to generate a broader understanding of the subject.

Die Arbeit befasst sich theoretisch und empirisch mit der so genannten Public Service Motivation (PSM) und ihrem Zusammenhang zu anderen psychologischen Motivationstheorien. Die Public Service Motivation geht davon aus, dass öffentlich Beschäftigte unter anderem dadurch motiviert sind, dass sie in ihrer Arbeit einen Dienst am Gemeinwohl sehen. Auf Basis einer empirischen Erhebung konnte dieses Konstrukt auch für Beschäftigte in Deutschland nachgewiesen und der Einfluss soziodemographischer Variablen bestätigt werden. Darüber hinaus gibt die Arbeit erste Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zu verschiedenen Prozesstheorien der Motivation. Empirisch zeigt sich vor allem zur Gleichheitstheorie und dem darauf aufbauenden Equity Sensitivity Construct ein starker Zusammenhang. / This thesis theoretically and empirically addresses the construct of Public Service Motivation (PSM) and its relationship to other psychological motivation theories. The concept of Public Service Motivation states that employees working in the public sector are primarily motivated by serving the common good. Based on an empirical study this construct was applied to public employees in Germany. Moreover the thesis collects evidence for the relationship between Public Service Motivation and process theories of motivation. As a key result, strong correlations were found between the PSM and the Equity Sensitivity Construct, a modification of equity theory.

Major organizational changes are often connected with a variety of negative outcomes for both employees and the organization alike. As a contrast to this, organizational deaths have instead been associated with increased productivity and motivation to perform, despite certainty of job loss. These results have been regarded as counter-intuitive, since employment and job security are regarded as a foundation for work motivation. Consequently, this thesis aims at investigating the motivational aspects of organizational deaths in terms of change in motivation as individuals adjust to changing realities. The thesis rests on three empirical studies.The first study's results showed (contrary to theoretical postulations) that goal setting was able to influence employees' in-role and extra-role performance, job-induced tension, commitment to the closure, and job satisfaction. The second study showed that organizational productivity, efficiency, performance, motivation and psychological climate increased for both blue-collar and white-collar employees'. The results of the third study lend support to the anecdotal reports that high-performers stop performing during organizational deaths. However, this study also found that low-performers perceiving low justice increased their effort which may show that they have a personal gain in performing (e.g., positive self-perception). The results of the empirical studies support the notion that organizational productivity increases along with employees' motivation to perform. Finally, a common pattern in the data was that most positive variables increased and the negative variables decreased. These results are explained by the adoption of new goals, which creates horizontal coherence (harmony) among goals, which gives rise to goal proximity (motivation increases due to moving closer to the goal). / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press. Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted.

This master's these is considering the relationship between achievement goals and parenting styles. In the theoretic part of the thesis there are described current findings in the area of development individual achievement goals until adolescence from the viewpoint of social cognitive theory and the role of parents in this process. Research is aimed at establishing working model of the PALS questionnaire in Czech Republic and relationship of achievement goals and family parenting styles in students of 7th , 8th and 9th grade of mainly Prague elementary schools. Results show the need to modify PALS questionnaire in the manner that would better reflect the difference between performance- approach and performance-avoidance goals. The statistically significant relationship between achievement goals and parenting styles was not found. KEYWORDS achievement motivation, goal theory, competence, parenting style, PALS questionnaire

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka motivationsklimat inom ungdomsakademier i elitfotbollen i Stockholm med hjä̈lp av följande frågeställningar: - Vad innebär ett prestations- och resultatorienterat motivationsklimat för chefer och tränare inom akademin? - Vilket motivationsklimat prioriteras i akademiverksamheten? - Upplever tränarna att motivationsklimatet ger effekter i termer av inre motivation och långsiktig idrottslig framgång? - Vilka metoder används i praktiken för att skapa önskvärt motivationsklimat? Metod Studien är en kvalitativ sådan. Arbetet har använt sig av en triangulering i två elitföreningar i fotboll, inkluderat två intervjuer med akademichefer, fyra intervjuer med akademitränare, samt en observation. För att besvara arbetets syfte och frågeställningar har en egen intervju- och observationsguide arbetats fram med achievement goal theory, och self-determination theory som grund. Intervjuerna har varit av semistrukturerad karaktär och behandlat fyra övergripande områden gällande motivationsklimat. Utifrån ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv har insamlad data transkriberats för vidare analys utifrån en deduktiv ansats vilket ligger till grund för arbetets resultat. Resultat En gemensam åsikt bland respondenterna är att ett resultatorienterat motivationsklimat innebär att lagets resultat är överordnat individens utveckling. Det innebär också att tränarna tillhandahåller sig rätten att matcha laget så som ansvarig ledare önskar. För spelaren innebär det att dennes speltid kan komma att påverkas. Respondenterna menar att ett prestationsorienterat motivationsklimat innebär att individens utveckling är överordnad lagets resultat. Tränaren kan i ett sådant klimat matcha spelare i en position där denne utvecklas mest. Det innebär att resultatet kan komma att påverkas negativt kortsiktigt men är till fördel ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv. Respondenterna är överens om att både resultat och prestation behöver finnas med, dock skiljer det sig när akademierna introducerar resultatet. Gemensamt är att spelarens individuella utveckling är av högsta prioritet. Resultatet visar att tränarna involverar spelarna med hjälp av frågor vilket författarna anser bidra till autonomi eftersom att spelarna involveras i deras utvecklingsprocess. Vidare utdelades positiv feedback som torde bidra till att öka spelarnas upplevda kompetens. Med hjälp av resultatet kan ansvariga ledare höja spelarnas arbetsinsats, det beskrivs dock som viktigt att fokusera på uppgiften för att enklare kunna utvärdera ens egen prestation. Slutsats Resultatet visar att akademiernas bild över vad ett resultat- och prestationsorienterat motivationsklimat innebär, överensstämmer med vad forskningen visar. Gemensamt för akademierna är att individens utveckling är av högsta prioritet och därmed överordnad lagets kortsiktiga resultat. Forskningen beskriver flera fördelar med ett prestationsorienterat motivationsklimat kontra ett resultatorienterat sådant. Det är dock ingen självklarhet att detta avspeglas bland Stockholms ungdomsakademier i fotboll.

In this article we will discuss how teachers, principals, student counselors, and other professionals in education, can enhance the quantity and the quality of students' motivation by affecting what students are motivated for (i.e., their academic achievement goals) and the reasons why they strive to reach those goals. Based on Achievement goal theory and on Selfdetermination theory we will discuss these qualitative differences in students' motivation and we will explain why teachers should create a learning environment that fosters these more optimal types of motivation. / En este artículo se discutirá cómo los profesores, directores, consejeros escolares y otros profesionales de la educación pueden mejorar la cantidad y la calidad de la motivación de los estudiantes, trabajando en el “qué” los motiva (metas de logro académico, por ejemplo) y en el “por qué” (razones) ellos luchan por alcanzar estas metas. Con base en la Teoría de las Metas de Logro y en la Teoría de la Autodeterminación, se discutirán las diferencias en la calidad de la motivación de los estudiantes y se explicará por qué los profesores deben crear un ambiente de aprendizaje que promueva formas óptimas de motivación.

Covid-19 affected the world's population when the pandemic became a global problem at the start of 2020. The effects of the pandemic placed demands on various countries and their inhabitants. But also on organizations in sundries sectors. Globally, and specifically on the Swedish labor market, the effects of covid-19 have contributed to increased use of technology to enable continued work, elsewhere than physically on site. This has created opportunities but also challenges for managers to motivate subordinates and get them to work towards the organization's set goals. Self-leadership is thus a concept that is important to understand and handle in the current situation, as it can lead to increased motivation and performance of individuals. Previously published research points out how leaders can work to promote self-leadership. e.g. by adapting individuals' characteristics and commitment to the nature of the task. How self-leadership is promoted in the Swedish labor market, under digital conditions in remote work, is however still unclear. We know, from previously published research, that self-leadership, clear goals, motivation, and self-efficacy all have an influence on each other. They further serve as a prerequisite for organizational performance and goal fulfillment. But there is no answer as to how this can be promoted under current digital conditions. Swedish companies are moreover at the forefront when it comes to innovation development and the shift to digital resources, as a result of the pandemic. But there is no explanation for the connection between self-leadership and its new challenges with digital work, nor on the Swedish labor market. The intention of this study is therefore to fill the research gap with a qualitative and empirical study on Swedish medium and large-sized companies, where the effects of covid-19 proved to be extensive. The goal is moreover to answer the question and explain how Swedish medium-sized and large organizations manage self-leadership under presented conditions. This issue includes both leaders and employees, and the study groups have thus both been included in the study to create a holistic understanding of how self-leadership is handled in the above-mentioned contexts. The results, based on five employees, and four leaders in various sectors and organizations,  show that enabling recurring opportunities for social interactions, support and to convey a transparent culture with clear goals is necessary to manage self-leadership in remote environments. Having a thorough opportunity for support in the organization and creating opportunities for social interactions is something that this study has significantly contributed to the research. This is because these phenomena have not previously been presented of any particular importance, nor have they been promoted as necessary for the management of self-leadership in a remote context. In this study, however, it has been shown to be extremely necessary, from the point of view of both managers and employees. This, to enable self-leadership, increase motivation and self-efficacy in the Swedish labor market, which positively can affect individual- and organizational performance and goal fulfillment.

Bakgrund: Vår studie riktar sig mot den anställningsform som onekligen haft en inverkan på arbetsmarknaden det senaste decenniet och som inte visar något tecken på att stagnera i utbredning. Motivation som begrepp kan upplevas svårt att förstå men inre drivkraft har förmodligen varje individ erfarit vid något tillfälle i livet. Begreppet definieras vanligen som det psykologiska signum som leder individen till en handling mot ett önskat mål. Alla individer motiveras av olika faktorer utifrån situation, bakgrund samt förutsättningar och påverkas allt som oftast av rådande inre eller yttre krafter. Även om forskare genom åren försökt skapa modeller för hur prestationsnivån kan maximeras hos arbetstagare, är det ett stort antal faktorer som spelar avgörande roller vilket komplicerar kartläggningen av motivationsfaktorer. På en arbetsplats kan motivation innefatta faktorer som är relaterade till den fysiska arbetsplatsen eller aspekter som karaktäriserar den arbetsroll individen antar genom anställning. Kan det skilja sig gällande dessa motivationsfaktorer mellan personal som är heltidsanställda? Om så är fallet, vilka faktorer är det som främst motiverar bemanningsanställda till att prestera på sin arbetsplats? Funderingar likt ovan utgör grunden för vårt syfte med studien. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att vidga läsarens kunskaper gällande vilka faktorer som främst motiverar personal, som är anställda genom bemanningsföretag, i deras dagliga arbete. Det förekommer diverse variationer av anställningsformen men studien preciserar sig mot bemanningsanställda personer med universitetsutbildning inom ekonomi som bakgrund. Metod: Studien genomförs utifrån en kvalitativ metod med deduktiv ansats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer där bemanningsanställd personal med universitetsutbildning inom ekonomi har intervjuats. Rapportens metodologi är grundat utifrån ett kvalitativt synsätt. Teoretisk referensram: Teorigrunden består av motivationsfaktorer som vi dels har tagit från Herzbergs (1966) kända tvåfaktorteori, dels från achievement goal theory av McClelland (1953) och målsättningsteorin (Latham och Locke, 2002), för att få en större förståelse på vad som motiverar bemanningsanställda med universitetsutbildning inom ekonomi. Maslows behovshierarki fanns även med för att hjälpa oss att förstå människors behov eller vad de motiveras av som komplement till tvåfaktorteorin. Slutsats: Förhoppningen var att med denna rapport kunna stärka vår tes om att anställningstrygghet är bemanningsanställdas främsta motivationsfaktor samt att vi ville reda på vad som motiverar bemanningsanställda med universitetsutbildning inom ekonomi. Det empiriska material som våra respondenter bidragit med har gett oss tydliga indikationer på att det är den faktor som i första hand skiljer sig åt, gentemot anställda med heltids befattning. Samtliga respondenter prioriterade denna faktor högt, tillsammans med flertalet andra faktorer som exempelvis möjlighet till personlig utveckling och arbetsvillkor. Alla respondenterna valde först andra motivationsfaktorer som viktigast, men ändrade sig när de blev tvungna att ställa det i förhållande till anställningstrygghet. / Background: Our study focuses on the form of employment that has undeniably affected the labor market over the past decade and which shows no sign of stagnating in prevalence. Motivation as a concept can be seen as difficult to understand, but inner drive has probably been experienced by every individual at some point in their life. The term is usually defined as the psychological sign that leads the individual to an action towards a desired goal. All individuals are motivated by various factors based on situation, background and conditions and are most often affected by internal or external forces. Although researchers over the years have tried to create models for how the level of performance can be maximized within employees. There are a large number of factors that play crucial roles, which complicates the mapping of motivational factors. In a workplace, motivation can include factors that are related to the physical workplace or aspects that characterize the work role the individual assumes through employment. Can there be differences in these factors related to motivation between staff who are full-time employees? If so, what are the main factors that motivate staff to perform in their workplace? Thoughts similar to the form above, is the basis of our purpose with the study. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to broaden the reader's knowledge regarding which factors primarily motivate staff, who are employed through staffing companies, in their daily work. There are various variations of the form of employment, but the study is specific to staffing employees with an educational background in economics. Theory: The theoretical basis consists of motivational factors, we have partly taken it from Herzberg's known two factor theory but also from achievement goal theory and goal theory, to get a greater understanding of what motivates staffing employees. Maslow's hierarchy of needs was also included to help us understand people's motivation as a complement to the two-factor theory. Method: The study is carried out on the basis of a qualitative method with a deductive approach through semi-structured interviews where staff employed with educational backgrounds have been interviewed. The report's methodology is based on a qualitative approach. Conclusion: Our hope with this report were to be able to strengthen our thesis that employment security is the staffing staff's main motivating factor and find out what motivates staffing employees. The empirical material that our respondents have contributed has given us room for interpretation and clear indications that this is the factor that differs in the first place, compared to employees with full-time positions. All respondents gave the highest priority to this factor, together with most other factors such as the opportunity for personal development and working conditions. All respondents first chose other motivational factors as most important, but changed when they had to put it in relation to job security.

Titel: MOTIVERANDE LEDARBETEENDEN I FASTIGHETSMÄKLARBRANSCHEN - Ur ett ledarskapsperspektiv Nivå: C-uppsats inom ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Rasmus Israelsson &amp; Vincent Lanner Handledare: Monika Wallmon Examinator: Svante Brunåker Datum: Juni 2021 Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur motiverande ledarbeteenden tar sig uttryck inom specifika fastighetsmäklarföretag. Med fokus på målvägsteorin och intern konkurrens. Empiri: I den empiriska delen av uppsatsen presenteras en sammanställning av intervjusvaren, det vi ansåg vara mest väsentligt utifrån målvägsteorin framhävs. Metod: En kvalitativ metod användes för att genomföra studien. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes vid genomförandet av de kvalitativa intervjuerna för att få mer utvecklade svar. 10 kontorschefer/franchisetagare intervjuades via zoom, telefon samt fysiska möten. Slutsats: Både intern konkurrens och målvägsteorin kan skapa motivation för medarbetare. Intern konkurrens är ett fenomen som kan styras med hjälp av målvägsteorin till en motivationsfaktor. Studiens bidrag: Tidigare forskning har främst fokuserat på fallstudier med inriktning på målvägsteorin. Denna studie har undersökt sambanden mellan målvägsteorin och intern konkurrens samt haft fokus på en bransch som tidigare inte studerats med målvägsteorin. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vidare forskning som rekommenderas är att även inkludera medarbetare i studien för att få ett bredare perspektiv på problemet.   Nyckelord: intern konkurrens, motivation, ledare, fastighetsmäklare, målvägsteorin / Title: MOTIVATING LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS IN THE REAL ESTATE AGENCY INDUSTRY - From a leadership perspective Level: C-thesis in the subject business administration Authors: Rasmus Israelsson &amp; Vincent Lanner Supervisor: Monika Wallmon Examiner: Svante Brunåker Date: June 2021 Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate how motivating leadership behaviors are expressed within specific brokerage firms. Focus is on goal path theory and internal competition. Empirical data: In the empirical part of the essay, a compilation of the interview answers is presented, which we considered to be most important based on the path-goal theory. Method: A qualitative method was used to conduct the study. Conclusion: The conclusion is that internal competition and the path-goal theory can both create motivation for employees. Internal competition is a phenomenon that can be controlled with the help of the path-goal theory to a motivating factor. Contributions of the thesis: Previous research has mainly focused on case studies focusing on the path-goal theory. This study has examined the connections between the path-goal theory and internal competition and focused on an industry that has not previously been studied with the path-goal theory. Suggestions for further research: Further research that is recommended is to also include employees in the study in order to gain a broader perspective on the problem. Keywords: internal competition, motivation, leaders, real estate agent, path-goal theory