The Internet has become an important communicational medium that involves the majority of the world’s population. One group in particular that uses the Internet is the youth. This in turn makes the Internet a viable source for groomers to exploit, where groomers are what you call grown men and women that have the intention to contact youths for sexual purposes, the process is called grooming. In Sweden, a law has been made available to criminalize this particular activity, but it should not replace the prevention. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to gain an understanding regarding how those workers whom come in direct contact with youth act against preventative work of grooming and in what extent they work preventative. Those who participated in the study were professionals from schools, social services, police and one IT-Educator. The material that was gathered has been analyzed by Sandberg’s (1994) competence theory. The questions that were asked were: How can we understand the meaning of the workers competence within the domain of preventative work? Which prerequisites and hindrances do the workers think of that there is for a preventative work?  Do the workers approach to preventative work affects of their comprehensions of the phenomena grooming and if so how? The results show that the workers competence composes both prerequisites and hindrances to a preventative work, because of that their competence is limited. Because of the current lack of competence, the preventative work being carried out today is thereby limited and the study shows that the workers competence plays an important role in the preventative work against grooming. For example the workers need more knowledge about grooming to carry out more preventative work. The organization’s prerequisites also matters to if a preventative work can be carrying out. The workers approach to preventative work is also affected of their comprehensions of the phenomena grooming. That because they think that the preventative work is important to do, but grooming is hard to work against, because of it´s complexity and that it´s a hidden problem, which result in the limited preventative work that is carried out today. In the end it becomes clear that more research regarding the matter should be conducted.

Many species of caridean shrimp are protandrous hermaphrodites, maturing initially as males but developing into females as they age and grow. A unique sexual system was recently discovered in the peppermint shrimp, Lysmata wurdemanni. In this species, individuals are initially male, but become simultaneous functional hermaphrodites over time. As in most caridean shrimp, L. wurdemanni can mate as a male during the intermoult period, but can reproduce through female function for only a short period after moulting. Ecdysis does not occur en masse in this species, and thus the operational sex ratio found in populations of L. wurdemanni is extremely male-biased. Sexual selection theory suggests that these conditions will result in increased competition for access to mates. Evolutionary pressures should therefore have selected for mechanisms that permit individuals to quickly identify and locate potential mating partners. L. wurdemanni were exposed to chemical stimuli collected from recently moulted conspecifics of varying reproductive condition. Test animals were able to distinguish among the different conditions, and physically manipulated only the plastic nozzle used to pump solutions collected from shrimp with ovaries filled with vitellogenic oocytes. It was subsequently hypothesized that methyl farnesoate, a hormone associated with ovarian maturation in crustaceans, might be a key component of sex pheromones used by L. wurdemanni. However, a series of methyl farnesoate concentrations did not elicit responses, indicating this species does not use this hormone alone when determining reproductive condition. Reproductive behaviour in L. wurdemanni was observed to differ both before and after copulation, as well as with increasing population density. Intermoult individuals were more likely to approach, follow and remain in the vicinity of a near-moult shrimp before mating could occur, and under high density conditions. The near-moult shrimp approached conspecifics only under low density conditions, and performed rapid escape behaviours only after copulation had occurred. The unusual occurrence of epibiota upon L. wurdemanni was described, and the location, size and age of barnacles quantified. The effect of salinity upon grooming activities was tested. Results indicated that carapace grooming was depressed at low salinities, and could account for the considerable epibiota found in this region.

Social grooming is one of the most common forms of affiliative behaviour among socially living animals and has been in the centre of interest from the early beginnings of primatology. Social grooming is a behaviour in which social animals, clean or maintain one another's body and many studies focused on investigating the function of grooming behaviour. This thesis consists of general introduction and three studies that investigate social grooming in a population of semi-free ranging Barbary macaques from Gibraltar. The studies are based on original data and the results provide an interesting and new insight into the grooming behaviour in Barbary macaques. The first study focused on grooming patterns among females and we found that grooming was directed up the hierarchy, was affected by friendship and kinship. In the second study we tested the effect of maternal status on grooming among females and results showed that mothers gave less grooming but did not receive more grooming from other females. On the basis of these results we proposed that the observed patterns would be better explained by time constraints posed on mothers, rather than by grooming for infant handling exchange. In the last study we investigated the relationship between grooming and sexual activity between males and females. Our data showed that males as well as females preferred for mating activities those individuals that groom them most.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_2776_TeseDoutoradoLeandroColombiResendo.pdf: 1600437 bytes, checksum: d40bc605230b5d5995a431dc205d03a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-10 / O Problema de Grooming de Tráfego (Traffic Grooming Problem - TGP) trata da combinação eficiente de demandas de baixa velocidade em canais de alta velocidade. Com o objetivo de melhorar a utilização da capacidade da rede, o TGP é frequentemente estudado com métodos usando como função objetivo a minimização do número de transceptores eletro-ópticos. Porém, como o TGP pertence à classe de problemas HP-Completo, soluções ótimas com um pequeno tempo computacional são possíveis apenas para redes pequenas (por exemplo, 6 nós). Nesse trabalho são propostos novos modelos de Programação Linear Inteira (Integer Linear Programming - ILP), heurística e uma solução híbrida para o TGP em rede translúcidas de médio porte (aproximadamente 12 nós). Inicialmente, são propostos dois modelos para o TGP, um associando os nós aos enlaces e outro associando os enlaces aos caminhos, de forma que seus resultados foram comparados e usados como base para modelos mais complexos. No método híbrido é usada uma heurística para selecionar os caminhos ópticos (i.e., a topologia virtual) e um modelo ILP para rotear de maneira eficiente as demandas de tráfego sobre as topologias física e virtual. A aplicação desse método permitiu, primeiramente, a quantificação dos benefícios dos caminhos ópticos transparentes, em termos da redução do número de transceptores. Além disso, a diminuição do processamento eletrônico do tráfego de transito também foi analisada. Para redes maiores, a fase ILP no método híbrido ainda continua sendo um gargalo para as soluções ótimas, sendo assim necessárias soluções totalmente heurísticas. Esse trabalho mostrar que soluções eficientes podem ser encontradas usando métodos heurísticos simples e rápidos, onde não foi necessário o aumento do custo computacional para o ajuste de parâmetros complexos relacionados à heurística. Finalmente é proposta uma integração do TGP com sobrevivência. Nesse trabalho são propostos modelos ILP para formulação de um método iterativo capaz de oferecer uma proteção incremental em uma rede em malha com a minimização do número de transceptores. Além disso, são estudados dois métodos para a proteção da interconexão de redes multi-anel com dois nós de interconexão, Anel Virtual e Drop and Continue. Para essa investigação os resultados numéricos incluem o grooming de tráfego para diferentes cenários como, configurações opaca vs. translúcida e crescimentos de tráfego inter-anel vs. intra-anel.

Examensarbetets primära innehåll behandlar detekteringav grooming via experiment på två olika program. Experimenten utgår från två olika ordlistor och utförs på ett textanalysverktyg -Overview, och på ett IT-forensiskt verktyg -EnCase. Då de två verktygen använder sigav olika metoder vid sökningar och är utformade för olika syften så går studien även igenom olika metoderav data miningoch forensiska metoder. Dataset i form av chattkonversationer har samlats in inför studiens experiment, och har därefter kategoriserats efter harmfull och harmlös data. Harmfull data representerar chattkonversationer med innehåll av grooming, och harmlös data är chattkonversationer som innehåller allmänna konversationer om vardagliga ting. De två ordlistorna som har använts vid sökningarna är av olika innehåll, där den ena baseras på ord av sexuell karaktär och där den andra är skapad utifrån en frekvensordanalys.Andra delar av uppsatsen tar upp intressanta aspekter kring grooming, hur dess process ser ut och lagstiftningen i Sverige kring brottet. Resultatet av studien påvisar att båda verktygen till lika hög grad kunde detektera misstänkt grooming i chattkonversationer. Vissa skillnader fanns i resultatet i form av ord som inte detekterades fullt ut av Overview. Andra påfallande skillnader mellan verktygen var deras arbetstid och dokumentationsmöjligheter, där Overview var det verktyg som jobbade snabbt, och EnCase det verktyg som hade bra dokumentationsmöjligheter. Enligt gjord studie vore en kombination av data mining och IT-forensiska metoder samt en väl genomförd ordlista en metod att föredra vid detekteringav grooming.

Grooming innebär att en vuxen söker kontakt med ett barn, under 15 år, i syftet att få till stånd en sexuell kontakt med barnet. Detta är sedan 1 juli 2009 ett lagbrott. Det finns ytterst lite forskning i Sverige om grooming och ännu ingen utvärdering om hur svensk lagstiftning fungerar i praktiken.Vårt syfte med uppsatsen är att belysa nuvarande kunskapsläge i Sverige. Vi har valt att jämföra lagstiftningen i Sverige och Storbritannien, hur de båda länderna arbetar mot grooming och om rutinaktivitetsteorin samt teorin om rationella val kan förklara hur grooming kan ske. I vår studie har vi kommit fram till att Storbritannien har ett mer aktivt sätt att arbeta preventivt mot brottet än i Sverige. Vidare är att Storbritanniens lagstiftning ger brittisk polis större möjlighet att avslöja och ingripa mot groomare.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the grooming problems of high school girls in Oakwood High School, and to compare the grooming problems of girls who have had a clothing course in Home Economics to those who have not.

Denna studie undersöker möjliga konsekvenser för barn som blivit utsatta för grooming som tardel av pedofiljägarnätverks publicerade innehåll från uthängningar av misstänkta förövare. Forskning kring pedofiljakt finns tillgänglig medan det finns en kunskapslucka kring barn som tardel av nätverkens publicerade innehåll. Studien är en fallstudie med syfte är att studera pedofiljakti förhållande till dessa barn och till socialtjänsten, som har ansvaret att hjälpa barn i utsatta situationer. Detta görs med hjälp av Goffmans teori om stigma, kompletterad av en traumagenisk dynamisk modell. Resultatet visar att den bild som pedofiljägarnätverken visar av barn som blivit utsatta förgrooming är ensidig och utelämnar den komplexitet som finns hos barnens upplevelser, både av groomingen och av relationen till och känslorna kring sin förövare. Det kan leda till att barnen får ännu svårare att berätta om sina upplevelser, men att ta del av innehåll där en vuxen person bekräftar att groomingen alltid är förövarens ansvar och att det som hänt alltid är förövarens fel, kan upplevas som en lättnad och vara underlättande för att barnen ska berätta om groomingen för sin omgivning. Eftersom att berätta för omgivningen är en förutsättning för att socialtjänstenska kunna ge barnen hjälp och stöd, påverkas socialtjänsten av den information som barnen tardel av. Barns förändrade attityder till sina erfarenheter kan både underlätta och försvåra socialtjänstens arbete med att ge stöd och skydd till barn som blivit utsatta för grooming.

Este estudo foi baseado em seqüências de autolimpeza e em métodos probabilísticos para compor as seqüências de comportamento. Foi testada a posição filogenética de membros da Ordem Falconiformes e Ciconiiformes. Sete táxons foram estudados: a garça-branca-grande, Ardea(=Casmerodius) alba, Família Ardeidae; harpia, Harpia harpjya, Família Accipitridae; gavião-do-rabo-branco, Buteo albicaudatus, Família Accipitridae; abutre-careca, Trigonoceps occipitalis, Família Accipitridae; abutre-do-coqueiro, Gypohierax angolensis, Família Accipitridae; gavião-pinhé, Milvago chimacima, Família Falconidae; urubu-comum, Coragyps atratus, Família Cathartidae. Para a análise das seqüências comportamentais foram adicionados outros sete táxons de outro estudo (Harpia foi contada apenas uma vez). As seqüências de autolimpeza para as treze espécies totalizaram 3.190, que foram usadas como caracteres filogenéticos. A análise filogenética das seqüências comportamentais resultou em uma única árvore mais parcimoniosa (CI= 0,51 e RI= 0,44). O cladograma obtido apresentou bons escores no teste Bootstrap, mas não apresentou um arranjo muito claro entre os ramos. É possível que dificuldades ao se registrar eventos comportamentais possam ter causado os problemas na topologia do cladograma. Baseando-se nessa hipótese foram excluídas três espécies que apresentaram maior incongruência na topologia. Um novo cladograma foi obtido (CI= 0,69 e RI= 0,47). A última análise propõe que Falconiformes não é um grupo monofilético; Cathartidae e Threskiornitidae são táxons estreitamente relacionados a Falconiformes. Ardea foi considerada como grupo externo e não relacionado a Threskiornitidae. Em suma, Falconiformes é apresentado como um táxon contido em Ciconiiformes; Cathartidae não é um grupo basal, ao contrário, é um grupo mais recente e grupo-irmão de Threskiornitidae. As duas espécies de abutres aparecem como grupos divergentes. / This study was based on self-grooming sequences, and probabilistic methods to compose sequences of behavior. The phylogenetic position of members of Orders Falconiformes and Ciconiiformes was inferred. Seven taxa were studied: the Great Egret, Ardea (= Casmerodius) alba, Family Ardeidae; Harpy Eagle, Harpia harpyja, Family Accipitridae; the White-tailed Hawk, Buteo albicaudatus, Family Accipitridae; the White-headed Vulture, Trigonoceps occipitalis, Family Accipitridae; the Palm-nut Vulture, Gypohierax angolensis, Family Accipitridae; Yellow-headed Caracara, Milvago chimachima, Family Falconidae; and American Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus, Family Cathartidae. For the analysis of behavioral sequences seven other taxa (Harpia was presented twice) of previous study were added. The total numbers of sequences of self-grooming for thirteen species arrive at 3,190, which were used as phylogenetic characteres. The sequences composed the behavioral characters for the phylogenetic analysis, and resulted in only one more parsimonious tree (CI= 0,51, RI= 0,44). The cladogram presents good scores in bootstrap analysis but displayed a not very clear arrangement among the branches. It is possible that the difficulties in acquiring behavioral acts caused the problems seen in the cladogram. Based on this hypothesis three species (more incongruent) were excluded and a new most parsimonious tree (CI= 0,69 and RI= 0,47) was got. The last analysis support that Falconiformes is not a monophyletic group; the Cathartidae and Threskiornitidae are closely related taxa of Falconiformes. Ardea was considered as out-group and are not included as close to Threskiornitidae. In addition, Falconiformes is presented as a Ciconiiformes taxon; Cathartidae is not a basal group, on the contrary, is the most recent group and also the sister group to Threskiornitidae. The two species of Old World Vultures appear as divergent groups.

Este estudo foi baseado em seqüências de autolimpeza e em métodos probabilísticos para compor as seqüências de comportamento. Foi testada a posição filogenética de membros da Ordem Falconiformes e Ciconiiformes. Sete táxons foram estudados: a garça-branca-grande, Ardea(=Casmerodius) alba, Família Ardeidae; harpia, Harpia harpjya, Família Accipitridae; gavião-do-rabo-branco, Buteo albicaudatus, Família Accipitridae; abutre-careca, Trigonoceps occipitalis, Família Accipitridae; abutre-do-coqueiro, Gypohierax angolensis, Família Accipitridae; gavião-pinhé, Milvago chimacima, Família Falconidae; urubu-comum, Coragyps atratus, Família Cathartidae. Para a análise das seqüências comportamentais foram adicionados outros sete táxons de outro estudo (Harpia foi contada apenas uma vez). As seqüências de autolimpeza para as treze espécies totalizaram 3.190, que foram usadas como caracteres filogenéticos. A análise filogenética das seqüências comportamentais resultou em uma única árvore mais parcimoniosa (CI= 0,51 e RI= 0,44). O cladograma obtido apresentou bons escores no teste Bootstrap, mas não apresentou um arranjo muito claro entre os ramos. É possível que dificuldades ao se registrar eventos comportamentais possam ter causado os problemas na topologia do cladograma. Baseando-se nessa hipótese foram excluídas três espécies que apresentaram maior incongruência na topologia. Um novo cladograma foi obtido (CI= 0,69 e RI= 0,47). A última análise propõe que Falconiformes não é um grupo monofilético; Cathartidae e Threskiornitidae são táxons estreitamente relacionados a Falconiformes. Ardea foi considerada como grupo externo e não relacionado a Threskiornitidae. Em suma, Falconiformes é apresentado como um táxon contido em Ciconiiformes; Cathartidae não é um grupo basal, ao contrário, é um grupo mais recente e grupo-irmão de Threskiornitidae. As duas espécies de abutres aparecem como grupos divergentes. / This study was based on self-grooming sequences, and probabilistic methods to compose sequences of behavior. The phylogenetic position of members of Orders Falconiformes and Ciconiiformes was inferred. Seven taxa were studied: the Great Egret, Ardea (= Casmerodius) alba, Family Ardeidae; Harpy Eagle, Harpia harpyja, Family Accipitridae; the White-tailed Hawk, Buteo albicaudatus, Family Accipitridae; the White-headed Vulture, Trigonoceps occipitalis, Family Accipitridae; the Palm-nut Vulture, Gypohierax angolensis, Family Accipitridae; Yellow-headed Caracara, Milvago chimachima, Family Falconidae; and American Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus, Family Cathartidae. For the analysis of behavioral sequences seven other taxa (Harpia was presented twice) of previous study were added. The total numbers of sequences of self-grooming for thirteen species arrive at 3,190, which were used as phylogenetic characteres. The sequences composed the behavioral characters for the phylogenetic analysis, and resulted in only one more parsimonious tree (CI= 0,51, RI= 0,44). The cladogram presents good scores in bootstrap analysis but displayed a not very clear arrangement among the branches. It is possible that the difficulties in acquiring behavioral acts caused the problems seen in the cladogram. Based on this hypothesis three species (more incongruent) were excluded and a new most parsimonious tree (CI= 0,69 and RI= 0,47) was got. The last analysis support that Falconiformes is not a monophyletic group; the Cathartidae and Threskiornitidae are closely related taxa of Falconiformes. Ardea was considered as out-group and are not included as close to Threskiornitidae. In addition, Falconiformes is presented as a Ciconiiformes taxon; Cathartidae is not a basal group, on the contrary, is the most recent group and also the sister group to Threskiornitidae. The two species of Old World Vultures appear as divergent groups.