The way people view development is changing. The world now advocates for a development that also considers future generations. There is a paradigm shift towards sustainable development - a development in today's lifestyle without destroying the resources for tomorrow generations. Sustainable development is a broad concept that addresses how human activities impact on the economic, environmental and social well-being of an ecosystem; however, practical application of the sustainability concept is complex because its objective assessment is elusive. It is often said that the effect of technology on society has never been more profound than today. As mankind develops in science and technology to improve on his well-being, certain impacts are made on the systems that support human existence. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) technology, like gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology, is a latest innovation conceived to 'fight' the problem of gas flaring, and help contribute to the social and economic growth of the people; but it is necessary for man to know if these contemporary technologies are sustainable. This dissertation critically appraises the impact of the LNG project on the community of Bonny Island in Nigeria from a holistic perspective. The approach to the research work is three-fold: an appropriate sustainability framework is selected based on certain criteria; sustainability indicators are developed from the chosen framework; and the sustainability indicators are used to assess the impact of the project on the flora and fauna of the community. To have a clear picture of the impact of Nigeria LNG on its host community, Epe-Waterside is chosen as a control community because of its similar socio-geographical outlook to Bonny Island community. The control community is then subjected to the same set of sustainability indicators for a comparative analysis. The outcome of the research work shows that, though the economic and social conditions of Bonny Island seem much better, its environmental status remains a challenge. In other words, it can be concluded that the present approach to the operation of the LNG technology is not sustainable. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The way people view development is changing. The world now advocates for a development that also considers future generations. There is a paradigm shift towards sustainable development - a development in today's lifestyle without destroying the resources for tomorrow generations. Sustainable development is a broad concept that addresses how human activities impact on the economic, environmental and social well-being of an ecosystem; however, practical application of the sustainability concept is complex because its objective assessment is elusive. It is often said that the effect of technology on society has never been more profound than today. As mankind develops in science and technology to improve on his well-being, certain impacts are made on the systems that support human existence. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) technology, like gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology, is a latest innovation conceived to 'fight' the problem of gas flaring, and help contribute to the social and economic growth of the people; but it is necessary for man to know if these contemporary technologies are sustainable. This dissertation critically appraises the impact of the LNG project on the community of Bonny Island in Nigeria from a holistic perspective. The approach to the research work is three-fold: an appropriate sustainability framework is selected based on certain criteria; sustainability indicators are developed from the chosen framework; and the sustainability indicators are used to assess the impact of the project on the flora and fauna of the community. To have a clear picture of the impact of Nigeria LNG on its host community, Epe-Waterside is chosen as a control community because of its similar socio-geographical outlook to Bonny Island community. The control community is then subjected to the same set of sustainability indicators for a comparative analysis. The outcome of the research work shows that, though the economic and social conditions of Bonny Island seem much better, its environmental status remains a challenge. In other words, it can be concluded that the present approach to the operation of the LNG technology is not sustainable. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

As microalgas vêm sendo utilizadas na área ambiental nos processos de biomitigação de CO2, uma vez que o utilizam em seu metabolismo para produzirem biomassa celular, a qual pode ser utilizada para fins nutricional e comercial. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de oligossacarídeos prebióticos oriundos de biomassa microalgal por meio de hidrólise fosfórica em diferentes condições moderadas de pH e termopressurização. Foi utilizada biomassa de um cultivo utilizado no sistema de tratamento de efluente gasoso de uma churrascaria de Curitiba, comparativamente com duas biomassas comerciais, Chlorella vulgaris e Spirulina platensis. Foram realizadas análises microscópicas e físico-químicas para a caracterização das biomassas, tais como umidade, cinzas, teor de carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas. A partir da massa lipídica total foram realizadas transesterificações alcalinas e os resultados analisados por métodos cromatográficos, antes e após clarificação dos ésteres metílicos. A título de comparação inicial com as biomassas in natura, as biomassas passaram por pré-tratamentos: remoção dos lipídeos com organossolventes, purificação da parede celular com detergente SDS (Sódio Dodecil Sulfato) e recuperação do resíduo polimérico extraído pelo detergente. Estas biomassas derivadas bem como as integrais foram hidrolisadas em termopressurizador a 4,5 atm (156 oC), utilizando ácido fosfórico a pH 2,0 ou controles com água (solvólise). Adicionalmente foram realizados ensaios enzimáticos com α-amilase e β-1,3 glucanase nos oligossacarídeos resultantes dos hidrolisados fosfóricos das biomassas in natura. Com as três biomassas de microalgas in natura foi realizado planejamento fatorial 32, frente às variáveis ácido fosfórico (pH 2,5, 2,0, e 1,5) e pressão atmosférica (3 atm – 147 oC, 4,5 – 156 oC e 6,0 atm – 175 oC). Para todos os hidrolisados foram analisados pH após a hidrólise, teor de açúcar redutor e de açúcar total e perfil cromatográfico. Os oligossacarídeos obtidos foram utilizados como fonte de carbono para o cultivo de microrganismos probióticos, Bifidobacterium animalis e Lactobacillus casei, para avaliação do crescimento, pH e produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC). Os resultados indicaram que apesar de ter sido inoculada uma cepa de C. vulgaris no sistema de fotobiorreatores de mitigação de CO 2 da churrascaria, não se instalou um cultivo puro e, portanto, foi denominado de mescla Devons. O componente majoritário para todas as biomassas foi proteína, sobretudo para S. platensis (59,5 %). As transesterificações alcalinas mostraram a eficiência no processo, indicando semelhança no perfil da cromatografia gasosa da mescla Devons e C. vulgaris. O tratamento com SDS mostrou maior eficiência na remoção de proteínas, sobretudo em S. platensis. As hidrólises das biomassas pré-tratadas mostraram maior teor de oligossacarídeos na amostra in natura para mescla Devons, deslipidificada e tratada com SDS para C. vulgaris e semelhança entre a in natura e os dois primeiros tratamentos para S. platensis. Os resultados dos ensaios enzimáticos indicaram predominância de oligossacarídeos oriundos de laminarina (β-1,3 glucana), portanto prebióticos e resistentes à ação amilásica do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) superior. Os resultados do planejamento fatorial mostraram que a biomassa in natura de S. platensis foi a que apresentou os melhores resultados de hidrólise em quantidade de açúcar liberado, seguida da biomassa de mescla Devons e C. vulgaris. As melhores condições de produção e pureza de oligossacarídeos foram próximas ao ponto central do planejamento fatorial. Os cultivos dos probióticos utilizando os hidrolisados fosfóricos permitiu o crescimento das baterias benéficas (Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium), e diferenças no pH, bem como na produção de AGCC, sobretudo ácido lático, monitorado por cromatografia líquida. Portanto, este trabalho mostra que foram produzidos oligossacarídeos prebióticos a partir do tratamento fosfórico da biomassa de microalgas, resultando uma nova aplicação em potencial de tal biomassa formada a partir do CO2 e outros componentes voláteis presentes no efluente gasoso da churrascaria. / Microalgae have been utilized in the environmental area in CO2 biomitigation processes as they use it in their metabolism for the production of cellular biomass, which can then be utilized for nutritional and commercial purposes. Within this scope, the current research elected as the main objective, the obtention of nutraceutical oligosaccharides from microalgae biomasses through a phosphoric acid hydrolysis under different and moderated pH and thermopressurization conditions. One biomass, coming from a gaseous effluent treatment system from a steakhouse was compared to commercial biomasses, Chlorella vulgaris e Spirulina platensis. Microscopic and physicochemical analyses were carried for these biomasses characterization, namely moisture, ashes, carbohydrates, lipids and protein contents. Alkaline methyl transesterifications were realized in the total lipid fractions and then the corresponding products analyzed by chromatographic methods. As compared to the native biomasses, they were subjected to pretreatments: organic solvents removal of lipids, cell wall purification with detergent SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) and recovery of polymeric molecules of the later extracts. These derived biomasses fractions, as well as the whole ones were partially or totally hydrolyzed with thermopressurization at 4.5 atm (156 °C) using diluted phosphoric acid at pH 2 or with water as controls (solvolysis). Enzyme assays were further performed with α- amylase and β-1,3 glucanase in the phosphoric acid hydrolyzed oligosaccharides from native biomasses. A 32 factorial design was carried out with the three samples of whole microalgae biomasses, considering the variables phosphoric acid pH (2.5, 2.0, e 1.5) and atmospheric pressure (3 atm – 147 oC, 4.5 – 156 oC and 6.0 atm – 175 o C). For all hydrolysates were analyzed pH after hydrolysis, total and reducing sugar contents and chromatographic profiles. The resulting oligosaccharide samples were offered as carbon source for the culture of probiotic microorganisms Bifidobacterium animalis e Lactobacillus casei for the evaluation of bacterial growth and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Overall results indicated that irrespective to the pure native of the C. vulgaris inoculum into the CO2 mitigation system of the steakhouse, a pure massive biomass did not result and hence the designation of Devons’ blend for. The major component of microalgae biomasses was protein, above all for S. platensis (59.5 %). Alkaline transesterification showed the efficiency of the process, indicating similarity among the methyl esters arising either from C. vulgaris or the Devons’ blend as analyzed by gas chromatography. SDS treatment was more efficient for protein removal in the case of S. platensis biomass. The pretreated biomasses once hydrolysed displayed higher oligosaccharide contents for the Devons’ blend native, C. vulgaris delipidified and SDS-treated sample as well some similarity between native and both pretreatments in the case of S. platensis. The enzymatic assay indicated predominance of laminarin oligosaccharides (β-1,3 glucan), therefore prebiotics are resistants to amylasic action in upper gastroinstestinal tract. The factorial design showed that the particular S. platensis native biomass led to the best result of hydrolysis to reducing simple and oligosaccharidic sugars, then decreasingly followed by the Devons’ blend and C. vulgaris and the best conditions for the production and purity of the oligosaccharides were close to the central point of the factorial design. Probiotic cultures from the phosphoric acid hydrolysates allowed the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, beneficial bacteria growth, pH differences and short chain fatty acids production, above all, lactic acid, as monitored by high performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, this research indicated the feasibility of nutraceutical or prebiotic oligosaccharide production from microalgae biomasses, thus revealing a novel technological destination for these particular biomasses and fractions, once formed at the expense of CO2 and other volatile components from the gaseous effluent from a steakhouse.

Os problemas socioambientais fundamentam-se em uma crise de valores, onde a incorporação de atitudes pro ambientais é primordial. Nesse sentido, os processos educativos são importantes para impulsionar as transformações necessárias para a sobrevivência da sociedade e podem ser desenvolvidos tanto na educação formal quanto na educação não formal. Há a necessidade de trazer conhecimento e de sensibilizar os jovens quanto à importância das questões ambientais, contribuindo para que desenvolvam um posicionamento crítico face à crise detectada. A Educomunicação, que tem como um de seus compromissos a produção participativa de conteúdo, apresenta-se como uma alternativa de ferramenta para a realização de intervenções que favoreçam a preservação dos recursos naturais. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em Instituto de Assistência Social de Curitiba, com 52 jovens de idades entre 14 e 17 anos em seu período de contraturno escolar. O objetivo da proposta visou desenvolver, aplicar e avaliar metodologias de educação ambiental, utilizando ferramentas de Educomunicação socioambiental para a promoção de informação e sensibilização quanto a questão dos resíduos sólidos nos corpos d’água. Foi desenvolvida a partir de uma abordagem mista (quantitativa e qualitativa), utilizando os princípios metodológicos da pesquisa-ação, através de um diagnóstico inicial de percepção ambiental, nível de conhecimentos e atitudes referentes ao tema. Como também, a análise de seus resultados para planejamento e elaboração das atividades respeitando uma sequência lógica para apreensão de novos conhecimentos. As intervenções abordaram teorias e práticas sendo denominadas oficinas. Estas, utilizaram procedimentos adequados para suas realizações que consistiram em palestras, discussões, atividades de campo, programas de rádio, registro por fotografias e filmagens, criação de páginas na rede social e evento. Os materiais textuais e audiovisuais produzidos serviram como subsídios para as produções de Educomunicação socioambiental visando instigar a percepção ambiental do jovem e da sociedade sobre a poluição de rios por resíduos sólidos. As informações e conhecimentos adquiridos durante o percurso do desenvolvimento, foram o suporte para a compilação dos saberes sobre os efeitos da interferência humana nos sistemas aquáticos, e, de sensibilização para inserção de atitudes sustentáveis, como por exemplo, a separação seletiva de resíduos sólidos e seu correto descarte. Sendo todo o processo desenvolvido através do diálogo, participação, da expressão e criatividade dos sujeitos envolvidos na pesquisa. / Environmental problems are founded in a crisis of values, where the incorporation of environmental attitudes is an urgent need. In this sense the educational processes are essential to boost the transformations necessary to the survival of society and these processes can occur both in formal education and in non-formal education. No need to bring knowledge and raise awareness among young people about the importance of environmental issues, helping to develop a critical attitude before the socio-environmental crisis. The Educommunication that has as one of its commitments participative content production, is presented as a possible tool for the realization of social and environmental interventions.This survey was conducted with 52 people aged between 14 and 17 years during their period of school hours in the Institute of Social Assistance located in the city of Curitiba, Parana state. The research objective aimed to develop, implement and evaluate methods of education, using tools of environmental educational and communication. Such activity was focused on promoting information and awareness related to the impact of solid waste on water bodies. It was developed from a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative), the methodological principles of action research through an initial diagnosis of environmental perception, level of knowledge and attitudes related to the subject. The analysis of such results was utilized for planning and preparation of activities with a logical construction of knowledge. The interventions addressed theories and practices known as “Oficinas”. This strategy used proper procedures that consisted of lectures, discussions, field activities, radio programs, photographs and footage, events and the creation of pages on social networking to achieve the aimed results. All textual and audiovisual material produced served as subsidies for production of environmental educational communication with the objective of instilling environmental awareness on young pelople and society about pollution of rivers by solid residues. The information and knowledge gained during the research has supported the compilation of knowledge on the effects of human interference in aquatic systems as well as on raising awareness of sustainable attitudes. Thus, the whole process has enabled the dialogue, participation, expression, creativity and reasoning of the subjects involved in the research.

Det här examensarbetet syftar till att upprätta ett funktionsprogram för ett kretsloppshus där stadens invånare kan nås med kunskap om hållbar utveckling. Bakgrunden till detta är att Borlänge kommun 2017 godkände ett planprogram med visionen att skapa en ny, klimatneutral stadsdel och därmed bli en föregångare för hållbar stadsutveckling i regionen. Arbetet med programhandlingen innebar bland annat att undersöka den bakgrund och de förutsättningar som fanns för ett uppförande av byggnaden. I kommunens planprogram beskrivs byggnaden ha en pedagogisk funktion i stadsdelen och i Borlänge; en plats med fokus på praktisk demonstration och utbildning av elever och boende i kretsloppsfrågor för energi, vatten och avfall/material i en fattbar och intresseväckande skala. Kretsloppshuset planeras att uppföras i anslutning till en ny skola årkurs 6-9 för samverkan i detta syfte. Kommunens tanke är att kretsloppshuset ska fungera som ett nav i stadsdelen, men också att byggnaden ska bli ett besöksmål och sätta Borlänge på kartan vad gäller hållbart byggande. Ett hållbart byggande innefattar bland annat resurshushållning, minimerad energianvändning och förnybara energikällor, men också att resurser som energi, avfall och vatten cirkulerar i kretslopp. Teori har inhämtats ur litteratur som fokuserat på hur vi ska bygga våra hus och städer om vi vill vara med och skapa ett hållbart samhälle. En del av syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur man på ett pedagogiskt vis kan sprida information om miljö- och kretsloppsfrågor. Examensarbetet teoretiska del fokuserar därför delvis på utvalda delar av pedagogik som inhämtats från tidigare forskning inom barn och ungdomars lärande för hållbar utveckling, eftersom att studier visar att det är viktigt att barn lär sig tidigt om dessa frågor. Utbildning för hållbar utveckling är en viktig förutsättning för att nå de hållbarhetsmål som FN tagit fram till 2030. Kommande generationer måste lära sig ett hållbart levnadssätt redan från start samtidigt som den befintliga befolkningen drastiskt måste förändra sin livsstil. För att samla empiri gjordes intervjuer med personer som är eller har varit inblandade i planeringsarbetet med den nya stadsdelen. Det visade sig att det funnits eldsjälar som tidigt introducerat idén om kretsloppshuset, men att det i nuläget inte får någon större prioritet bland det pågående arbetet med ny skola och bostäder. Att involvera brukarna i ett tidigt skede ger bättre förutsättningar för att nå ett resultat som är effektivt och tillfredställande för alla parter. Teori gällande designdialoger har därför studerats, för att visa på vikten av en god dialog för att snabbt identifiera behov och utveckla idéer i designarbetet. Resultatet av examensarbetet, funktionsprogrammet, kan ses som ett förslag på konceptuell nivå med funktioner och uttryck som kan tillämpas på en byggnad av detta slag, och en inspiration till fortsatt arbete. I funktionsprogrammet gestaltar våra tolkningar hur kretsloppshuset skulle uppfylla de önskemål och funktioner som efterfrågas i planprogrammet, för att i största möjliga mån kunna vara till nytta i kommunens kommande arbete med byggnaden. Slutsatser som togs är att rena föregångare till Jakobsgårdarnas Kretsloppshus som koncept saknas. Trots ett stort antal inspirationskällor ur olika aspekter hittades inget exempel som förenar alla de aspekter som vi har ambitionen att utveckla i den aktuella byggnaden. Kretsloppshuset som koncept kan bli en viktig pusselbit för att hantera hållbarhetsfrågor i en stadsdel eller en hel stad. Ett vidare arbete krävs dock för att undersöka hur byggnaden ska komma att drivas och förvaltas, och en mer omfattande undersökning av vilka tekniska lösningar som ska appliceras. Vidare arbete krävs också för att optimera byggnaden för den framtida platsen, och hur stora ytor som är lämpliga. Det finns ett stort intresse för byggnaden från diverse aktörer i Borlänge, men för att idén om kretsloppshuset ska kunna förverkligas krävs en eller flera personer axlar det engagemang för projektet som fanns när planprogrammet upprättades. / The purpose of this thesis is to establish a functional program for an eco-cycle building where people can be reached with knowledge of sustainable development. The background to this is that the municipality of Borlänge approved a plan program with the vision of creating a new, climate neutral district and thereby become a precursor for sustainable construction in the region. For instance, the functional program is meant to investigate the background and the prerequisites that existed. In the municipality’s plan program, the building is described to have an educational function for the district and for Borlänge; a place which focuses on practical demonstrations and education for students and residents in recycling issues for energy, water and waste/material in a comprehensible and compelling way. The eco-cycle building is planned to be established near the new school, with classes from 6 to 9, to make a cooperation possible. Requests from the municipality is that the eco-cycle building can work like a hub in the new district, but also become a new place of interest and put Borlänge on the map for sustainable construction. Sustainable construction includes resource management, minimized energy use and renewable energy sources, but also that resources like energy, waste and water circulate in an eco-cycle. Theory has been obtained from literature focusing on how we should build our houses and cities if we want to join and create a sustainable society. Part of the purpose of this thesis was to explore how to disseminate information on environmental and circular issues in an educational way. The theoretical part of the thesis is therefore focusing on selected parts of education obtained from previous research in children and youth learning for sustainable development, since studies show that it is important that children learn about these issues early in life. Education for Sustainable Development is an important prerequisite for achieving the sustainability goals set by the UN until 2030. Upcoming generations must learn a sustainable way of life right from the start while the existing population must drastically change their lifestyle. In order to gather empiricism, interviews were held with people who have been involved in the planning work with the new district. It turned out that there were former driving spirits who introduced the idea of the eco-cycle building, but that it doesn’t currently are the major priority in the ongoing work with the new school and housing. Engaging the users at an early stage provides better conditions for achieving a result that is effective and satisfying for all parties. The theory of design dialogues has therefore been studied to demonstrate the importance of a good dialogue to quickly identify needs and develop ideas in design work. The result of the thesis, the functional program, can be seen as a draft on conceptual level with features and expressions that can be applied to a building of this kind, and an inspiration for continued work. In the functional program, our interpretations form how the eco-cycle building would meet the requests and functions that’s been requested in the plan program, in order to benefit as much as possible in the municipality's future work with the building. Conclusions are that there are no precursors of the eco-cycle building as a concept. Despite a large number of sources of inspiration from various aspects, no example was found that combines all the aspects we have the ambition to develop for this building. The eco-cycle building as a concept could play an important role for how to handle sustainable issues in a district or in a whole city. However, further work is required to investigate how the building should be run and managed, as well as more extensive studies of which technical solutions to apply. Further work is also required to optimize the building for the future location, and the size of the building that are appropriate. There is a great interest in the building from various participants in Borlänge, but to implement the idea of the eco-cycle building, one or more people need to embrace the project with the commitment that previously existed in the organization.

Det här examensarbetet syftar till att upprätta ett funktionsprogram för ett kretsloppshus där stadensinvånare kan nås med kunskap om hållbar utveckling. Bakgrunden till detta är att Borlänge kommun 2017godkände ett planprogram med visionen att skapa en ny, klimatneutral stadsdel och därmed bli enföregångare för hållbar stadsutveckling i regionen. Arbetet med programhandlingen innebar bland annat attundersöka den bakgrund och de förutsättningar som fanns för ett uppförande av byggnaden.I kommunens planprogram beskrivs byggnaden ha en pedagogisk funktion i stadsdelen och i Borlänge; enplats med fokus på praktisk demonstration och utbildning av elever och boende i kretsloppsfrågor för energi,vatten och avfall/material i en fattbar och intresseväckande skala. Kretsloppshuset planeras att uppföras ianslutning till en ny skola årkurs 6-9 för samverkan i detta syfte.Kommunens tanke är att kretsloppshuset ska fungera som ett nav i stadsdelen, men också att byggnaden skabli ett besöksmål och sätta Borlänge på kartan vad gäller hållbart byggande. Ett hållbart byggande innefattarbland annat resurshushållning, minimerad energianvändning och förnybara energikällor, men också attresurser som energi, avfall och vatten cirkulerar i kretslopp. Teori har inhämtats ur litteratur som fokuseratpå hur vi ska bygga våra hus och städer om vi vill vara med och skapa ett hållbart samhälle.En del av syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur man på ett pedagogiskt vis kan spridainformation om miljö- och kretsloppsfrågor. Examensarbetet teoretiska del fokuserar därför delvis påutvalda delar av pedagogik som inhämtats från tidigare forskning inom barn och ungdomars lärande förhållbar utveckling, eftersom att studier visar att det är viktigt att barn lär sig tidigt om dessa frågor.Utbildning för hållbar utveckling är en viktig förutsättning för att nå de hållbarhetsmål som FN tagit fram till2030. Kommande generationer måste lära sig ett hållbart levnadssätt redan från start samtidigt som denbefintliga befolkningen drastiskt måste förändra sin livsstil.För att samla empiri gjordes intervjuer med personer som är eller har varit inblandade i planeringsarbetetmed den nya stadsdelen. Det visade sig att det funnits eldsjälar som tidigt introducerat idén omkretsloppshuset, men att det i nuläget inte får någon större prioritet bland det pågående arbetet med ny skolaoch bostäder.Att involvera brukarna i ett tidigt skede ger bättre förutsättningar för att nå ett resultat som är effektivt ochtillfredställande för alla parter. Teori gällande designdialoger har därför studerats, för att visa på vikten av engod dialog för att snabbt identifiera behov och utveckla idéer i designarbetet.Resultatet av examensarbetet, funktionsprogrammet, kan ses som ett förslag på konceptuell nivå medfunktioner och uttryck som kan tillämpas på en byggnad av detta slag, och en inspiration till fortsatt arbete.I funktionsprogrammet gestaltar våra tolkningar hur kretsloppshuset skulle uppfylla de önskemål ochfunktioner som efterfrågas i planprogrammet, för att i största möjliga mån kunna vara till nytta i kommunenskommande arbete med byggnaden.Slutsatser som togs är att rena föregångare till Jakobsgårdarnas Kretsloppshus som koncept saknas. Trots ettstort antal inspirationskällor ur olika aspekter hittades inget exempel som förenar alla de aspekter som vi harambitionen att utveckla i den aktuella byggnaden. Kretsloppshuset som koncept kan bli en viktig pusselbitför att hantera hållbarhetsfrågor i en stadsdel eller en hel stad. Ett vidare arbete krävs dock för att undersökahur byggnaden ska komma att drivas och förvaltas, och en mer omfattande undersökning av vilka tekniskalösningar som ska appliceras. Vidare arbete krävs också för att optimera byggnaden för den framtida platsen,och hur stora ytor som är lämpliga.Det finns ett stort intresse för byggnaden från diverse aktörer i Borlänge, men för att idén omkretsloppshuset ska kunna förverkligas krävs en eller flera personer axlar det engagemang för projektet somfanns när planprogrammet upprättades. / The purpose of this thesis is to establish a functional program for an eco-cycle building where people can bereached with knowledge of sustainable development. The background to this is that the municipality ofBorlänge approved a plan program with the vision of creating a new, climate neutral district and therebybecome a precursor for sustainable construction in the region. For instance, the functional program is meantto investigate the background and the prerequisites that existed. In the municipality’s plan program, thebuilding is described to have an educational function for the district and for Borlänge; a place which focuseson practical demonstrations and education for students and residents in recycling issues for energy, waterand waste/material in a comprehensible and compelling way. The eco-cycle building is planned to beestablished near the new school, with classes from 6 to 9, to make a cooperation possible.Requests from the municipality is that the eco-cycle building can work like a hub in the new district, butalso become a new place of interest and put Borlänge on the map for sustainable construction. Sustainableconstruction includes resource management, minimized energy use and renewable energy sources, but alsothat resources like energy, waste and water circulate in an eco-cycle. Theory has been obtained fromliterature focusing on how we should build our houses and cities if we want to join and create a sustainablesociety.Part of the purpose of this thesis was to explore how to disseminate information on environmental andcircular issues in an educational way. The theoretical part of the thesis is therefore focusing on selected partsof education obtained from previous research in children and youth learning for sustainable development,since studies show that it is important that children learn about these issues early in life. Education forSustainable Development is an important prerequisite for achieving the sustainability goals set by the UNuntil 2030. Upcoming generations must learn a sustainable way of life right from the start while the existingpopulation must drastically change their lifestyle.In order to gather empiricism, interviews were held with people who have been involved in the planningwork with the new district. It turned out that there were former driving spirits who introduced the idea of theeco-cycle building, but that it doesn’t currently are the major priority in the ongoing work with the newschool and housing.Engaging the users at an early stage provides better conditions for achieving a result that is effective andsatisfying for all parties. The theory of design dialogues has therefore been studied to demonstrate theimportance of a good dialogue to quickly identify needs and develop ideas in design work.The result of the thesis, the functional program, can be seen as a draft on conceptual level with features andexpressions that can be applied to a building of this kind, and an inspiration for continued work. In thefunctional program, our interpretations form how the eco-cycle building would meet the requests andfunctions that’s been requested in the plan program, in order to benefit as much as possible in themunicipality's future work with the building.Conclusions are that there are no precursors of the eco-cycle building as a concept. Despite a large numberof sources of inspiration from various aspects, no example was found that combines all the aspects we havethe ambition to develop for this building. The eco-cycle building as a concept could play an important rolefor how to handle sustainable issues in a district or in a whole city. However, further work is required toinvestigate how the building should be run and managed, as well as more extensive studies of whichtechnical solutions to apply. Further work is also required to optimize the building for the future location,and the size of the building that are appropriate. There is a great interest in the building from variousparticipants in Borlänge, but to implement the idea of the eco-cycle building, one or more people need toembrace the project with the commitment that previously existed in the organization.

Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / No Brasil, as estações de tratamento de esgoto têm suas configurações baseadas em processos anaeróbios seguidos ou não de pós tratamento, normalmente aeróbio. Estas configurações apresentam limitações como baixa eficiência de remoção de nutrientes. Assim, ao considerar aspectos técnicos, pretende-se avaliar a eficiência de remoção da matéria carbonácea, nitrogenada e fosfatada, em sistema de tratamento combinado anaeróbio (22,1 L), aeróbio (19,9 L) e anóxico (17,4 L) (AOA), tratando esgoto sintético. Anéis corrugados de Policloreto de Polivinila (PVC) foram utilizados como material suporte para fixação da biomassa. O comportamento do sistema foi avaliado em quatro etapas distintas, nas quais foram analisadas a influência da adição de carbono no reator anóxico e da redução do Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (θh) nos reatores anaeróbios e aeróbios. O desempenho do sistema foi estudado por meio de perfis de amostragem temporal com determinação dos parâmetros físicoquímicos temperatura do líquido (TL), pH, alcalinidade total (AT), alcalinidade a bicarbonato (AB), ácidos voláteis (AV), oxigênio dissolvido (OD), potencial de oxirredução (REDOX), turbidez (UNT), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) nitrogênio total kjeldahl (NTK), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH4 + ), nitrito (N-NO2 - ), nitrato (N-NO3 - ) e fósforo total (P-PO4 -3 ), em amostras do afluente e efluente de cada reator coletadas em intervalos de 3 h durante 24 h. Na Etapa 1 foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de matéria carbonácea, nitrogenada e fosfatada de 97%, 57% e 50%, respectivamente, para o sistema operado com θh de 8 h para o reator anaeróbio, 7,3 h para o reator aeróbio e 6,4 h para o reator anóxico. Na Etapa 2 com adição de 20% da vazão afluente de esgoto bruto (fonte de carbono) e manutenção dos valores de θh, as eficiências de remoção de carbono e nitrogênio total foram de 95% e 55%, não sendo reportada eficiência de remoção de fósforo. Na Etapa 3 com a retirada da fonte de carbono e redução do θh nos reatores anaeróbio e aeróbio para 4 h, foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de 96% de matéria carbonácea, 51% de nitrogênio total e 40% de fósforo. Na Etapa 4 com manutenção do θh de 4 h para o reator anaeróbio, 7,3 h para o reator aeróbio e 6,4 h para o reator anóxico, as eficiências de remoção resultaram em 97% de matéria carbonácea, 43% de nitrogênio total e 41% de fósforo. Com o estudo cinético foi possível verificar que a redução da relação C/N influenciou positivamente o desempenho dos microrganismos nitrificantes e desnitrificantes. Por fim, conclui-se que o sistema AOA apresentou eficiência de remoção de matéria carbonácea superior ao limite exigido na legislação e proporcionou remoção simultânea de nitrogênio e fósforo. / In Brazil, sewage treatment plants have their configurations based on anaerobic processes followed or not by post-treatment, usually aerobic. These configurations have limitations such as low nutrient removal efficiency. Thus, when considering technical aspects, it was intended to evaluate the efficiency of removal of carbonaceous, nitrogenous and phosphate in an anaerobic (22.1 L), aerobic (19.9 L) and anoxic (17.4 L) (AOA) treating synthetic wastewater. Polyvinyl chloride corrugated rings (PVC) were used as support material for biomass fixation. The behavior of the system was evaluated in four different stages in order to analyze the influence of the addition of carbon in the anoxic reactor and the reduction of Hydraulic Retention Times (θh) in the anaerobic and aerobic reactors. The performance of the system was studied by means of temporal sampling profiles with determination of the physicchemical parameters temperature, pH, alkalinity total (AT) and bicarbonate (AB), volatile acids (VA), dissolved oxygen (OD), oxidation potential (REDOX), turbidity (UNT), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen kjeldahl (NTK), ammoniac nitrogen (N-NH4 + ), nitrite (N-NO2 - ), nitrate (N-NO3 - ), and total phosphorus (P-PO4 -3 ) in samples of the influent and effluent from each reactor collected at intervals of 3 h for 24 h. In Stage 1, the removal efficiency of 97%, 57% and 50% of carbonaceous, nitrogenous and phosphate matter was obtained for the system operated with θh of 8 h for the anaerobic reactor, 7.3 h for the aerobic reactor and 6.4 h for the anoxic reactor. In Stage 2 with the addition of 20% of the raw sewage inflow (carbon source) and maintenance of the θh values, the carbon and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were 95% and 55%, with no reported removal efficiency phosphor. In Stage 3, with the removal of the carbon source and reduction of the θh in the anaerobic and aerobic reactors for 4 h, removal efficiencies of 96% of carbonaceous matter, 51% of total nitrogen and 40% of phosphorus were obtained. In Stage 4 with the maintenance of the θh of 4 h for the anaerobic reactor, 7.3 h for the aerobic reactor and 6.4 h for the anoxic reactor, the removal efficiencies resulted in 97% of carbonaceous matter, 43% of total nitrogen and 41% phosphorus. With the kinetic study, it was possible to verify that the reduction of the C/N positively influenced the performance of the nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms. Finally, it can be concluded that the AOA system presented removal efficiency of carbonaceous matter higher than the limit required by the legislation and provided simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.

CAPES; CNPq; Fundação Araucária / O conhecimento das alterações ecológicas em um reservatório é de grande relevância para estudos de impacto ambiental e de avaliação de qualidade da água, sobretudo, o conhecimento da estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica, que têm uma importância fundamental dentro dos ecossistemas aquáticos, pois respondem de forma rápida às mudanças físicas e químicas da água, e contribuem de forma acentuada para a produção de matéria orgânica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a composição e abundância da comunidade fitoplanctônica sob influência das variáveis abióticas dentro de um eixo longitudinal em quatro reservatórios em cascata destancando a importância das populações de cianobactérias. Localizados no estado do Paraná, os reservatórios das Hidreléticas do rio Iguaçu; Foz do Areia, Salto Segredo, Salto Santiago e Salto Caxias foram escolhidos como área de estudo porque recebem alta carga de nutrientes de origem antrópica, com elevadas concentrações de fósforo e nitrogênio, e como consequência, a formação de frequentes florações. Para realização do estudo foram coletadas amostras para análise das variáveis abióticas e bióticas em doze pontos no reservatório de Foz do Areia, e em nove pontos nos demais reservatórios (Segredo, Santiago e Caxias), distribuídos da seguinte forma: três na região fluvial, três na intermediária e três na região lacustre, nos meses de novembro de 2012, fevereiro de 2013 e outubro de 2013. As amostras qualitativas de fitoplâncton foram coletadas através de uma rede de plâncton, e as quantitativas foram coletadas diretamente do ambiente. Todas as amostras foram fixadas imediatamente. A identificação das espécies foi realizada com o auxílio de um microscópio comum, enquanto a contagem dos indivíduos foi realizada utilizando câmara de sedimentação tubular em microscópio invertido. Foram feitas análises dos parâmetros físicos e químicos da água. Durante o período estudado foram registrados 232 táxons no total que pertenceram a 10 classes. As cianobactérias foram dominantes nos quatro reservatórios estudados, sendo responsável pelas florações ocorridas, principalmente sob influência das densidades de Microcystis aeruginosa e Sphaerocavum brasiliense nos reservatórios de Foz do Areia e Salto Segredo, nos meses de novembro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013. A dominância de cianobactérias associadas à elevada temperatura e concentração de nutrientes nos reservatórios, mostram que o rio Iguaçu está passando por um intenso processo de degradação ambiental, que pode ameçar a integridade das comunidades biológicas e causar sérios danos à saúde do ecossistema como um todo. / Knowledge of ecological changes in a reservoir is of great relevance to the study environmental impact and of the water quality, especially the knowledge of phytoplankton community estructure, that has a role importante in aquatic ecosystems, which respond quickly to physical and chemical changes of the water, and markedly contribute to the production of organic matter. The objective of this work was to analyze the composition and abundance of phytoplankton under the influence of abiotic variables along a longitudinal axis in four reservoirs in a cascade system, emphasizing the importance of cyanobacteria populations. Located in the state of Parana, the reservoirs of hydroeletric stations of the Iguaçu River, namely, Foz do Areia, Salto Segredo, Salto Caxias and Salto Santiago, were chosen as the study area because they receive high nutrient load of anthropogenic origin, which contributes to increased concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, and consequently the formation of frequent blooms. To conduct this study were collected samples for analysis of abiotic and biotic variables in twelve points in the reservoir of Foz do Areia and nine points in the other reservoirs (Segredo, Santiago e Caxias), distributed as follows: three in river region, three in the intermediate region and three in the lake region, in November 2012, February 2013 and October 2013. Qualitative samples of phytoplankton were collected through a plankton net, and quantitative were collected directly from the environment. All samples were fixed immediately. The identification of the species was made with the aid of an common microscope, while the phytoplankton counting was made tubular sedimentation chamber using an inverted microscope. Analysis of physical and chemical parameters of water were made. During the study period, a total of 232 taxa were recorded that belonged to 10 classes. The cyanobacteria were dominant in the four reservoirs studied, being responsible for blooms occurred mainly under the influence of Microcystis aeruginosa and Sphaerocavum brasiliense densities in the reservoirs in Foz do Areia and Salto Segredo in November 2012 and February 2013. The dominance of cyanobacteria associated with high temperature and nutrient concentration in the reservoirs, show that the Iguazu River is undergoing an intense process of environmental degradation, which can threaten the integrity of biological communities and cause serious damage to the health of the ecosystem as a whole.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Estudos relatam que a matéria orgânica proveniente das células de cianobactérias é um importante precursor na formação de subprodutos da desinfecção (DBP), tais como trihalometanos totais (THM), o que é considerado indesejável, principalmente quando se adotam processos oxidativos avançados (POA) para o tratamento da água. Embora este processo induza a degradação dos compostos orgânicos, a mineralização completa destes pode não ser alcançada. Se o tratamento não for efetivo, a matéria orgânica é oxidada parcialmente, tendo como subproduto da oxidação o carbono orgânico assimilável (COA), podendo assim propiciar um aumento de precursores de trihalometanos. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a formação de carbono orgânico assimilável ao partir do processo oxidativo UV/H2O2 de água contendo células de cianobactéria e a sua correlação com a formação de trihalometanos. O desenvolvimento experimental do estudo foi dividido em duas etapas principais, sendo: adaptação da metodologia padronizada para quantificação de COA, e ensaios foto-oxidativos em diferentes condições operacionais. Na primeira etapa, a metodologia padronizada com os organismos P-17 e NOX foi adaptada, substituindo-se a técnica de avaliação do crescimento microbiano usual (contagem por placas) pela técnica de citometria de fluxo. Na segunda etapa, foram realizados ensaios foto-oxidativos a partir da exposição de água contendo células de Microcystis aeruginosa ao processo oxidativo UV/H2O2 em diferentes dosagens de H2O2 (10, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg L-1 ) a uma densidade celular de 250.000 cel mL-1 . Nesta etapa foram monitorados os parâmetros pH, residual de peróxido de hidrogênio, densidade de células de cianobactérias, carbono orgânico assimilável, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), e a formação de trihalometanos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que a aplicação de processo UV/H2O2 no tratamento de águas com a presença de cianobactérias de fato contribui para a formação de COA, porém neste caso, essa formação não foi diretamente proporcional à formação de THM, como era esperado. Observou-se que enquanto a concentração de COA aumentou após a oxidação, o inverso ocorreu com a concentração de THM, o qual apresentou uma redução significativa após a oxidação. A concentração de COD obtida mostrou uma tendência similar a formação de THM, pois a concentração de ambos foi reduzida ao longo do processo oxidativo. Relacionando os dados de COD e COA pode-se observar que estes também apresentaram comportamento inverso. Enquanto a concentração de COD diminuiu, a de COA aumentou após a oxidação. Do ponto de vista da eficiência do processo UV/H2O2 na remoção de matéria orgânica proveniente de células de cianobactérias e (ou) precursores de DBP’s, a aplicação deste processo se mostrou uma alternativa factível no tratamento de águas contaminadas pela M. aeruginosa. / Studies have reported that organic matter from cyanobacteria cells is an important precursor in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBP), such as total trihalomethanes (THM), which is considered undesirable, especially when adopting advanced oxidative The treatment of water. Although this process induces the degradation of organic compounds, complete mineralization of these compounds may not be achieved. If the treatment is not effective, the organic matter is partially oxidized, with the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) as the by-product of oxidation, which may lead to an increase in trihalomethane precursors. This study aimed to evaluate the formation of organic carbon assimilable from the UV/H2O2 oxidative process of water containing cyanobacteria cells and its correlation with the formation of trihalomethanes. The experimental development of the study was divided into two main steps: adaptation of the standardized methodology for AOC quantification, and photo oxidative assays under different operating conditions. In the first step, the methodology standardized with the P-17 and NOX organisms was adapted, replacing the usual microbial growth evaluation technique (plate counting) using the flow cytometry technique. In the second step, photo-oxidative assays were performed from the exposure of water containing Microcystis aeruginosa cells to the UV/H2O2 oxidative process at different dosages of H2O2 (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1 ) at a density of 250.000 cell mL-1 . The pH, residual hydrogen peroxide, cell density of cyanobacteria, assimilable organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the formation of trihalomethanes were monitored. From the obtained results, it can be observed that the application of UV/H2O2 process in the treatment of water contaminated by cyanobacteria does indeed contribute to the formation of AOC, however in this case, this formation was not directly proportional to the formation of THM, as Was expected. It was observed that while the concentration of AOC increased after oxidation, the inverse occurred with the concentration of THM, which showed a significant reduction after the oxidation. The DOC concentration obtained showed a tendency similar to THM formation, since the concentration of both was reduced throughout the oxidative process. Relating the data of DOC and AOC can be observed that these also presented an inverse behavior. While DOC concentration decreased, AOC increased after oxidation. From the point of view of the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 process in the removal of organic matter from cyanobacterial cells and (or) DBP precursors, the application of this process has proved to be a viable alternative in the treatment of water contaminated by M. aeruginosa.

CAPES / O processo de digestão anaeróbia é muito importante no tratamento dos esgotos sanitários, por ser eficiente, simples e de baixo custo de implantação, operação e manutenção. Embora o Brasil tenha à disposição processos anaeróbios consolidados, o saneamento básico ainda é deficiente no país, e a otimização de reatores anaeróbios tem o intuito de melhorar a viabilidade, efetividade e ampliação dos sistemas de tratamento dos esgotos sanitários. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o desempenho através do comportamento dinâmico e hidrodinâmico de reator anaeróbio híbrido (UAHB), com variação do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 4 a 12 h e da DQO (amostras brutas) de 250 a 1250 mgO2L-1. O reator, com volume útil de 22,1 L, foi operado com meio suporte de anéis corrugados de Policloreto de Polivinila (PVC) e mantido a temperatura ambiente, sendo o afluente de alimentação, sintético simulando o esgoto sanitário. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: temperatura do líquido e do ar, pH, alcalinidade total (AT), alcalinidade a bicarbonato (AB), ácidos voláteis (AV), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO520), Turbidez, Sólidos Totais (ST), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST), nitrogênio total kjeldahl (N-NTK), nitrogênio amoniacal (Namon), nitrito(N-NO2-), nitrato (N-NO3-) e fósforo total (P). Foi avaliado o comportamento hidrodinâmico e verificada a existência de anomalias hidráulicas, pela técnica de estímulo-resposta tipo pulso com injeção do traçador eosina Y. Ao final dos experimentos, foi realizada a análise estatística para encontrar a condição operacional ótima, bem como os modelos estatísticos para validação dos experimentos. Em todas as condições operacionais foi possível observar que o reator UAHB entrou em equilíbrio dinâmico aparente (EEDA) com produção de alcalinidade para neutralizar os ácidos voláteis produzidos no processo de acidogênese e acetogênese da digestão anaeróbia. O aumento da carga orgânica volumétrica acarretou no aumento das eficiências de remoção em DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520 e Turbidez, mas reduziu as remoções de Sólidos Totais e Sólidos Suspensos Totais. A diminuição do TDH reduziu as eficiências de remoção dos parâmetros DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520, Sólidos Totais, Sólidos Suspensos Totais e Turbidez. Em relação à hidrodinâmica, em todas as condições operacionais foi observado o efeito de cauda longa, o regime de escoamento no interior do reator UAHB foi classificado como de tanques de mistura completa em série (NCSTR). Foi verificada a presença de zonas mortas no reator, a eficiência hidráulica foi em média 65% para as três condições e não foi possível observar a presença de curtos-circuitos para os três TDH testados. Pela análise estatística do delineamento composto central rotativo (DCCR), a condição ótima de operação para o reator foi para o TDH 12 h e DQO (amostras brutas) 553 mgO2.L-1. / The anaerobic digestion process is very important in the treatment of sewage, as it is an efficient, simple process and low cost of implementation, operation and maintenance. Although Brazil has provided consolidated anaerobic processes, sanitation is still poor in the country, and the optimization of anaerobic reactors aims to improve the viability, effectiveness and expansion of treatment systems for sewage. The aim of this research project is to evaluate the reactor's performance through dynamic and hydrodynamic behavior of hybrid anaerobic reactor (UAHB) with a range of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 to 12 hours and COD (gross samples) 250 - 1250 mgO2L -1. The reactor, with a volume of 22.1 L was operated with support means corrugated rings of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and kept at room temperature, the influent feed, simulating the synthetic wastewater. the physicochemical parameters were analyzed: temperature of the liquid and air, pH, total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate alkalinity (BA), volatile acids (VA), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ), Turbidity, Total Solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen Total Kjeldahl (NTK-N), ammonia nitrogen (amon-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N) and Total phosphorus (P). It evaluated the hydrodynamic behavior and the determination of hydraulic anomalies, the stimulus-response pulse technique with injection of the tracer eosin Y. At the end of the experiments, statistical analysis was performed to find the optimal operating condition as well as the statistical models for validation experiments. In all operating conditions it was observed that the UAHB Reactor became apparent dynamic equilibrium (ADE) with alkalinity production to neutralize the volatile acids produced in acetogenesis process of anaerobic digestion. The increased of organic loading rate resulted in increased efficiencies in the removal of COD (gross and filtered samples), BOD and Turbidity, but reduced removals of Total Solids and Total Suspended Solids. The decrease in HRT reduced the removal efficiencies of COD parameters (grosss and filtered samples), BOD, Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity. Regarding the hydrodynamic in all operating conditions was observed long tail effect, the flow regime inside the reactor UAHB was rated as complete mixing tanks in series (N-CSTR). The presence of dead zones in the reactor was checked, the hydraulic efficiency was averaged 65% for the three conditions and it was not possible to observe the presence of short circuits for the three HRT tested. For the statistical analysis of the central rotary compound design (CRCD), the optimum operating condition for the reactor was to HRT 12 h and COD (gross samples) 553 mgCOD.L-1.