Orientador: Jose Joaquin Lunazzi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T07:18:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodriguezRivera_NoemiInes_D.pdf: 6088514 bytes, checksum: c2c66dc6b71f900d00c6832f96aaf3eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Apresentamos neste trabalho a análise da formação de imagens por elementos difrativos com luz branca fazendo o traçado de raios pelas direções principais. O primeiro sistema analisado é composto por duas redes de difração e uma fenda, o segundo por dois elementos bidimensionais de estrutura espiral e um orifício, que formam imagens ortoscópicas (relevo natural). A partir das análises mencionadas desenvolvemos um sistema de dois elementos difrativos sem elementos intermediários que forma uma imagem de luz branca que é pancromática, porque oferece as cores originais. Além disso, apresentamos um sistema formador de uma imagem por transmissão que consiste na projeção de objetos usando uma fonte linear (filamento extenso) e um elemento difrativo. Aproveitando as propriedades de uma fonte linear, desenvolvemos um sistema que permite que espelhos ou lentes imperfeitos gerem imagens nítidas. Mediante estes sistemas visamos conseguir um dia a formação de imagens convergentes, entretanto já oferecemos novas maneiras de se exibir imagens tridimensionais atrativas e amplas / Abstract: We present the analysis of the formation of images by diffractive elements using white light by performing ray-tracing through main directions. The first system we describe is composed of two diffraction gratings and a slit, the second by two bi-dimensional spiral elements and a hole aperture, generating ortoscopic (natural relief) images. From this we had found a system of two diffractive elements without any intermediating element that makes and image which is panchromatic because gives original colors. Furthermore, we present a transmission imaging system that projects objects by means of a linear source (extended filament) and a diffractive element. Profiting the imaging properties of that linear source we also developed a system for mirrors and lenses having no sharpness to generate sharp images. By studying these systems we seek to find a way to achieve the making of convergent images and we already offer new ways to exhibit attractive and large three-dimensional images / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

L’acoustique picoseconde est un outil adapte a la mesure des proprietes mecaniques des films minces. la generation et la detection de phonons acoustiques de frequences voisines du thz sont effectuees a l'aide d'impulsions laser ultracourtes delivrees par des lasers femtosecondes. a cause de l’isotropie des transducteurs, les ondes acoustiques transverses ne peuvent etre thermo-elastiquement excitees que par conversion de mode d’ondes acoustiques longitudinales. ce travail propose comme alternative l’utilisation d’un reseau optique comme source d’excitation laser inhomogene pour generer et detecter des phonons plans transverses dans des materiaux isotropes. une etude theorique a montre que l'application d’un reseau optique transitoire a l’interface entre des materiaux isotropes induit l’excitation de reseaux acoustiques transverses par conversion de mode d’ondes acoustiques longitudinales en incidence oblique par rapport a l’interface. ces ondes sont inhomogenes car elles ont leur amplitude harmoniquement modulee selon l’interface. nous avons montre que la detection selective et heterodyne de ces ondes de cisaillement n’est possible que dans la configuration ou un reseau pompe 1d et sonde 2d sont associes. cela permet la depolarisation a travers l’interaction acousto-optique, de la sonde incidente par le reseau acoustique transverse. cela a ete realise en mettant le reseau sonde dans le plan perpendiculaire a celui de la pompe. de plus, l’adaptation et la mise en œuvre de methodes optiques de haute sensibilite, en particulier la polarimetrie et l’ellipsometrie nous ont permis d’evaluer et d’optimiser la sensibilite de la detection de ces ondes acoustiques transverses. / The picosecond acoustic technique which allows studies at picosecond characteristic time scale and nanometer space scale is a powerful tool for the diagnostic of elastic properties of sub-micrometer films. high frequency acoustic phonons (up to 1 thz) are generated and detected by the use of ultra-short femtosecond laser pulses. due to isotropy of most of opto-acoustic transducers, shear acoustic waves can be thermo-elastically excited only by mode conversion of longitudinal acoustic waves.this work suggests using optical gratings as inhomogeneous excitation laser source for the generation of shear acoustic phonons in isotropic media. the processes leading to excitation of inhomogeneous plane bulk compression/dilatation and shear acoustic modes following the creation of a transient laser interference pattern at an interface between an opaque and a transparent elastically isotropic media are analyzed. the developed theory predicts the excitation of shear acoustic grating by mode conversion of longitudinal waves obliquely incident to the interface. it is shown that only the association of 1d pump grating and 2d probe grating can allow selective and heterodyne detection of the excited shear acoustic gratings. in this configuration the incident probe is depolarized through the photo-elastic interaction by the shear acoustic gratings. this is experimentally realized by positioning the 2d probe grating perpendicularly to 1d pump grating plane. furthermore, the implementation and adaptation of high sensitive optical methods, particularly polarimetry and ellipsometry has permitted us to evaluate and to optimize the sensitivity of shear acoustic waves detection.

Orientador: Luís Eduardo Evangelista de Araujo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_SilvaniaAlvesde_D.pdf: 4970692 bytes, checksum: f260af26ecacc7e92b1246968850ff9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nesta tese apresentamos o estudo teórico de grades de difração induzidas em meios atômicos na condição de transparência induzida eletromagneticamente (EIT). As grades atômicas que serão descritas baseiam-se na não-linearidade Kerr gigante exibida pelos átomos sob EIT. No primeiro estudo realizado, a grade atômica é gerada a partir da modulação da não-linearidade Kerr através de uma onda estacionária. Neste estudo, aplicamos a teoria de ondas acopladas, desenvolvida originalmente para grades acústicas e holográficas, para a grade atômica de modo a obter uma expressão analítica para a eficiência de difração em primeira ordem. Altas eficiências de difração de um feixe de prova ressonante são previstas para incidência próxima ao ângulo de Bragg. Em um segundo estudo, descrevemos uma grade atômica do tipo ¿blazed¿ criada através da inserção de uma máscara de intensidade em um dos feixes responsáveis pela não-linearidade Kerr do meio. Eficiências de difração em primeira ordem para o feixe de prova próximas a 100% foram obtidas. Por último, discutimos uma grade de difração induzida na condição de coerência máxima entre os estados fundamentais de um átomo. Esta grade difrata não somente o feixe de prova incidente, mas também um segundo feixe gerado por mistura de quatro ondas. Apesar desta última grade apresentar eficiência de difração muito menor do que as duas grades anteriores, esta grade pode operar em vários comprimentos de onda diferentes, embora envolva sempre um feixe ressonante com alguma transição atômica. Além da contribuição teórica, trabalhos experimentais relacionados à área de aprisionamento e resfriamento de átomos foram realizados. Inicialmente, um experimento de espectrocopia de fotoassociação próximo ao limite de dissociação em uma amostra de 85Rb é apresentado. Em seguida, uma fonte de laser em 423 nm, formada por um laser de Ti-Sa com dobramento intracavidade através de um cristal LBO, que foi construída e estabilizada é descrita / Abstract: In this thesis we present a theoretical study on induced diffraction gratings in atomic media under electromagnetically induced transparency condition. The atomic gratings which will be described are based on the giant Kerr nonlinearity displayed by the atoms under EIT. In the first study, the atomic grating is generated from the modulation of the Kerr nonlinearity through a stationary wave. In this study, we apply coupled wave theory, originally developed for acoustic and holographic gratings, for an atomic grating in such a way that an analytical expression for the first order diffraction is obtained. High diffraction efficiencies of the resonant probe beam are predicted for incidence near Bragg angle. In a second study, we describe a blazed-type atomic grating created through the insertion of an intensity mask in one of the beam responsible for the Kerr nonlinearity of the medium. First order diffraction for the probe beam near 100% efficiency was observed. Finally, we discuss a diffraction grating induced under maximum coherence condition between the ground states of an atom. This grating diffracts not only the probe beam, but also a second beam generated by four wave mixing. Although this last grating shows a diffraction efficiency much smaller than the previous one, this grating can operate in several wavelengths, although involving a beam resonant with an atomic transition. Besides the theoretical contribution, experimental works related to the cooling and trapping of atoms were implemented. Initially, an experiment of photoassociation spectroscopy near the dissociation limit in a sample of cold rubidium atoms is presented. Following, a homebuilt laser source at 423 nm formed by a Ti-Sapphire laser with intracavity frequency doubling through a LBO crystal that was stabilized is described / Doutorado / Física Atômica e Molecular / Doutora em Ciências

La photoisomérisation de la molécule d’azobenzène entre ses formes trans et cis génère un travail mécanique qui peut déformer la matrice solide environnante et provoquer un déplacement de matière. Il est en particulier possible de contrôler optiquement la formation de motifs de taille micro- et nanométrique à la surface d’un matériau de type polymère ou verre. Ces phénomènes ont été étudiés en détails ces dernières années et de nombreuses approches ont été proposées pour réaliser des dispositifs ajustables qui exploitent les propriétés photomécaniques des azo-matériaux.L’objectif de ce doctorat était de réaliser des réseaux de micro- et nanostructures hybrides métal/diélectrique contenant des matériaux à base de dérivés d’azobenzène, et d’étudier, d’une part, la réponse photomécanique de ces structures et, d’autre part, la variation des propriétés optiques des réseaux associée à la photo-déformation des structures.La première partie de ce travail a consisté au développement d’une méthode de structuration de polymères photo-actifs à base d’azobenzène en réseaux de piliers par embossage en voie liquide. L’étude des déformations des micro- et nanostructures induites par photo-stimulation dans la bande d’absorption des molécules d’azobenzène montre en particulier que les déformations sont dirigées par la polarisation de la lumière et que certaines déformations peuvent être réversibles. Les propriétés optiques (diffraction, transmission) des réseaux de micro- et nanostructures sont alors ajustables en fonction de la déformation du motif.Dans un second temps, les motifs d’azo-matériaux sont recouverts par une fine couche d’or d’une dizaine de nanomètres. Il a été montré que les propriétés photomécaniques de l’azo-matériau sont conservées malgré la métallisation. Dans la gamme du spectre visible, les interférences présentes dans le spectre de réflexion sont annulées par la déformation du motif du réseau. En lumière infrarouge, cette déformation permet de modifier les conditions de couplages entre les modes localisés et les modes propagatifs présents dans la structure métallisée. Le contrôle de la forme des motifs qui composent le réseau permet donc de moduler avec précision les propriétés optiques et plasmoniques du système hybride. / Trans-cis photo-isomerization of azobenzene units generate mechanical work on its hosting matrice, allowing matter migration inside. This property allows to optically pattern micro and nanometric structures at the surface of azobenzene-containing materials (polymer, glass). Such phenomena were widely investigated and exploited to produce tunable devices exploiting photo-mechanical properties of azobenzene molecules.The purpose of this thesis were to fabricate metal-dielectric azobenzene-containing micro and nanostructured gratings and study the evolution of their optical and plasmonic properties under light stimulation.First, we developped a structuration methode inspired from solvent-assisted nanoimprint lithography to generate 2D azobenzene-gratings of pillars. Type and direction of the deformation induced in the structures were directly associated with the stimulation light polarization. Reversibility of the deformation were observed for a certain type of illumination cycle. Modification of the optical properties (transmission, diffraction) was investigated during the deformation of the pillars.Then, gratings were covered with tens of nanometers of gold. Metallization did not affect the deformation of the structures. Study in the visible range shows that interferences in the reflection spectra vanishes during the photo-deformation. In the infrared domain, the deformation leads to a strong modification of the plasmonic properties, enhancing particular plasmonic modes in favor of others. Control of the grating pillars shape allows a precise tenability of optical and plasmonic properties of the hybrid device.

[pt] A presente tese tem por objetivo estabelecer uma metodologia de caracterização metrológica de redes de Bragg do tipo I, tipo II e tipo regenerada estimando e validando estatisticamente o resultado de medição para medições de altas temperaturas voltadas para aplicações em sensoriamento. Além das telecomunicações, as fibras óticas estão sendo empregadas em aplicações de sensoriamento, visto que, a sílica que as compõem apresenta grande eficiência como meio de transmissão de dados. A crescente demanda por medição em alta temperatura nos processos industriais possibilitou o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias de medição além das tecnologias tradicionais já utilizadas atualmente. Desta forma, criaram-se as condições necessárias para se introduzir uma nova tecnologia de medição de temperatura com redes de Bragg que apresenta algumas vantagens se comparadas com as tecnologias tradicionais de medição. Apesar de já existirem várias pesquisas a respeito de medição de temperatura com redes de Bragg, nenhuma delas aprofundou as questões metrológicas com as respectivas estimativas das incertezas de medição que envolve todo o processo de medição e caracterização de redes de Bragg em alta temperatura. A adaptação de um sistema tradicional de calibração de instrumentos de medição de temperatura foi projetado e desenvolvido, de tal forma que possibilitou a caracterização dos diferentes tipos de redes. Observou-se que os resultados de medição e as estimativas das incertezas de medição obtidos para todas as redes, se aproximaram satisfatoriamente dos modelos teóricos utilizados, confirmando a adequação dos sistemas de medição de temperatura e sensoriamento ótico. / [en] This thesis aims to establish a methodology for the metrological characterization of Bragg gratings type I, type II and type regenerated statistically thereby estimating and validating the measurement results for high temperature sensing applications. Beyond telecommunications applications, optical fibers are still used for optical sensing, since the silica fiber has great optical efficiency for data transmission. The growing demand for high-temperature measurements in industrial processes has enabled the development of new measurement technologies beyond the traditional technologies already in use today. Thus were created the conditions necessary to introduce a new technology of temperature measurement with Bragg gratings which presents some advantages compared with traditional technologies of measurement. Although there are several prior studies none of those examined the by others about temperature measurement with Bragg gratings, metrological issues, and is particular, the estimate of the measurement uncertainties surrounding the whole process of measurement and characterization of Bragg gratings at high temperature. The adaptation of a traditional system of calibration instruments for temperature measurement was developed and designed in such a way that allowed the characterization of different types of gratings. It was observed that the measurement results and the estimated uncertainties of the measurements obtained for all gratings, successfully approached the theoretical models used, confirming the adequacy of the measurement of temperature and optical sensing.

The thesis discusses the fiber Bragg gratings simulations, analysis and design. In the present time, there are several methods to simulate fiber gratings response based on the stated parameters that define their dimensions and material features. However, this work deals with a different issue, that is the synthesis of the input parameters for demanded spectral responses. The main aim of the work is to achieve a synthesis method that would help to discover parameters describing advanced grating structure, based on the required spectral reflectivity. The basic demand for the parameter synthesis is an achievement of the real values in terms of the consequent production of the suggested structure. The described synthesis method considers advanced fiber grating structure as a structure of several uniform grating sections. The input parameters are estimated in steps, using the well-known direct methods in order to obtain grating responses and feedback to establish the parameters changes. The principle methods involve establishment of initial input parameter values and necessary subsequent algorithm leading to optimize the required spectral response. The initial values are calculated by a simplified model based on the coupled theory equations that are handled for the periodic disturbances in cylindrical waveguide. The following optimization uses the multiple thin film stack and transfer matrix methods. The properties of grating structure spectral reflectivity are step by step calculated while using these direct methods. Input parameters are established in the next several steps. Establishment of input parameters is done subsequently, based on the demanded and calculated output spectral reflectivity properties. Optimizing process is limited by possibilities of the grating manufacture technology. It is possible to assemble arbitrary fiber grating structure taking in term the demanded spectral response. Nevertheless, the calculated input parameters are real for the following manufacture. This method could be used to design optical band stop filter, high-pass and low-pass filters or filters for special applications.

Dans le domaine du proche infrarouge et du moyen infrarouge (3-10 µm), les besoins évoluent vers une plus grande complexité des fonctions optiques et un niveau d'intégration plus élevé des systèmes. Ceci est particulièrement vrai dans un contexte spatial ou aéronautique visant à l'observation de la terre, où l'on cherche simultanément à accroître le nombre de bandes spectrales acquises et à miniaturiser les systèmes d'observation. Cela se traduit notamment par une pixellisation des filtres afin que ceux-ci soient intégrés dans une matrice réalisant plusieurs fonctions optiques. Or, les méthodes traditionnelles de fabrication de filtres optiques utilisant des empilements de couches minces n'ont pas démontré leur capacité à répondre au besoin de pixellisation dans l'infrarouge. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire d'étudier de nouveaux concepts de filtrages issus du domaine de la photonique permettant de s'affranchir de ces limitations. Les "zero-contrast gratings" (ZCG),qui constituent une sous-catégorie des réseaux résonnants, ont démontré leur capacité à réaliser des filtres en transmission accordables de grande efficacité dans le proche-infrarouge, tout en ayant une structure très simple. Néanmoins, leur faible bande passante et leur tolérance angulaire réduite en limitent la pertinence pour des applications pixellisées dans le moyen-infrarouge. Nous présentons dans cette thèse diverses structures basées sur ce même concept de ZCG. D'une part nous introduisons des filtres 1D doublement corrugués de bande passante variant entre 1 et 200 nm, dont les tailles de pixels accessibles sont de l'ordre de 100 µm, accordables sur une bande de 200 nm. D'autre part, nous avons développé un nouveau concept de filtre, dit "ZCG TE/TM" dont le fonctionnement permet de dépasser une limitation très restrictive des ZCGs conventionnels pour le choix des matériaux. La fabricabilité de ces dispositifs a été démontrée lors d'opérations technologiques menées en salle blanche. Un premier démonstrateur de filtre 1D doublement corrugué été caractérisé optiquement. / In the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectral domains (3-10 µm), requirements and needs evolve toward more complex optical functions and highly-integrated systems. This is especially relevant in the context of space and aeronautics applications for earth observation, where the aim is to increase the number of acquired spectral bands while simultaneously reducing the device footprint. These requirements translate into a pixelization of the filters so that they can be integrated into a mosaic which also performs the spatial filtering and different spectral functions. As of today, conventional thin films filter technologies haven't been shown to achieve this goal. As a result, different filtering concepts originating from the field of photonics which could overcome these limitations must be investigated. "Zero-contrast gratings" (ZCG) are a kind of guided-mode resonance filters that have proved to implement efficient tunable transmission filters in the MIR, while having a very simple structure. Nevertheless, their narrow transmission linewidth and weak angular acceptance hinder their applicability for pixelated applications in the MIR. We present in this work several structures based on the ZCG concept. On the one hand, we have introduced doubly-corrugated 1D filters with bandwidths ranging from 1 to 200 nm, allowing for 100 µm pixel sizes and tunable over a domain of 200 nm. On the other hand, we have shown a novel filtering concept, which we called "TE/TM ZCG". This new generation of ZCG is not bound by stringent material requirements inherent to conventionnal ZCGs. Their fabrica- bility have been demonstrated through cleanroom operations. A first doubly-corrugated 1D filter has been fabricated and characterized optically.

This thesis discusses a new scheme for generating radiation in the mid infrared spectral region, especially the 3.5-5 µm range. The scheme uses established Nd3+-lasers at 1.06 µm and down conversion in nonlinear optical crystals. The down conversion is made by two optical parametric oscillators (OPO) in series. The second OPO is a classical OPO using a zink germanium phosphide (ZGP) crystal. ZGP is the best nonlinear material available for the 4-8 µm spectral range, but it is absorbing below 2 µm. The new development presented in this thesis is the OPO used to convert the 1.06 µm laser radiation to a suitable OPO pump near 2 µm. The OPO uses a type I quasi phase-matched crystal, which accesses high nonlinearities and avoids walk-off. The problem with type I OPOs close to degeneracy is the broad bandwidth of the generated radiation, which reduces the efficiency of a second OPO. This has been solved with a spectrally selective cavity using a volume Bragg grating output coupler. Unlike other bandwidth limiting schemes this introduces no intracavity losses and thus efficient OPO operation is achievable. Narrow linewidth (~0.5 nm) OPO operation has been achieved with periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) and periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) while locking the signal wavelength at 2008 nm and simultaneously generating an idler at 2264 nm. A high average power PPLN OPO with 36 % conversion efficiency and 47 % slope efficiency is reported. Operation very close to degeneracy at 2128 nm with the narrowband signal and idler peaks separated by 0.6 nm was demonstrated in a PPKTP OPO. Both the signal at 2008 nm and the combined signal and idler around 2128 nm from the PPKTP OPOs have been used to show efficient pumping of a ZGP OPO. The maximum conversion efficiency from 1 µm to the mid-IR demonstrated is 7 % with a slope efficiency of 10 %. This is not quite as high as what has been presented by other authors, but the experiments reported here have not shown the optimum efficiency of the new scheme. Relatively simple improvements are expected to give a significant increase in conversion efficiency. / QC 20101108

Laser beams can be manipulated by volume diffractive elements in addition to conventional optical elements like mirrors, lenses, and beam splitters. Conventional optical elements can be described by applying the basic laws of reflection and refraction at the surfaces of the elements. Even diffraction by surface gratings utilizes relatively simple mathematics. This is to be contrasted with the volume diffraction, which requires coupled wave theory in the slowly varying envelope approximation (SVEA) to obtain accurate results. Efficient spatially distributed diffraction of laser beams is possible due to the high coherence of laser light, and it occurs at specific resonant Bragg conditions. This research work is inspired and driven by the successful development of recording technology for robust, high-efficiency volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass. Mostly VBGs of the reflective type are discussed in this dissertation. Starting with an analysis of electro-magnetic wave propagation in layered media, we have reformulated Fresnel and volume reflection phenomena in terms of a convenient parameter – strength of reflection. The influence that the different non-uniformities inside a VBG have on its spectral properties has been examined. One important result of this work is the proposal of moiré VBG and the derivation of an analytical expression for its bandwidth. A multiplexed VBG used as a coherent combiner is discussed as well. Beam distortion via transmission through and/or reflection by a heated VBG due to residual absorption is analyzed.

Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass is an ideal photosensitive material for recording phase volume holograms. It is a homogeneous multi-component silicate glass that demonstrates all the advantages of optical glass: thermal stability, high laser damage threshold, and a wide transparency range. Moreover the ability to record phase patterns (i.e. spatial refractive index variations) into PTR glass has resulted in the fabrication of volume holograms with diffraction efficiency greater than 99%. The conventional method of recording a hologram in PTR glass relies on exposure to continuous-wave ultraviolet laser radiation. In this dissertation the interaction between infrared ultrashort laser pulses and PTR glass is studied. It is shown that photosensitivity in PTR glass can be extended from the UV region to longer wavelengths (near-infrared) by exposure to ultrashort laser pulses. It is found that there exists a focusing geometry and laser pulse intensity interval for which photoionization and refractive index change in PTR glass after thermal development occur without laser-induced optical damage. Photoionization of PTR glass by IR ultrashort laser pulses is explained in terms of strong electric field ionization. This phenomenon is used to fabricate phase optical elements in PTR glass. The interaction between ultrashort laser pulses and volume holograms in PTR glass is studied in two laser intensity regimes. At intensities below ~10^12 W/cm^2 properties such as diffraction efficiency, angular divergence, selectivity, and pulse front tilt are shown to agree with the theory of linear diffraction for broad spectral width lasers. A volume grating pair arrangement is shown to correct the laser pulse distortions arising from pulse front tilt and angular divergence. At higher intensities of irradiation, nonlinear generation and diffraction of third harmonic is observed for three types of interactions: sum-frequency generation, front-surface THG generation, and THG due to phase-matching with a grating formed by modulation of the nonlinear refractive index of PTR glass.