Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Études anglophones--Paris 3, 2006. Titre de soutenance : Évolution du discours identitaire de la communauté ethnique protestante d'Ulster : l'Ordre d'Orange et ses rituels. / Bibliogr. p. 489-518. Notes bibliogr. Index.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 391-413). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

xvii, 413 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / In 1954, one hundred years after the western Oregon Indians were removed to the Grand Ronde Reservation; the antecedent peoples were subjected to the final effort by the United States to colonize the remainder of their lands through Federal termination policy. The permanent Grand Ronde Reservation, settled in 1855 and established by presidential executive order in 1857, was terminated by Congress, and the tribal people lost their Federal recognition. The seven ratified treaties that ceded to the United States millions of acres of land, most of western Oregon, which was occupied by over 60 tribal nations, were nullified. These 60 tribes were declared by Congress to be assimilated, and termination was enacted to free them from continued government management and oppression. In western Oregon, native people appeared to cease to exist, and for 29 years the Grand Ronde descendants suffered disenfranchisement and a multitude of social problems. The reservation's tribal cultures, languages, and community were severely fractured and much was lost. Terminated tribal members were rejected by other tribes as having willingly sold out to the Federal government. During the post-termination era, despite all of the problems the tribal members faced, they found ways to survive and worked to restore the tribe. In 1983, the Grand Ronde Tribe was restored. This research gathers disparate information from political, anthropological, historical, and tribal sources to analyze and understand the termination of the Grand Ronde Reservation. Revealed are the many political issues of the 1940s and 1950s that contributed to termination. Oral histories and government correspondence and reports from the era are referenced to illuminate the reality of tribal life in the post-termination era. The research connects to historic strategies of the Federal government to colonize all aboriginal lands and to assimilate Indians. Finally, this study seeks to unveil the history of the Grand Ronde Reservation and its peoples so that the tribal people may understand and recover from the effects of the termination of the tribe. The continued effects of termination are explored, discussed, and connected to issues of tribal identity and indigenous decolonization. / Adviser: Lynn Stephen

O aroma de frutos é um atributo fortemente associado à qualidade, e quaisquer alterações ambientais ou tratamentos pós-colheita podem alterar a sua composição. Acredita-se que a biossíntese de voláteis seja um dos processos regulados pelo etileno. Estudos indicam que a expressão diferencial dos elementos que compõem os receptores de etileno desempenha importante papel na sinalização dos processos ligados ao amadurecimento, entre eles a formação do aroma. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: caracterizar as alterações decorrentes de tratamentos pós-colheita no aroma de banana durante o amadurecimento, e correlacionar com as variações nos padrões de expressão gênica diferencial dos receptores de etileno. Bananas pré-climatéricas variedade Nanicão foram divididas em quatro grupos: controle (não tratado), etileno (100ppm/12h), 1-MCP (100ppb/12h), armazenados a 20°C, e grupo frio (armazenado por 15 dias a 13°C). Foram analisados diariamente a produção de etileno e de CO2 por CG. Foram analisadas a cor da casca, açúcares solúveis e amido. Os compostos voláteis foram isolados por microextração em fase sólida (SPME) em frutos inteiros e polpas e analisados em CG-MS. Para confirmar os resultados e verificar se as alterações encontradas se repetem em outras variedades de bananas, o estudo foi repetido no Horticultural Sciences Department, na Universidade da Florida (EUA), em bananas var. \'Grand Naine\'. Em paralelo, realizou-se a quantificação relativa da expressão dos receptores de etileno (ETR1, ERS1, ERS2 e ERS3) por PCR em tempo real. Com relação ao perfil de voláteis, os resultados indicam que os frutos não se diferenciam no período pré-climatérico. Porém, o perfil de voláteis do grupo controle foi significativamente diferente do grupo frio, tanto na polpa quanto no fruto inteiro no período climatérico. Esse efeito foi mais pronunciado na Nanicão do que na \'Grand Naine\'. Compostos típicos como o acetato de isoamila foram drasticamente reduzidos nos frutos submetidos ao frio, e não foram encontrados na Nanicão. Não houve diferenças significativas com relação ao perfil de aromas entre o grupo controle e o grupo etileno. Com relação aos frutos tratados com 1-MCP observou-se o atraso na formação de alguns compostos sem alterar, contudo, o perfil final de voláteis. Com relação ao padrão de transcrição dos receptores de etileno, o frio reduziu o acúmulo dos transcritos do ETR1, ERS2 e ERS3 em todos os pontos. ERS1 parece estar correlacionado com a síntese de esteres. Os resultados sugerem que o mecanismo pelo qual o etileno regula o metabolismo de biossíntese de aromas parece contar com a participação relevante de determinados tipos de receptores. A correlação temporal encontrada entre as alterações no perfil de transcritos de três destes e os efeitos sobre a produção de compostos voláteis reforçam esta hipótese. / Fruit aroma is an attribute strongly associated to quality, and any change in the environment or post-harvest treatment could affect its composition. Volatile biosynthesis is a process that is believed to be regulated by ethylene. Studies demonstrate that differential expression of ethylene receptors have an important role in fruit ripening processes, including aroma synthesis. The aims of this study are: evaluate modifications due to post-harvest treatment on the aroma of banana fruit during ripening, and correlate to variations on differential expression of ethylene receptors. Pre climacteric bananas of \'Nanicão\' variety were divides in four groups: control (without treatment), ethylene (100ppm/12h), 1-MCP (100ppb/12h), stored at 20°C, and cold storage group (stored for 15 days at 13°C). Daily measurements were conducted of ethylene production and respiration using GC. Peel color, soluble sugars and starch were analyzed. Volatile compounds were isolated by solid phase microextraction (SPME) in whole fruits and pulp and analyzed by GCMS. To confirm the results ant to verify if the findings repeat in another banana variety, this study was repeated at Horticultural Sciences Department, at University of Florida (EUA), under supervision of Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht, in bananas Cavendish cv. \'Grand Naine\'. Also, relative quantification of the expression of ethylene receptors (ETR1, ERS1, ERS2 and ERS3) was analyzed using real time PCR. Regarding the volatile profile, groups did not differentiated in pre-climacteric period. But the volatile profile of control group significantly differentiates from cold storage group, in both pulp and whole fruit, in post climacteric period. This effect was more pronounced in bananas \'Nanicão\' than \'Grand Naine\'. Typical banana aroma compounds like isoamyl acetate were drastically reduced in fruits under cold storage, and were not found in \'Nanicão\'. There were not any significant differences between control group and ethylene treated. Regarding 1-MCP treated fruits, there was a delay on the synthesis of some compounds without affecting the final volatile profile. Regarding the transcription pattern of ethylene receptors, cold storage reduced mRNA of ETR1, ERS2 and ERS3 in all samples. ERS1 receptor seems to be correlated to ester synthesis. These results suggest that the mechanism whereby the ethylene regulates the biosynthesis of aroma, seems to count with relevant participation of some receptors. The temporal correlation found in the differential expression of three receptors and the effect on volatile compounds synthesis reinforces this hypothesis.

À l’heure où la notion de ville durable s’inscrit au cœur des objectifs des politiques d’aménagement urbain, la nature revient sur le devant de la scène. Il en est ainsi pour ce qui concerne l’Agglomération lyonnaise où, dans leurs démarches visant à écrire la ville d’aujourd’hui et de demain, les acteurs confèrent à la « restauration » de la nature en ville une place majeure. En effet, alors que, longtemps, la présence de la nature dans les villes n’était regardée que comme l’un des éléments consubstantiels au tissu urbain, l’émergence des préoccupations écologistes dans le champ politique a, à partir des années 1990, changé la donne : aujourd’hui, les espaces de nature constituent l’une des pièces prépondérantes dans la panoplie des outils et des mesures mobilisés par les aménageurs pour répondre aux problématiques des villes contemporaines et concevoir la ville de demain. La question des relations entre ville et nature recouvre un champ sémantique complexe conduisant à soulever nombre d’interrogations, auxquelles la présente recherche tente de répondre. Comment et quand les politiques prennent-ils en compte la place de la nature dans la ville ? Au service de qui ? Au service de quoi ? Et à quelles fins ?Ce travail s’appuie sur deux études de cas, complémentaires l’une de l’autre. La première s’applique à analyser la façon dont les instances politiques lyonnaises communiquent sur la nature auprès de leurs administrés depuis vingt ans : de 1989 (élection de Michel Noir à la fonction de maire de Lyon) à 2009 (sous la mandature actuelle de Gérard Collomb).La seconde étude s’est appliquée à analyser les représentations, propres aux acteurs politiques, de la nature en milieu urbain : la patrimonialisation de la nature est apparue, simultanément aux préoccupations environnementales, comme un outil efficace pour prendre en compte la nature en ville. / In the current epoch when the concept of the sustainable city is at the heart of urban development policy objectives, nature has returned to front stage. This is certainly the case with regard to the agglomeration of Lyon where, in their substantial effort to pin-point the city of today and tomorrow, the chief proponents confer a major role on the "restoration" of nature in the city. Indeed, for a long time, the presence of nature in cities was regarded as only one of several integral elements of the urban fabric, however, the emergence of ecological preoccupations in the political field has, from the 1990s, changed these circumstances: today, natural spaces constitute a predominant factor in the range of tools and actions mobilised by developers to meet the challenges of contemporary cities and to design the city of tomorrow.The question of the relationship between the city and nature covers a complex semantic field that leads to numerous investigations, which this present research attempts to answer. How and when do policies consider the role of nature in the city? At the service of whom? With what objectives? To what ends?This work is based on two case studies, each complementary to the other. The first seeks to analyse the means by which the political administrators of Lyon communicate the theme of nature to their constituents over a twenty year period: from 1989 (the election of Michel Noir to the office of Mayor of Lyon) to 2009 (under the current term of Gerard Collomb ) .The second study is applied to analyse representations made, specific to the political administrators involved, of nature within the urban milieu : the role of the heritage of nature becomes apparent, simultaneous with environmental concerns, as an effective tool to define nature in the city .

Rechercher les bases d’une connaissance des toponymes renouvelée et renforcée se situe au fondement de cette thèse. Ce projet repose sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle les approches récentes et actuelles des faits toponymiques peuvent être améliorées. Sa mise en oeuvre invite à engager une réflexion sur les méthodes et les théories de la toponymie. Il s’agit, en s’efforçant de satisfaire aux conditions de cohérence et de rigueur d’une approche scientifique, de poursuivre un but de conceptualisation et de généralisation. Cette démarche répond à l’observation de principes essentiels : 1° aligner la toponymie sur les méthodes et les théories de la linguistique générale ; 2° privilégier l’oralité, les synchronies observables et le point de vue des locuteurs natifs, d’après un idéal d’adéquation de la toponymie, science sociale et science de terrain, à son objet, l’étude des phénomènes toponymiques ; à cette fin, 3°, tirer profit d’une longue expérience des informateurs et du terrain ; et, 4°, soumettre l’étude des toponymes à une analyse progressive, en abordant les faits toponymiques dans leur ordre logique, des plus simples au plus complexes, à travers trois thèmes de recherche majeurs – l’établissement de corpus toponymiques oraux, l’exploration approfondie des lieux désignés par des topoymes, et l’étude des formations toponymiques, menée à rebours de travaux de toponymie dont l’étymologisation constitue le thème directeur. Fondés sur la pratique d’un terrain privilégié – celui d’une toponymie francoprovençale –, les acquis de cette recherche font l’objet d’une évaluation : soumis au contrôle de toponymies-tests – futunienne, basque et comorienne –, ils ne sont tenus pour généralisables qu’après s’être vu corroborés ou amendés. / The purpose of this research is to contribute to an improvement of the knowledge of toponyms. Its basic assumption is that the recent and present day toponymical approaches can be improved. Implementing it calls for a reflection on the methods and theories of toponymy with the aim of conceptualizing and generalising subject to conditions of scientific coherence and rigour. It relies on several essential principles. They are: i- to make toponymy obey the methods and theories of general linguistics; ii- to give a primacy to orality, to observable synchronies and to native speakers’ standpoints, and thus make toponymy adequate to its object of study of toponymical phenomena, as a social and field science; iii- to rely on a long experience with the informants and the fieldwork; iv- to rely on a progressive analysis. In the progressive analysis developed here, toponymical phenomena are addressed in an increasing order of complexity through three major issues that include establishing oral toponymic corpuses in a first step, exploring in depth the places that are referred to by the toponyms in a second step, and the study of toponymic formations in a final step. This final step goes against the toponymic literature which relies mainly on etymologization. This research is mainly based on a practical experience of a Francoprovençal ground and is checked through contrasting it with East Futunan, Basque, and Comorian toponymies taken as specific test-toponymies.

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This study of the rhetoric in the Sierra Club's Grand Canyon Campaign, 1963 to 1967 seeks to determine the decisive strategies in the success of the campaign. Criteria for examining the rhetoric are adapted from the fields of rhetoric and sociology. This analysis examines preconditions of this conservation campaign, its leaders, membership, strategies, and audience-speaker relationships, The campaign's turning point came when the club used public audiences to pressure Control into capitulating to Agitation's demands, Other factors in the campaign's success were the Sierra Club's purity of belief, suppression action by Control, and incomplete purity of belief in the leader of Control.