\"Tetos verdes\", ou a colocação de vegetação sobre coberturas de edifícios, têm se mostrado importantes ferramentas na mitigação de diversos problemas ambientais urbanos. Porém, seus benefícios coletivos apenas se tornam significativos após sua instalação em massa, sendo uma estratégia ambiental altamente dependente do agente privado -- os proprietários. Neste trabalho, buscou-se uma abordagem interdisciplinar com a Economia Ambiental e Comportamental, de modo a revelar os mecanismos de tomada de decisão dos indivíduos, tanto motivações econômicas (como sanções e subsídios), quanto motivações ditas \"irracionais\", como a imitação de comportamento. Depois, reconhecendo os tetos verdes como soluções polivalentes, faz-se uma abordagem múltipla para seu encaixe em políticas públicas existentes: clima urbano, economia de energia, poluição atmosférica, gerenciamento de águas pluviais e biodiversidade, cada uma envolvendo uma breve descrição da teoria e de políticas públicas existentes, desde o contexto mundial até o município de São Paulo. Como estudo de caso, aplica-se o índice ambiental alemão BFF (Biotopflächenfaktor, fator de superfícies ecológicas) a algumas tipologias marcantes de São Paulo, e conclui-se que o índice pode ser importante ferramenta na fomentação não só de tetos verdes, como de outras soluções ambientais de natureza pulverizada, devido à sua flexibilidade e facilidade de aplicação, podendo ser ajustada à realidade do município para melhores resultados. / The placement of vegetation on top of buildings, or \"green roofs\", has been shown to be an important mitigation tool for several environmental problems in cities. However, their collective benefits become more significant with widespread adoption, thus depending heavily on private agents, the building owners. This research took an interdisciplinary approach, making use of Environmental and Behavioral Economics in order to reveal the mechanisms that guide an individual\'s decision making process, including \"rational\" economic motivations (such as sanctions and subsidies) as well as \"irrational\" motivations, such as imitation of peers. Recognizing green roofs as versatile solutions, a multifaceted approach is taken to assess their suitability for inclusion into existing public policy; the approaches include urban climate, energy efficiency, air pollution, stormwater management, and biodiversity, each with a brief description of the theory and existing public policy, at several scales, from a global context to the Municipality of São Paulo. As a case study, the German environmental index BAF (biotope area factor) is applied to one block in different development typologies in Sao Paulo. It is concluded that the index could be an important tool for fostering not only green roofs, but many other pulverized environmental solutions, thanks to its flexibility and ease of implementation. For even better results, there is the possibility of carefullyadjusting the BAF index to Sao Paulo\'s reality.

As coberturas verdes fazem parte da arquitetura vernacular há séculos como solução para regulação térmica das edificações, retardando a transferência de calor para o ambiente interno e, no inverno, retardando as perdas de calor dos ambientes internos para o exterior da edificação (International Green Roof Association - IGRA). Em se adotando cobertura verde em edificações supõe-se haver economia no consumo de energia para se obter condições de conforto térmico nos ambientes. Baseado nessa suposição foi realizada uma pesquisa experimental onde, por meio de um estudo comparativo entre dois tipos de cobertura: a verde e a de telhas cerâmicas comprovou-se o potencial de economia de energia. A análise do comportamento térmico das coberturas verdes foi realizada por meio de coleta de dados de variáveis ambientais, durante um período de 10 meses, de um protótipo instrumentado, construído no Departamento de Engenharia de Construção Civil da Escola Politécnica da USP, São Paulo. Os dados levantados foram comparados com os dados de um segundo protótipo de mesmas dimensões e igualmente instrumentado, com cobertura cerâmica, sob as mesmas condições ambientais. A comparação dos resultados e análises em dias e episódios representativos de cada estação comprovaram a eficiência das coberturas verdes para retardar o ganho térmico da edificação. Espera-se que os resultados sejam incentivadores à larga aplicação dos telhados egetados, o que trará diversas vantagens para população. / Green roofing is been a part of the vernacular architecture for centuries as solution for constructions thermal regulation. It is known that they delay the heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the building, and during winter, they delay the heating loss from the inside to the outside of the building (International Green Roof Association - IGRA). By adopting green roofs in buildings, one assumes that there is economy in energy consumption to obtain conditions of thermal comfort in inner environments. Based on this assumption, an experimental research was accomplished where, through a comparative study between two types of roofing systems: green and ceramics, it was determined this energy saving potential of green roofs. The analysis of the green roofing thermal behavior was realized through data collection of environmental variables, during the period of ten months, from an instrumented prototype constructed at the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo. The collected data was compared to those of a second prototype with the same dimensions and equally instrumented, with ceramics roofing, under the same environmental conditions. The data comparison and analysis of specific days in each season, proved the green roof efficiency on retarding the building thermal gain. One expects that the results will encourage the application of green roofs, which will bring several advantages to the population.

This five-paper thesis explores office workers perceptions of green roofs and how this influences their health/well-being in Toronto and Chicago. Paper 1 examines the underlying paradigms and world-views of major research programs that look at the human relationship to nature and health/well-being, showing that despite some convergence between their methods and integration of different paradigms, continued differences and lack of clarity on the normative assumptions underlying each approach leads to confusion in the specification of ‘nature’ in health/well-being and place research. Paper 2 is a comparative analysis of the implementation of green roof policies in Toronto and Chicago. Paper 2 demonstrates the importance of ‘selling’ green roofs by linking them to larger environmental programs and of the municipal power structure that influences how and if environmental programs are implemented. Paper 3 examines the awareness, attitudes, and feelings towards green roofs by office workers with access to them (visual or physical) from their workplace in Toronto and Chicago. Using a phenomenological analysis of semi-structured interviews (n=55), Paper 3 shows that the hinterland, expectations of different kinds of ‘nature’ and aesthetics in the city, and access all influence perceptions of green roofs and sense of place. Paper 4 explores office workers awareness of and attitudes towards green roofs and the possible influence on their well-being in Toronto and Chicago from a large survey (n = 903). Participants showed a high literacy on the environmental benefits of green roofs. Chi-square analysis showed mixed results for health, but a significant association between visual access to a green roof and improved concentration. Paper 5 tests whether the relationship found in Paper 4, improved concentration with visual access, was still significant when other confounding variables were added to the model. Using a logistic regression on the same survey population (subset n =505), results found that concentration was no longer significant but that there was a trend towards improved concentration.

This five-paper thesis explores office workers perceptions of green roofs and how this influences their health/well-being in Toronto and Chicago. Paper 1 examines the underlying paradigms and world-views of major research programs that look at the human relationship to nature and health/well-being, showing that despite some convergence between their methods and integration of different paradigms, continued differences and lack of clarity on the normative assumptions underlying each approach leads to confusion in the specification of ‘nature’ in health/well-being and place research. Paper 2 is a comparative analysis of the implementation of green roof policies in Toronto and Chicago. Paper 2 demonstrates the importance of ‘selling’ green roofs by linking them to larger environmental programs and of the municipal power structure that influences how and if environmental programs are implemented. Paper 3 examines the awareness, attitudes, and feelings towards green roofs by office workers with access to them (visual or physical) from their workplace in Toronto and Chicago. Using a phenomenological analysis of semi-structured interviews (n=55), Paper 3 shows that the hinterland, expectations of different kinds of ‘nature’ and aesthetics in the city, and access all influence perceptions of green roofs and sense of place. Paper 4 explores office workers awareness of and attitudes towards green roofs and the possible influence on their well-being in Toronto and Chicago from a large survey (n = 903). Participants showed a high literacy on the environmental benefits of green roofs. Chi-square analysis showed mixed results for health, but a significant association between visual access to a green roof and improved concentration. Paper 5 tests whether the relationship found in Paper 4, improved concentration with visual access, was still significant when other confounding variables were added to the model. Using a logistic regression on the same survey population (subset n =505), results found that concentration was no longer significant but that there was a trend towards improved concentration.

No description available.

As coberturas verdes fazem parte da arquitetura vernacular há séculos como solução para regulação térmica das edificações, retardando a transferência de calor para o ambiente interno e, no inverno, retardando as perdas de calor dos ambientes internos para o exterior da edificação (International Green Roof Association - IGRA). Em se adotando cobertura verde em edificações supõe-se haver economia no consumo de energia para se obter condições de conforto térmico nos ambientes. Baseado nessa suposição foi realizada uma pesquisa experimental onde, por meio de um estudo comparativo entre dois tipos de cobertura: a verde e a de telhas cerâmicas comprovou-se o potencial de economia de energia. A análise do comportamento térmico das coberturas verdes foi realizada por meio de coleta de dados de variáveis ambientais, durante um período de 10 meses, de um protótipo instrumentado, construído no Departamento de Engenharia de Construção Civil da Escola Politécnica da USP, São Paulo. Os dados levantados foram comparados com os dados de um segundo protótipo de mesmas dimensões e igualmente instrumentado, com cobertura cerâmica, sob as mesmas condições ambientais. A comparação dos resultados e análises em dias e episódios representativos de cada estação comprovaram a eficiência das coberturas verdes para retardar o ganho térmico da edificação. Espera-se que os resultados sejam incentivadores à larga aplicação dos telhados egetados, o que trará diversas vantagens para população. / Green roofing is been a part of the vernacular architecture for centuries as solution for constructions thermal regulation. It is known that they delay the heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the building, and during winter, they delay the heating loss from the inside to the outside of the building (International Green Roof Association - IGRA). By adopting green roofs in buildings, one assumes that there is economy in energy consumption to obtain conditions of thermal comfort in inner environments. Based on this assumption, an experimental research was accomplished where, through a comparative study between two types of roofing systems: green and ceramics, it was determined this energy saving potential of green roofs. The analysis of the green roofing thermal behavior was realized through data collection of environmental variables, during the period of ten months, from an instrumented prototype constructed at the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo. The collected data was compared to those of a second prototype with the same dimensions and equally instrumented, with ceramics roofing, under the same environmental conditions. The data comparison and analysis of specific days in each season, proved the green roof efficiency on retarding the building thermal gain. One expects that the results will encourage the application of green roofs, which will bring several advantages to the population.

\"Tetos verdes\", ou a colocação de vegetação sobre coberturas de edifícios, têm se mostrado importantes ferramentas na mitigação de diversos problemas ambientais urbanos. Porém, seus benefícios coletivos apenas se tornam significativos após sua instalação em massa, sendo uma estratégia ambiental altamente dependente do agente privado -- os proprietários. Neste trabalho, buscou-se uma abordagem interdisciplinar com a Economia Ambiental e Comportamental, de modo a revelar os mecanismos de tomada de decisão dos indivíduos, tanto motivações econômicas (como sanções e subsídios), quanto motivações ditas \"irracionais\", como a imitação de comportamento. Depois, reconhecendo os tetos verdes como soluções polivalentes, faz-se uma abordagem múltipla para seu encaixe em políticas públicas existentes: clima urbano, economia de energia, poluição atmosférica, gerenciamento de águas pluviais e biodiversidade, cada uma envolvendo uma breve descrição da teoria e de políticas públicas existentes, desde o contexto mundial até o município de São Paulo. Como estudo de caso, aplica-se o índice ambiental alemão BFF (Biotopflächenfaktor, fator de superfícies ecológicas) a algumas tipologias marcantes de São Paulo, e conclui-se que o índice pode ser importante ferramenta na fomentação não só de tetos verdes, como de outras soluções ambientais de natureza pulverizada, devido à sua flexibilidade e facilidade de aplicação, podendo ser ajustada à realidade do município para melhores resultados. / The placement of vegetation on top of buildings, or \"green roofs\", has been shown to be an important mitigation tool for several environmental problems in cities. However, their collective benefits become more significant with widespread adoption, thus depending heavily on private agents, the building owners. This research took an interdisciplinary approach, making use of Environmental and Behavioral Economics in order to reveal the mechanisms that guide an individual\'s decision making process, including \"rational\" economic motivations (such as sanctions and subsidies) as well as \"irrational\" motivations, such as imitation of peers. Recognizing green roofs as versatile solutions, a multifaceted approach is taken to assess their suitability for inclusion into existing public policy; the approaches include urban climate, energy efficiency, air pollution, stormwater management, and biodiversity, each with a brief description of the theory and existing public policy, at several scales, from a global context to the Municipality of São Paulo. As a case study, the German environmental index BAF (biotope area factor) is applied to one block in different development typologies in Sao Paulo. It is concluded that the index could be an important tool for fostering not only green roofs, but many other pulverized environmental solutions, thanks to its flexibility and ease of implementation. For even better results, there is the possibility of carefullyadjusting the BAF index to Sao Paulo\'s reality.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet "ANR-Villes Durables VegDUD : Rôle du végétal dans le développement urbain durable ; une approche par les enjeux liés à la climatologie, l’hydrologie, la maîtrise de l’énergie et les ambiances" (2010-2013). Elle traite de la modélisation et de l’expérimentation de toitures et de façades végétales, en vue de l’évaluation de leurs impacts hygrothermiques sur les bâtiments et sur les microclimats urbains. Un modèle physique a été développé pour décrire les mécanismes de transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse au sein de la paroi végétale. L’implémentation de ce modèle dans un code de simulation thermique dynamique permet de prédire l’impact de la végétalisation sur la performance énergétique des bâtiments. L’extension de cette démarche à l’échelle d’une rue-canyon permet d’inclure l’interaction microclimatique dans la simulation thermohydrique des bâtiments. Sur le plan expérimental, une maquette reconstituant une scène urbaine est mise en place pour étudier l’impact de différentes typologies de parois végétales dans plusieurs configurations microclimatiques. La confrontation des résultats expérimentaux et ceux issus de la modélisation numérique a été entreprise à l’échelle du système constitué du bâtiment et du microclimat urbain environnant. Pour cela, l’étude du comportement d’un bâtiment et d’une rue végétalisés par rapport au comportement du même bâtiment et d’une rue témoins a permis d’évaluer l’incidence des transferts thermiques, hygrométriques et radiatifs de la végétalisation. Ceci a permis d’entreprendre la validation des outils de prédiction numérique développés. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les transferts thermiques et hydriques sont fortement couplés et que le comportement thermique des parois végétales est tributaire de l’état hydrique du substrat de culture. Pour l’été comme pour l’hiver, les simulations numériques et les données expérimentales montrent que la végétalisation permet d’améliorer la performance énergétique des bâtiments et de réduire les îlots de chaleur urbains. / This study was conducted in the framework of the National Program "ANR-VegDUD Project : Role of vegetation in sustainable urban development, an approach related to climatology, hydrology, energy management and environments" (2010 -2013). It deals with the experimental and numerical modeling of green roofs and green facades to evaluate their thermohydric effects on buildings and urban microclimates. A physical model describing the thermal and water transfer mechanisms within the vegetated building envelopes has been developed. The model’s program has been implemented in a building simulation program. Using this tool, we are able to predict the impact of green roofs and green facades on building energy performance. This approach is extended to the street canyon in order to assess the microclimatic interaction in building simulation. An experimental mockup modeling an urban scene at reduced scale is designed to study the impact of different types of green roofs and walls. The comparison of the measurements carried out on vegetated buildings and streets with the reference highlights the hygrothermal and radiative impacts of vegetated buildings envelopes. In addition, these experimental data are used to verify and validate the reliability of developed tools. The results show that thermal and water transfers are strongly coupled. Hence, the thermal behavior of green roofs and green walls depend on the water availability within the growing medium. In summer and winter, measurements and numerical simulations show that green envelopes improve the energy efficiency of buildings and reduce the urban heat island.

The industrial area Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält in Halmstad will be transformed into a residential-, service- and educational area. Heavy cloudbursts in the future are more than today's stormwater- and sewer pipes can handle. There is a possibility to supplement the drainage system with blue-green solutions for planned management, retention and storage of stormwater from daily rain and pluvial flooding. The solutions also do other ecosystem services as reducing heat and support biodiversity and their multifunctionality make them suitable on valuable land. This work has studied opportunities for blue-green solutions, especially green roofs, permeable surfaces and multifunctional spaces in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. The study questions have been How can Halmstad municipality work with blue-green solutions as a resource in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält? and Is it possible to point out spaces in the Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält area for blue-green stormwater management? The method consists of a literature study, questions to municipal officials, study of downpour maps and visual inspections. The first study question has been answered trough advantages and disadvantages according to different blue-green solutions, different laws, the planning process, costs and benefits and examples from Malmö and Göteborg amongst others. The second question has been answered trough suggestions of blue-green solutions pointed out on an image of Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. The image is created from a map overlay of an orthophoto and information from a downpour map, information from aerial photos from Internet and visual inspections on site. The municipality of Halmstad has a chance to start early with sustainable urban drainage systems in Larsfrid-Vilhelmsfält. There are ways to calculate costs and maintenance. It is easier and more inexpensive to construct blue-green solutions before the area is finished, than after. Without it, it will be much more expensive to take care of the suffering and the physical costs caused by pluvial flooding.

The subject of this diploma thesis is an architectonic study, which deals with the new usage of the premises of VUT at Kravi Hora. Big part of Kravi Hora forms a park, which from the west is close to Namesti Miru and from the east side there are buildings of Faculty of Civil Engineering. This territory along with Spilberk, Luzanky and Wilsonuv Les form the green, environmental friendly, part of Brno. The Main advantage of this territory is that it brings lot of green parking places to the city and there are many places for spending free time, such as; swimming pool, baseball court and an observatory. The big disadvantage of this area is the bad transmittance of this area. There are no quality roads connecting Kravi hora and there is a slanting ground through this area. There are lots of objects which do not fit with the usage and they only bring here the traffic. There is a designed plan consisting of rather limiting regulations for this territory when the whole area is used for parking lots and sport activities and holiday objects. And in addition to that, the area is closed to public transport. The purpose of this study is to respect the territorial plans and the interests of the city as much as possible and at the same time use the property of VUT for a representation of the University, getting new students in and creating a place where all the generations can spend their free time. Despite of this study still respects The Territory Plan and interests of the City of Brno. In my study I design there the museum of VUT, the students club, ateliers for new graduates, study room, workroom the public and objects for presentation of VUT faculties set into the area of Kravi hora park in a way that it would fit into the natural character of this place.