The overall aim of this thesis is to further understanding of the developing relations between heritage conservation and urban revitalization, by following the on-going World Heritage List nomination process for the Grand Canal in China. A review of the history and current situation of heritage conservation and urban revitalization establishes several key gaps in knowledge, for example, the field of systematic heritage conservation is still left blank. Taking advantage of the opportunity to work with this on-going nomination, the project examines the nature and challenges of heritage conservation research and practice for a heritage property of large scale and complexity, in the form of four linked studies. A critique of the national level nomination process to date illustrates the complexity of the task, and concludes that systematic heritage conservation has not been established as a concentrated and nation-wide heritage conservation activity in China. Focusing on the municipal level nomination process to date through a case study of the city of Zhenjiang (and Yangzhou as a comparator) establishes key reasons why one city has been more successful than the other in its participation in the World Heritage List nomination. A second case study, of the Xi Jin Ferry area in Zhenjiang (Jiangsu Province), provides a fuller account of the ways in which heritage conservation can contribute to, and work with, urban revitalization. Drawing on the case of Xi Jin Ferry, a theoretically-informed, but practically-viable approach to linking heritage conservation and urban revitalization is developed which learns from the past and looks to the future. Building on the empirical research projects, a critique of existing approaches to heritage conservation of large, complex sites leads to a proposal for a 'Heritage System' framework which would facilitate future evaluations and improve the prospects for on-going management of the Grand Canal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Le han est un type architectural lié au commerce et au logement qui s’est développé dans l’ensemble du monde islamique. Le han traditionnel présente un plan à cour intérieure bordée d’un portique à l’arrière duquel sont disposées les cellules. A Istanbul, ce type d’édifice s’est surtout développé dans le quartier commerçant principal de la péninsule historique et dans le Grand Bazar. Son évolution a suivi celle de la ville. Cette étude se concentre sur les han construits entre le début du XVIIIe s. et le milieu du XIXe s. Durant cette période, les échanges entre l’Empire ottoman et l’Occident s’intensifient. En architecture, l’influence occidentale se manifeste d’abord dans le décor puis dans la typologie, tendance observée également dans les han. Par ailleurs, d’autres transformations, liées cette fois-ci à l’évolution interne de l’architecture ottomane, y sont perceptibles. Enfin, le modèle architectural du han traditionnel se transforme peu à peu et à partir du milieu du XIXe s. apparaît un type de han proche de modèles occidentaux. Les divers remaniements dans la ville d’Istanbul, notamment ceux qui ont suivi incendies et tremblements de terre, ont eu pour conséquence la disparition de nombreux han ou leur réfection. L’exploitation d’une documentation très variée (sources d’archives ottomanes, documents graphiques anciens, relevés, plans de restitutions, photographies et autres) et le croisement des différentes données permettent de combler certaines lacunes relatives à la commande, à la construction, aux réparations, aux diverses transformations ainsi qu’aux fonctions des han. / The han is an architectural structure related to trade and housing which developed throughout the Islamic world. The traditional han consisted of an inner courtyard surrounded by a portico that gave access to rooms. In Istanbul, this kind of buildings is mostly located in the main commercial area of the historical peninsula and in the Grand Bazaar. The evolution of the han is linked to the development of the city. This study focuses on the han built between the early 18th century and the mid 19th century. During this period, there was an increasing exchange between the Ottoman and Western worlds. In the field of architecture, the western influence was at first noticed in the decorative elements and later in the architectural typology, a trend that is also valid for the han. In addition, one can observe further changes linked to the evolution of the ottoman architecture itself. Consequently, the architectural model of the traditional han gradually changed through time and by the middle of the 19th century, a type of han very similar to western buildings could be seen. Various changes in the cityscape of Istanbul, particularly after great fires and earthquakes led to the disappearance or restructuring of many han. This work is based on research of a wide range of documents (Ottoman archival documents, historical graphics, plans, restoration projects, photographs etc.) and the cross examination of these data made it possible to find unedited informations concerning patrons, original constructions, repairs, various transformations as well as the uses of the han.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Radiocarbon content in tree-rings can be an excellent proxy of the past incoming cosmic ray intensities to the Earth. Although such past cosmic ray variations have been studied by measurements of 14C contents in tree rings with ≧10 year time resolution for the Holocene (1), there are few annual 14C data. There is a little understanding about annual 14C variations in the past with the exception of a few periods including the AD774-775 annual 14C excursion (2). Here, we report the result of 14C measurements using the bristlecone pine tree rings for the period from 5490 BC to 5411 BC with 1-2 year resolution, and a finding of an extraordinarily large 14C increase (20‰) from 5481 BC to 5471 BC (the 5480 BC event). The 14C increase rate of this event is much larger than that of the normal Grand Solar Minima. We propose the possible causes of this event are a special phase of grand solar minimum, or a combination of successive solar proton events and a normal grand solar minimum.

L’État de Genève, Régionyon, ainsi que dix intercommunalités françaises de l’Ain et de la Haute-Savoie se sont regroupés pour former le Grand Genève et aménager l’espace transfrontalier. La question de la frontière est omniprésente à Genève et a un rôle central dans son développement. Pendant très longtemps, l’agriculture et l’approvisionnement alimentaire ont constitué un lien de cohésion permanent entre Genève et son hinterland. Régie par deux politiques agricoles, l’agriculture du bassin genevois se structure et s’oriente désormais sur des marchés différents, ce malgré une zone franche qui perdure. À l’heure de la métropolisation, elle est impactée de manière différenciée par la diffusion de l’urbanisation, à la croisée des modes de planifications suisses et français. Pourtant, le Projet d'Agglomération Franco-Valdo-Genevois, porté par le Grand Genève, met l’agriculture au cœur du projet d’aménagement transfrontalier. Dans un contexte frontalier tendu entre les acteurs, la mobilisation de l’agriculture dans le Grand Genève, n’est pas admise par tous. Tantôt promus, tantôt bloqués, les projets agricoles peinent parfois à voir le jour et à être partagés par tous. En outre, les jeux d’acteurs et la prise en compte de l’agriculture par le politique ne sont pas dénués de considérations territoriales, qui dépassent largement l’économique. L’agriculture est convoquée pour tenter de dépasser les blocages transfrontaliers et donner une cohésion territoriale au projet d’aménagement du Grand Genève. / The State of Geneva, Régionyon and ten French inter-municipalities joined together to shape Greater Geneva and plan the cross-border area. The border issue is omnipresent in Geneva and has an important role in its development. For a long time, agriculture and food supply were a permanent link between cohesion Geneva and its hinterland. Governed by two agricultural policies, agriculture in the Geneva area is structured and now focusing on different markets, despite enduring a free zone. At the time of metropolization is differentially affected by the spread of urbanization, at the crossroads of modes of Swiss and French plans. Yet the Agglomeration Project Franco-Valdo-Genevois, carried by the Greater Geneva, puts agriculture at the heart of the cross-border development project. In a border tense situation between the actors, the mobilization of agriculture in the Greater Geneva is not accepted by all. Sometimes promoted, sometimes blocked, agricultural projects have some difficulties to emerge and be shared by all. In addition, the actors' performance and the inclusion of agriculture by the policy are not devoid of territorial considerations that go far beyond the economic. Agriculture is convened to try to overcome cross-border bottlenecks and give a territorial cohesion project for developing the Grand Geneva.

As Bienais de Arquitetura constituem meios institucionalizados para a difusão e promoção das diferentes realizações da arquitetura em lugares onde essas práticas acontecem, consolidando, ao longo dos anos, uma arraigada tradição em vários países da América Latina, ao ponto de se tornarem importantes eventos de arquitetura no contexto nacional, continental e global. Sobre o formato do concurso, as Bienais convocam revisões periódicas de uma parte da produção arquitetônica amparadas pelo reconhecimento do mais significativo dela. Entre as diferentes formas de premiação, os Grandes Prêmios Bienais comparecem quase de maneira consensual nesses eventos, sendo os máximos representantes da qualidade arquitetônica. Nesse contexto, este trabalho apresenta um panorama preliminar sobre as onze Bienais de Arquitetura mais emblemáticas do cenário Latino-americano, a fim de consolidar uma caracterização dessas práticas de difusão arquitetônica como conjunto. Por sua vez, o recorte temporal das últimas cinco Bienais ocorridas entre 2005 e 2015, partindo do mapeamento das obras ganhadoras dos grandes prêmios dessas Bienais, permitirá trazer alguns questionamentos que envolvem a natureza desses máximos prêmios no âmbito dessas mostras de arquitetura. Dentro das diversas variáveis que envolvem os laureados, nos aproximaremos de dois casos particulares de obras premiadas, com o intuito de identificar e tentar entender quais seriam as relações existentes entre o discurso da obra e o laudo do Júri, no contexto particular de cada Bienal. O nosso esforço, ao longo deste trabalho, estará norteado pela ideia de panorama contemporâneo dessas Bienais de arquitetura, como formas de avaliação e difusão de uma parte da produção arquitetônica atreladas à pratica disciplinar. / Architecture Biennials organize institutionalized means for diffusion and promotion of varied architecture achievements in places where those practices happen, consolidating along the years an ingrained tradition in several Latin American countries to an extent of becoming important events of architecture in the national, continental and global contexts. Concerning the format of the contest, Biennials call for regular reviews of a part of the architectural production supported by the recognition of its meaning. Among the varied ways of reward, the Biennials Grand Prix make it to these events almost in a consensual manner, being the maximum representatives of the architectural quality. In this context, this work represents a primary panorama over the top eleven Architecture Biennials in Latin America, in order to consolidate a characterization of these practices of architectural diffusion as a whole. In turn, the temporal cut of the last five Biennials that took place between 2005 and 2015, starting from the mapping of the winning buildings in these Biennials grand prix, will allow us some questionings that surround the nature of these maximum prizes within the scope of these architecture exhibitions. Within the numerous variables that surround the laureates, we will approach two specific cases of rewarded buildings, aiming for identifying and trying to understand what would be the existing relations between the oeuvre\'s speech and the jury\'s decision, in the specific context of each Biennial. Our effort, along this work, will be guided by the idea of the contemporary panorama of these Architecture Biennials as means of evaluation and diffusion of a part of the architectural production in harness with disciplinary practice.

Lors de cette thèse, je me suis servis du modèle de la Galaxie de Besançon (BGM), modèle développé dans ce laboratoire depuis plusieurs années.Ce modèle, fortement utilisé par la communauté internationale (papier de référence Robin, Reylé et al, 2003, cité plus de 1250 fois), a été choisi comme modèle de référence dans la préparation de la mission spatiale de l’ESA Gaia.Ce modèle est un outil puissant pour étudier notre Galaxie car il permet de simuler statistiquement son contenu en étoiles. Ce contenu dépendant d'hypothèses émies sur la forme et l'histoire de la Voie Lactée.Ici, je me concentre sur une population de la Voie Lactée particulière, le disque épais (un ensemble d'étoiles vieilles qui représente environ 30% des étoiles de notre Voie Lactée).A l'aide du BGM, il est possible d’essayer de mieux comprendre sa forme et son histoire. La méthode utilisée pendant cette thèse est la comparaison d'observations avec les simulations du BGM et d'un ajustement des propriétés du disque épais à l'aide d’une méthode basée sur le principe des chaînes de Markov - Monte Carlo (MCMC). / During my Phd thesis, I have used the Besançon Galaxy's Model (BGM) developed in my laboratory for many years.This model is widely use by astrophysicist around the world (the reference article is Robin, Reylé et al, 2003 and is cited more than 1250 times) and have been chose to be the reference model to prepare ESA's space mission Gaia.The BGM allow us to study our Galaxy by simulating statistically her stellar content. This stellar content is depending of hypothesis for the shape and history of the Milky Way.Here, I focus on the Milky Way's thick disc (old stars representing about 30 % of the total stellar content of the Milky Way).Thanks to the BGM, we can try to understand the shape and history of the thick disc. During this thesis, I've compared observation and simulations made by the BGM and adjusted the thick disc properties by using a Markov chain of Monte Carlo (MCMC).

Os dois volumes que integram esta dissertação compreendem a produção visual realizada entre 2003 - 2008, e a implantação de um ateliê no centro histórico da cidade de Santos, no bairro do Valongo, a partir de 2007. Através de documentação fotográfica e anotações sobre o processo, o primeiro caderno constitui uma sucessão de ações relacionadas a ocupação do próprio ateliê e a produção neste lugar, tendo como foco o desenho, a xilogravura e a pintura. O segundo caderno apresenta uma seleção de trabalhos em pequenos e grandes formatos, dando ênfase a sobreposição de camadas de cor e possíveis aproximações entre a xilogravura e a pintura. / The two volumes of this dissertation comprise the authors artistic production from 2003 to 2008, as well as the implementation of an arts workshop in the historical downtown of the city of Santos, in the Valongo district, from 2007 onward. By means of photographic documentation and process notes, the first volume comprises a series of actions related to the setting up of the workshop itself and the artistic production which has taken place there, focusing on drawing, painting and woodcut. The second volume introduces a selection of works, in small and large formats, emphasizing color overlaying and the possible connections between woodcut and painting.