This study investigates the influence of dominance, kinship and relationship quality on grooming distribution in female Barbary macaques. Data were collected in free-ranging group of Barbary macaques during two four-month periods. The results demonstrate that all tested factors are important for females choice of grooming partners in given group. Moreover, the relative importance of each variable was evaluated. This approach enables to establish which factor plays the most important role in grooming distribution among female Barbary macaques. The relationship quality had the strongest effect on distribution of grooming interactions among females. In other words females groomed more often and for longer time social partners with whom they have better relationship.

No description available.

As a contribution to the existing knowledge of grooming in primates five and a half years of grooming data were examined from a group of free-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, to investigate various functional significances of grooming behaviour within the context of social reinforcement. The fission–fusion social structure of chimpanzees results in group members not moving around as a single unit, but forming temporary units as the need arises. This reduces opportunities for individuals to groom others and therefore, based on time and association constraints alone, grooming was as expected found to be unevenly distributed among group members. Grooming patterns found among this group of chimpanzees were comparable to those observed in other free-living populations with variations possibly being attributed to resource base, population numbers and differences in age-sex class composition. One of the suggested social benefits of grooming is that it is used to enhance reproductive success, either by allowing males to enhance their proximity to oestrous females, or by influencing female choice through the development of affiliative relationships with males. Grooming was found to increase between males and females, whilst females displayed sexual receptivity through the presence of anogenital swellings and grooming may be a strategy used by males to increase their access to copulation opportunities, whereas females may use grooming to increase protection from harassment by less preferred males during swollen periods and also increase the likelihood of copulation with preferred partners. Based on the availability of oestrous females, copulations between males and adult females occurred significantly less frequently than expected, whereas copulations between males and subadult females occurred significantly more frequently than expected. Overall a positive correlation was found between grooming of females by males and frequency of copulations. Due to concerns regarding the validity of different sampling methods, scan-focal and ad libitum sampling methods were compared to establish if results from different sampling methods were similar. Results from the scan-focal and ad libitum sampling methods had very few discrepancies, and it is suggested that ad libitum sampling methods which record behaviour types whenever they occur, may be more beneficial for species which don’t move around as a single unit and live in environments where visibility is reduced, therefore increasing the possibility of recording individuals or behaviours that are observed infrequently. Scan-focal sampling may be more beneficial in studying species which move around together in habitats which are conducive to greater visibility, therefore allowing all or most group members to be observed simultaneously. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

The aim of the diploma thesis is to give the reader insight into newly fast- growing market category of men's grooming through the analysis of marketing strategy of chosen brand Biotherm Homme and the proposal for enhancement of this brand on the czech market.The thesis is divided into five chapters. First chapter is devoted to the fundamental marketing theory, crucial strategic terms are defined and proper creation of marketing plan is described. The purpose of the second chapter is to analyse the global market of men's grooming with the comparison to the czech one. Attention is paied also to the history of this booming market category as well as to understand men's customer's behavior regarding men's grooming. Third chapter is focused on the presentation of the brand itself, its strategies and current position on the market. Fourth chapter contains detailed quantitative and qualitative market Research, which should bring reader closer to the chosen topic and provides author with the highly valuable information for composition of the last chapter. Last chapter deals with the recommendations concentrated on enhancement of the current brand position on the czech market. The author is making suggestions, which are primarily pointing at raising awareness of the brand on the czech market and boosting recruting of new customers, thereby increasing of sales and market share.

Syftet med denna studie är att ur professionellas perspektiv undersöka digitaliserad kommersiell sexuell exploateringen av barn och unga samt hur olika aktörer arbetar för att förebygga och bekämpa förekomsten. Det framkommer vid tidigare forskning att internet och digitaliseringens utveckling påverkar hur kommersiell sexuell exploatering ser ut idag. Vidare framkommer det att begrepp förändras kontinuerligt och därmed förändrar normaliseringen av fenomen som definierar barnsexhandel. Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ forskningsintervju där intervjuer skett med yrkesprofessionella som arbetar med barn och unga utsatta för barnsexhandel. Genom denna metod har vi fått en större kunskap om fenomenet samt hur det preventiva arbetet ser ut i Norrbottens län samt generellt i Sverige. Resultatet utmynnar i ett mångfaktoriellt perspektiv, där ingen enskild faktor visar på varför barn och unga utsätts för digitaliserad kommersiellsexuell exploatering. Resultatet visar även att det föreligger svårigheter att arbeta preventivt mellan myndigheter samt inom myndigheter där bland annat internet och dess anonymisering påverkar möjligheten att lokalisera utsatta barn och unga.

No description available.

Host-parasite interactions are complex, involving host behaviour, host condition, and possible antagonism or mutualism between co-occurring parasites. The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) is a small, abundant, generalist rodent, and the primary host for the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) in its larval stage. Since larval ticks do not actively pursue their hosts (they wait for possible hosts to come to them), individual differences in mouse exploratory behaviour might be expected to correlate with tick burden. However, mice may also prevent tick attachment with defensive behaviour such as grooming. Yet, the relationships between tick parasitism and host exploratory and grooming behaviours have never been assessed. I analysed data from a capture-mark-recapture study conducted over 5 summers (2016-2020) in eastern Ontario, Canada, in which 1,035 mice were captured a total of 4,333 times. The probability of tick parasitism occurring and being more intense was significantly higher when the mouse was also parasitized by fleas, suggesting co-occurrence of these two parasites on host mice. A total of 510 mice were subjected to an open-field test to quantify exploratory and grooming behaviours. Exploration had a negative relationship with tick presence and a positive relation with flea presence. Most interestingly, there was a significant “tick × flea” interaction on exploratory behaviour such that fleas were positively associated with exploration only when ticks were absent. Surprisingly, there was no relationship between grooming behaviour in the open-field test and parasite presence, although grooming increased with mouse activity. This study shows that co-occurring parasite species (ticks and fleas) may interact to affect their host’s exploratory behaviour. Alternatively, individual differences in exploratory behaviour of hosts may differentially affect their susceptibility to being infested with ticks, fleas, or both. Future manipulative studies should use experimental design to determine the causality of the parasitism-behaviour relationships observed.

Grooming som fenomen innebär att förövaren förbereder och manipulerar för att sexuellt utnyttja ett barn. Barnets nätverk, trygghet och sociala skydd minskar gradvis. I takt med internets utveckling har grooming ökat markant både som brott och fenomen. Den forskning som finns gällande grooming fokuserar främst på förövarens beteende och groomingprocessen som helhet, det finns bristande forskning som fokuserar på offer. sammanställa och undersöka olika former av riskbeteenden, egenskaper och förhållanden som höjer risken för unga att utsättas för grooming på internet utifrån ålder, individuella förhållanden, familjeförhållanden och internetanvändning. Studien är en litteraturbaserad studie med utgångspunkt i begreppet grooming. Forskningsartiklarna valdes ut och analyserades utifrån socialkonstruktivismen, socialisationsprocessen samt rutinaktivitetsteorin (RAT). I vår studie har vi kommit fram till att det kan finnas egenskaper och riskbeteenden som gör att vissa barn och unga löper större risk att utsättas för nätgrooming än andra. Det kan även finnas skyddsbeteenden hos barnets personlighet eller egenskaper, samt familjesituation och relationer inom familjen. Ungdomar i tonåren löper större risk för att utsättas för nätgrooming, en orsak till detta kan vara att äldre barn oftare använder internet, intresserar sig för sexuellt beteende på internet utifrån social inlärning, och detta kan leda till att vissa unga pratar om sex med främlingar via internet. En annan risk kan vara individuella förhållanden såsom psykisk ohälsa eller problem på olika livsområden. Ytterligare påverkan i förhållande gällande riskbeteenden eller skydd är föräldrars delaktighet och övervakning av barns internetanvändning.

No description available.

Grooming behavior in rats has so far been known to be induced mainly by dopamine agonists type D1. In order to explore the involvement of serotonine (5-HT) and its receptors in such a behavior, rats were exposed to two phases of treatment: to the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), injected intraventricularly three days after birth, and to the serotonin partial agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), administered in two dose levels, two months later. Grooming behavior was monitored immediately before and after the higher dose of mCPP, while brain levels of 5-HT and its major metabolite 5-HIAA were assayed one week after mCPP administration. It is documented that while a low dose of mCPP in the non-lesioned rats increased the grooming-time by 5.7-fold, the higher mCPP dose in the non-lesioned non-primed rats increased grooming behavior by 3.6-fold. The 5,7-DHT lesions caused a 6.7-fold increase in the non-primed rats, and a 4.2-fold increase in the primed ones. These increases were noticeable only in male rats. When a higher dose of mCPP followed its lower dose in the 5,7-DHT-lesioned rats, a 3.6-fold decrease was recorded only in the female rats. A 88% and 94% drop in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the brain neostriatum of the 5,7-DHT-lesioned rats was noticed in both sexes, one week after mCPP administration. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the 5-HT2 partial agonist mCPP is capable of modifying grooming behavior, and that 5,7,-DHT brain lesions increase basal grooming time, suggesting that 5-HT neurons and receptors are involved in grooming behavior in rats.