O presente trabalho trata das estratégias de agregação de tráfego IP nas redes óticas WDM. Utilizar todo um comprimento de onda para transportar um único fluxo de dados numa rede WDM é ineficiente. O problema conhecido como agregação de tráfego consiste na multiplexação de distintos fluxos de tráfego em um mesmo comprimento de onda sobre um caminho ótico. A alocação de múltiplos fluxos de tráfego em comprimentos de onda é realizada por protocolos de controle de admissão, roteamento e designação de comprimento de onda (RWA) e algoritmos de agregação de tráfego. Neste trabalho é simulado o comportamento dinâmico e elástico do tráfego IP diretamente sobre a camada ótica. Com base nos resultados das simulações determinam-se os efeitos da granularidade dos fluxos IP nos parâmetros de desempenho da rede. As topologias utilizadas durante as simulações são das redes NSFNET e Kyatera. É estabelecida também uma correlação entre a granularidade dos fluxos de tráfego e os parâmetros de desempenho da rede. / The present work covers the IP traffic grooming strategies in optical WDM networks. Using an entire wavelength to transport an individual traffic flow in a WDM network is inefficient. The problem known as traffic grooming consists in the multiplexing of different traffic flows in a single wavelength within a lightpath. The allocation of multiple traffic flows is performed by routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) and traffic grooming algorithms. In this work it is simulated the dynamic and elastic behavior of IP traffic directly on top of the optical layer. Based on the simulation results the effects of the IP traffic flow granularity on the network performance parameters are determined. The simulated topologies are the NSFNET and Kyatera. It is also established the correlation between the traffic flow granularity and the network performance parameters.

Submitted by Diego Santos (diegosantos@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-04-22T13:18:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 111010004.pdf: 1141567 bytes, checksum: 9fb488f70fd98276e395948b1d63e1d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T13:18:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 111010004.pdf: 1141567 bytes, checksum: 9fb488f70fd98276e395948b1d63e1d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-14 / O triclorfon é um inseticida e acaricida organofosforado utilizado na agricultura e na pecuária. Em concentrações normalmente encontradas no meio ambiente, como resultado da acumulação de organofosfato persistente, o triclorfon inibiu significativamente a atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase, que resulta em um excesso de estimulação colinérgica. Esta inibição enzimática mostrou ser potencialmente tóxica por alterar o perfil de marcha e comportamento de grooming do animal. As alterações comportamentais são desenvolvidos principalmente pela modulação da via da dopamina, que inclui a ativação de receptores DA-D1 que pode causar o aumento de atividade de grooming. Os receptores muscarínicos da subclasse M1 também foram investigados e revelaram estar estreitamente relacionados com o aumento das alterações comportamentais. Interneurónios nicotínicos neuronais devem estar envolvidos, pois como a d-tubocurarina houve uma diminuição do aumento da atividade de limpeza (grooming) induzido por triclorfon. Os resultados apontam para uma interação entre os receptores colinérgicos e dopaminérgicos no sistema nervoso dos insetos. E também reforçam que a persistência ambiental de inseticidas e sua influência sobre o sistema nervoso dos animais é um problema que não precisa ser levado em consideração. / Sublethal doses of the organophosphate trichlorfon induce behavioral alterations in Phoetalia pallida. At concentrations normally found in the environment, as a result of persistent organophosphate accumulation, trichlorfon inhibited significantly the acetylcholinesterase activity, resulting in a cholinergic over-stimulation. This enzymatic inhibition proved to be potentially toxic to cause the reinforcement of the drive for walking and the increasing grooming activity. The behavioral alterations are mainly developed by changing dopamine pathway regulation, which at least include the activation of DA-D 1 receptors to cause increase of grooming activity. Muscarinic receptors of M 1- subclass were also investigated and showed to be closely related to the increase of behavioral alterations. Neuronal nicotinic interneurons must be involved as d-tubocurarine, was able to decrease the trichlorfon-induced increase of grooming activity. The results point out to the cross-talking between cholinergic and dopaminergic receptors at insect nervous system. They also reinforce the environmental persistence of insecticides and their remaining and important influence on animal nervous system.

The occurrence of child sex abuse in the United States has long been considered a problem of paramount importance (e.g. Durkin, 2002; Howitt, 2008; Jenkins, 1998). Historically, the primary assumption was that the sexual solicitation of children occurred face-to-face. However, with the advent of communication technologies, people began to realize the internet's role in child solicitation. In an effort to combat this mode of child luring, a concerned citizen created P-J, an organization that seeks to identify and incriminate online predators (OPs). Members of this organization (PJMs) wait in online spaces for OPs to approach them. Then PJMs communicate as if they are minors to gather incriminating evidence against the OPs. PJMs and OPs have incompatible goals for their interactions. OPs' aim to foster a sexual relationship with a minor without being punished for it. PJMs' aim to gather enough evidence against OPs to convict them and prevent the future luring of children. To accomplish these goals, PJMs and OPs communicate with each other and face unique dilemmas in doing so. The current dissertation employs Action-Implicative Discourse Analysis (AIDA; Tracy, 1995), a theory-method package that helps identify strategies used by interactants to address their institutionally based communicative dilemmas, to answer the research questions: 1) How do PJMs communicatively address their dilemma of encouraging online predators to pursue sexual contact without entrapping or making OPs suspicious, and 2) How do OPs communicatively address their dilemma of seducing their targets without getting caught or scaring off the presumed minor? By doing so, the project expands extant knowledge of grooming and computer-mediated self-presentation. It also extends the use of AIDA to contexts beyond organizations and formal institutions. Through the sampling and constant comparison procedure of 40 PJM-OP instant messenger transcripts provided by the organization's website, the researcher identified four overarching categories of strategies that PJMs used to manage their dilemma: Target Presentation, OP Safety, Sexual/Relational Contribution Management, and Bust Facilitation. The researcher also identified five overarching categories of strategies for OPs: Identity Establishment, Relationship Management, Safety Precautions, Sexual Communication Engagement, and Meet Facilitation. Within these categories are many strategies PJMs and OPs utilized in an effort to address their dilemmas of attaining their goals while avoiding risks. By identifying the aforementioned strategies, the researcher satisfied her primary goal of recognizing and understanding how PJMs and OPs attempt to reach their respective goals while avoiding risks. In addition to fulfilling this primary goal, the results of this project entail implications for several different lines of research. Specifically, the results of this dissertation extend research on traditional and online grooming, self-presentation online, and AIDA. The results also provide practical implications concerning what adolescents should be wary of when communicating with unknown others online. Additionally, the study has the capacity to help PJMs become more aware of OPs' strategies as well as their own. This awareness could help PJMs more efficiently train new PJMs and gain a deeper understanding of their interactions.

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Thesis (M. Sc.)--York University, 2003. Graduate Programme in Biology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-84). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ82961.

The giant freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a large species of prawn grown extensively in aquaculture settings. A social hierarchy exists within the males of this species, representing three distinct male morphotypes. These male morphotypes differ in their behavior, physiology, and morphology and include the largest blue-clawed males (BC males), moderately- sized orange-clawed males (OC males), and the undifferentiated small-clawed males (SM males). All individuals of this species perform grooming behaviors to rid themselves of body fouling which can impede important functions such as movement, respiration, chemoreception, and reproduction. Grooming behaviors in crustaceans often utilize specialized structures called setae, which aid in the removal of fouling material such as debris, algae, and epibionts. The grooming behaviors of M. rosenbergii were examined in this thesis to better understand the importance of these behaviors. Grooming behaviors were commonly seen among all sexes and morphotypes of M. rosenbergii along with other behaviors such as searching for food/habitat, reproductive attempts, and agonistic interactions (N=94). As a species, there were no differences in the regions of the body groomed in terms of frequency and duration. In general, the most commonly used grooming appendage, the first pereopods, and the antennae were most frequently groomed. The antennae are an important site of chemosensory reception and were likely frequently groomed to maintain this sensory input. The internal sites for respiration, the gills, were groomed for the longest amount of time, indicating the importance of removing fouling from these structures. Of the females and male morphotypes, the largest and most dominant BC males performed the most grooming actions and spent the most time grooming, compared to other individuals within the species. This high grooming time budget (35%) is likely due to their position within the social hierarchy; these males must maintain their body along with the structures which allow them to maintain their dominance such as large chelipeds used in territorial interactions with other males. Grooming behaviors in crustaceans were previously hypothesized as secondary behaviors, only occurring when other behaviors were not prioritized. Results from this study provide further evidence of this hypothesis; although grooming is considered an important behavior to remove fouling and prevent interruptions in functions such as respiration, locomotion, and reproduction, it’s frequency and duration decreases when other behaviors prove more beneficial. Results from this thesis continue to validate the adaptive value of grooming in the changing environmental conditions crustaceans experience on a daily basis. These behaviors remove fouling from the body and promote locomotion, respiration, chemoreception, and reproduction. In addition, shrimps grown in aquaculture settings may experience increased fouling when in grow-out ponds. This increased exposure to fouling organisms and debris may lead to an increased mortality of profitable shrimps. Understanding the fouling pressures and grooming abilities of these shrimps during vulnerable times such as placement in grow-out ponds and intermolt periods may increase yield and profitability for aquaculture farmers.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-17T20:09:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese Leandro Colombi.pdf: 1600437 bytes, checksum: d40bc605230b5d5995a431dc205d03a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-06-03T14:24:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese Leandro Colombi.pdf: 1600437 bytes, checksum: d40bc605230b5d5995a431dc205d03a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T14:24:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese Leandro Colombi.pdf: 1600437 bytes, checksum: d40bc605230b5d5995a431dc205d03a6 (MD5) / CNPQ / O Problema de Grooming de Tráfego (Traffic Grooming Problem - TGP) trata da combinação eficiente de demandas de baixa velocidade em canais de alta velocidade. Com o objetivo de melhorar a utilização da capacidade da rede, o TGP é frequentemente estudado com métodos de otimização usando como função objetivo a minimização do número de transceptores eletro-´ópticos. Por´em, como o TGP pertence á classe de problemas NP-Completo, soluções ótimas com um pequeno tempo computacional são possíveis apenas para redes pequenas (por exemplo, 6 nós). Neste trabalho são propostos novos modelos de Programação Linear Inteira (Integer Linear Programming - ILP), uma heurística e uma solução híbrida para o TGP em redes translúcidas de médio porte (aproximadamente 12 n´os). Inicialmente, são propostos dois modelos ILP para o TGP, um baseado em formulação nó-enlace e outro em enlace-caminho, de forma que seus resultados foram comparados e usados como base para modelos mais complexos. No método híbrido é usada uma heurística para selecionar os caminhos ópticos (i.e., a topologia virtual) e um modelo ILP para rotear de maneira eficiente as demandas de tráfego sobre as topologias física e virtual. A aplicação desse método permitiu, primeiramente, a quantificação dos benefícios dos caminhos ópticos transparentes, em termos da redução do número de transceptores. Além disso, a diminuição do processamento eletrônico do tráfego de trânsito também foi analisada. Para redes maiores, a fase ILP no método híbrido ainda continua sendo um gargalo para as soluções ótimas, sendo assim necessárias soluções totalmente heurísticas. Este trabalho mostra que soluções eficientes podem ser encontradas usando métodos heurísticos simples e rápidos, onde não foi necessário o aumento do custo computacional para o ajuste de parâmetros complexos relacionados a heurística. Finalmente é proposta uma integração do TGP com sobrevivência. Neste trabalho são propostos modelos ILP para formulação de um método iterativo capaz de oferecer uma proteção incremental em uma rede em malha com a minimização do número de transceptores. Além disso, são estudados dois métodos para a proteção da interconexão de redes multi-anel com dois nós de interconexão, Anel Virtual e Drop&Continue. Para essa investigação os resultados numéricos incluem o grooming de tráfego para diferentes cenários como, configurações opaca vs. translúcida e crescimentos de tráfego inter-anel vs. intra-anel. / The Traffic Grooming Problem (TGP) consists in how to arrange low-bandwidth connection requests into high-capacity lightpaths efficiently. TGP solution aims at improving network capacity utilization. The minimal number optoelectronic transceivers that enable accommodating traffic demands is often used as the objec- tive function for solving TGP. However, TGP belongs to a class of NP-hard problems and optimal solutions are only possible to be found within feasible processing time for small networks (e.g., 6 nodes). This work proposes novel Integer Linear Pro- gramming (ILP) models, heuristic and a hybrid solution to TGP for medium-sized (i.e., around 12 nodes) translucent networks. Initially, ILP models using node-link and link-path paradigms are proposed and their solutions are compared. These models lay the foundations for more complex models addressing issues on network design. A hybrid method is then proposed. It makes use of a heuristic for selecting lightpaths (i.e., the virtual topology) and an ILP model to route the traffic demands over both physical and virtual topologies efficiently. The practical implications of such approach is that it allows, for the first time, the quantification of benefits of transparent lightpaths in terms of transceiver count reduction. Moreover, the miti-gation of transit traffic processing in the electronic layer is also analyzed. For large networks the ILP phase in the hybrid approach again becomes the bottleneck for optimal network design and a fully heuristic solution is necessary. This work shows that efficient solutions can be found through a simple and fast tool for network design without the need of complex parameter tuning, as comparisons with results obtained from solving the hybrid model. Finally, the integration of TGP with survivability is proposed. This work puts forward ILP models for an iterative method using two ILP models to design networks with incremental protection with minimal num- ber of transceivers in mesh networks. Dual Node Interconnected (DNI) multi-ring topologies are studied under inter-ring traffic protection using Virtual Ring (VR) and Drop and Continue (D&C) strategies. Results compare optimal solutions that take into account traffic grooming for different network scenarios including opaque vs. translucent configurations and inter vs. intra traffic growth.

Submitted by Luiza Helena Bueno da Silva null (bueno.luizah@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T13:04:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiza.pdf: 2492240 bytes, checksum: 760cbfcbde8b0aca71cdc95bd132254b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-02T18:31:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lhb_me_rcla.pdf: 2492240 bytes, checksum: 760cbfcbde8b0aca71cdc95bd132254b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T18:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lhb_me_rcla.pdf: 2492240 bytes, checksum: 760cbfcbde8b0aca71cdc95bd132254b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presença de cadáveres no interior dos ninhos dos insetos sociais pode propiciar a contaminação com patógenos e prejudicar a integridade da colônia. O comportamento higiênico frente a cadáveres é imprescindível na manutenção da homeostase do ninho, mas em cupins ainda é pouco conhecido. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o comportamento higiênico diante de cadáveres de diferentes origens em três espécies de cupins com distintos tipos de nidificação. O cupim de madeira seca Cryptotermes brevis vive no interior do próprio alimento, o cupim Cornitermes cumulans constrói ninhos epígeos e o cupim Coptotermes gestroi é subterrâneo e constrói ninhos polidômicos. Diferentes bioensaios foram realizados com colônias de C. brevis e C. cumulans, nas quais foram introduzidos cadáveres de operários da mesma colônia, de outra colônia e de outra espécie. Adicionalmente, bioensaios foram realizados com subcolônias de C. gestroi (grupos de 300 operários e 15 soldados), nas quais foram inseridos cadáveres de operários e soldados da mesma colônia, de outra colônia e de outra espécie mortos recentemente e há 24 horas. Os bioensaios foram filmados e as respostas comportamentais dos indivíduos próximos aos cadáveres foram registradas. O repertório comportamental de C. brevis diante de cadáveres incluiu antenação, agonismo, alarme, recuo, grooming e consumo dos mesmos. Ninfas e falsos-operários de C. brevis consumiram os cadáveres, independentemente, da origem dos mesmos, mas evitaram a ingestão das partes quitinosas da cabeça. Nesta espécie, o consumo de cadáveres, além de desempenhar função higiênica, parece ser uma estratégia de aquisição de nitrogênio e água. O casal real das colônias de C. brevis observadas não participou do comportamento higiênico. O repertório comportamental de C. cumulans incluiu diferentes atividades, tais como: antenação, agonismo, alarme, recuo, grooming, deposição de material fecal, enterro com solo e transporte do cadáver para o ninho. Nesta espécie, corpos de origem interespecífica e intercolonial foram cobertos com solo após grooming. Corpos de companheiros de ninho foram enterrados (60% das repetições), carregados para o ninho (30%) ou ignorados após serem submetidos ao grooming (10%), o que indica uma plasticidade comportamental em C. cumulans. Em subcolônias de C. gestroi o repertório comportamental incluiu atividades como: antenação, recuo, grooming, agonismo, alarme, deposição de solo e consumo integral ou parcial do cadáver. Soldados de grupos de C. gestroi não consumiram ou enterraram cadáveres. Corpos de operários de diferentes origens foram discriminados por subcolônias de C. gestroi, o que não aconteceu com cadáveres de soldados com tempo de post-mortem maior. Cadáveres de cupins de outras espécies e de outras colônias foram enterrados após grooming por grupos de C. gestroi, porém companheiros de ninho foram preferencialmente canibalizados. O caráter higiênico do comportamento de grooming em cadáveres juntamente com o isolamento físico por meio do enterro dos mesmos com solo colabora para a não dispersão de patógenos entre membros da colônia. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostram que os cupins realizam o comportamento higiênico em cadáveres de térmitas de diferentes origens, contudo este processo foi mais simples em C. brevis, cupim com nidificação do tipo “uma peça”. Nos cupins “múltiplas peças” tais como C. gestroi e C. cumulans, o comportamento higiênico foi mais complexo, com recrutamento de indivíduos, mostrando que o manejo de cadáveres é essencial para o desenvolvimento e homeostase destes ninhos. / The presence of dead individuals inside nests of social insects can be a risk of contamination with pathogens and damage the integrity of the colony. The hygienic behavior towards corpses is essential in maintaining nest homeostasis, but in termites it is still little known. Thus, the objective of the present study was to observe the hygienic behavior towards corpses from different origins in three species of termites with distinct types of nesting. The drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis lives inside its own food, Cornitermes cumulans builds mound nests and Coptotermes gestroi is a subterranean termite that builds polydomous nests. Different bioassays were performed with colonies of C. brevis and C. cumulans, in which corpses of workers of termites from the same colony, from another colony and from another species were introduced. Additionally, bioassays of subcolonies of C.gestroi were performed in which corpses of workers and soldiers from the same colony, from another colony and from another species freshly dead and dead for 24 hours were introduced. The bioassays were recorded and the behavioral responses from the different species were registered. The results showed that the behavioral repertoire of C. brevis towards corpses included: antenation, aggression, alarm, retreat, grooming and consumption. Nymphs and pseudergates of C. brevis consumed the corpses independently of their origin, but they avoided the chitinous parts of the head. In this species, consumption of dead individuals, besides performing a hygienic function, seems to be a strategy of nitrogen and water acquisition. The royal couple of C. brevis colonies observed did not participate of the hygienic behavior. The behavioral repertoire of C. cumulans towards corpses included activities, such as: antenation, agression, alarm, retreat, grooming, deposition of fecal material, entombment and transport of corpse to the nest. In this species, inter-specific and inter-colonial corpses were covered with soil after being groomed. Nestmate corpses were entombed (60% of replications), transported to the nest (30%) or ignored after being submitted to grooming (10%), which indicates the behavioral plasticity of the C. cumulans species. In subcolonies of C. gestroi the behavioral repertoire included activities such as: antenation, retreat, grooming, aggression, alarm, deposition of soil, integral or partial consumption of corpses. Soldiers of C. gestroi subcolonies never consumed or buried corpses. However, corpses of workers from different origins were discriminated by C. gestroi subcolonies, which did not occurred with corpses of soldiers with longer period of post-mortem. Termite corpses from another species or from another colony were buried after being groomed by C. gestroi groups, but nestmate corpses were preferably cannibalized. The hygienic character of grooming behavior in corpses along with the physical isolation through entombment with soil contributes to the non-dispersion of pathogens among colony members. The results of the present study indicate that termites perform hygienic behavior in termite corpses from different origins, however, this process was less elaborate in C. brevis, one-piece nesting termite. In multiple-pieces nesting termites, such as C. gestroi and C. cumulans, the hygienic behavior was more complex, with recruitment of individuals, showing that the management of corpses is essential for the development and homeostasis of the termite nests.

Vuxna förövare använder sig av internet för att manipulera, denensibilera och sexuellt utnyttja barn. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att få en samlad bild kring begreppet grooming samt skapa en forskningsöverblick över företeelser som barn utsätts för på internet av vuxna förövare. Studien är en litteraturöversikt. Med utgångspunkt i begreppet grooming genomfördes sökningar utifrån sökord grooming och sexuella övergrepp. Valda forskningsartiklar analyserades sedan utifrån socialkonstruktivistisk perspektiv. Forskningen visade tre huvudsakliga förklaringsmodeller till hur grooming sker: Theory of luring communications, Model of cybersexploatation samt European online grooming project. Vid groomingprocesser väljer förövare ut potentiella offer genom att skaffa sig information om barnet. Det kan ske genom att förövaren scannar av sociala medier för att inhämta information alternativt planterar ett virus i en elektronisk apparat för att på så sätt få kontakt med barnet. När kontakt har etablerats inleds förbindelsen med barnet via privata chattar. På denna kontaktyta introduceras sedan sex, antingen med pornografiskt material, sexuella lekar och fantasier. Det kan även ske genom att förövaren återkommande samtalar om sex för att systematiskt förflytta sitt offers gränser med målet att fysiskt träffa och sexuellt utnyttja barnet. / <p>2018-08-28</p>