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Denna uppsats undersöker hur väl rustade polisstudenterna vid Umeå universitet upplever sig vara i samband med brott som rör online-grooming av barn i sexuella syften, deras tankar kring det förebyggande arbetet polisen och andra aktörer gör i relation till varandra samt hur de ser på problematiken och lösningen gällande dessa brott. De externa aktörerna som diskuteras är skolan och hemsidan Dumpen. Materialet har samlats in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex respondenter. För att analysera materialet har vi använt oss av tematisk analys, och det har analyserats i förhållande till rutinaktivitetsteorin samt den tidigare forskningen som finns inom området. Av intervjuerna framgår varför studenterna vill bli poliser och hur de ser på förhållandet mellan att lagföra och hjälpa. De resonerar kring deras tankar kopplat till online-grooming av barn i sexuella syften och de externa aktörer som jobbar mot detta brott samt lagen kopplat till detta. Slutligen diskuterar polisstudenterna förslag på lösningar på detta brott. Nyckeln till att lösa problemen med online-grooming av barn i sexuella syften finner vi i samarbeten mellan polisen och andra aktörer, men även i att skapa en medvetenhet kring problemet. Med utgångspunkt i studien föreslås fortsatt forskning för att fördjupa kunskapen om online-grooming av barn i sexuella syften. Vidare behövs forskning om hur de negativa konsekvenserna av internets utveckling ser ut, exempelvis andra typer av internetrelaterade brott.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka vad kuratorer har för erfarenheter när det kommer till barn och ungdomars användande av sociala medier. Ser de några risker med att vara online? Studien baserades på en kvalitativ metod med individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer som har utförts med kuratorer inom grundskola, gymnasium och ungdomsmottagning. Den tillämpade teoretiska tolkningsramen är en teori av John Suler, som kan ge oss en förklaring till varför man på internet agerar mer hämningslöst. Studiens resultat visade att det finns risker med användandet av sociala medier inom flera aspekter. För att nämna några, finns risker som att bli utsatt för kränkningar, mobbning och sexuella trakasserier när man befinner sig online. Enligt vår mening kan studiens resultat bidra till en ökad kunskap kring detta fenomen samt ge oss fördjupade kunskaper ur ett nytt perspektiv, kuratorernas. / The study aimed to investigate what counselors have for experience when it comes to children and young people's use of social media. Do they see any risks of being online? The study is based on a qualitative approach with individual semi-structured interviews that were conducted with counselors in primary- and secondary schools and youth counseling. The applied theoretical interpretative framework is a theory of John Suler, which can give us an explanation of why they on the internet act more uninhibited. The study results show us that there are risks associated with the use of social media in several aspects. To name a few, there are risks of being exposed to abuse, bullying and sexual harassment when you are online. In our opinion, the study's findings contribute to an increased knowledge of this phenomenon and give us deeper knowledge from a new perspective, the counselor.

Le développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication s’est accompagné de l’apparition de phénomènes violents et/ou infractionnels, qui se tiennent sur, ou grâce à, Internet. Existe-t-il une spécificité de ces conduites de cyberviolence, qui s’inscrivent dans ce que l’on nomme cyberespace ? La psycho-criminologie et la cyberpsychologie seront convoquées afin de proposer une réponse à cette question. Le présent travail étudiera, dans une approche clinique et qualitative, des situations d’infractions à caractère sexuel envers mineurs réalisées sur Internet. Ce travail proposera, à partir des données recueillies, une grille de lecture de la cyberviolence, qui s’intéressera au rapport du sujet auteur d’infractions avec la conduite infractionnelle, la victime, et le cyberespace. La cyberviolence naît d’une rencontre, celle d’un sujet vulnérable avec un cyberespace porteur d’opportunités. Il s’agira alors d’interroger cette rencontre, afin de saisir les processus et les dynamiques qui l’animent. / The development of information and communication technologies was followed by the emergence of violent and/or offensive phenomena that exist on or thanks to the Internet. Is there a specificity to these behaviors of cyberviolence, which are rooted in what one calls cyberspace? This question will be answered partly thanks to psycho-criminological and cyberpsychological theories. This work takes a close look at sex offences against minors on the Internet. Thanks to the collected data, this work will offer a perspective on cyberviolence, with an interest in the relationship between the offender and the offence, the victim, and cyberspace. Cyberviolence arises from an encounter between a vulnerable subject and a cyberspace bearing opportunities. This encounter will thus be questioned, in order to understand the process and dynamics it stems from.

Background: The victimization of children has been a prevalent issue long before the emergence of social media. The rapid development of the world wide web during the last decades has created more ways to get access to anyone anywhere at any time. This has brought along a yearly increase in the number of children who are abused online with the help of technological devices. So far, the existing research in the field of online grooming has been limited and especially in Estonia. Although the problem has been acknowledged, little is known about the offenders and how they target children for sexual purposes. Aim: The thesis aims to create a fuller picture of different types of online offenders in Estonia by using typology formed by the European Online Grooming Project. Furthermore, it looks into the rational choice processes of these offenders and how they establish a connection with their victims for personal sexual gratification while minimizing their risk of getting caught. Method: The data consists of 13 court cases of offenders who were found guilty in 2017-2022. The documents were accessed in Estonian Harju County Court and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The results showed that the most common types of online offenders in Estonia are intimacy-seeking and adaptable. The findings add support to previous research, showing that most online offenders use different controlling tactics like emotional abuse, threatening, blackmailing, and flattery to benefit their chances of gaining sexual gratification from the relationship. To minimize their chances of getting caught, the offenders had chosen vulnerable victims, faked details about their personal information, used different social media applications to their own benefit, and consistently asked the victims about their surrounding environment. Conclusion: The findings of the study are in line with previous research about the typologies and strategies of online groomers whilst providing new data for future research on the topic. The hope is that with a deeper analysis of the groomers behavior, the study helps to create further preventative measures to decrease the number of potential future victims.

Detta examensarbete handlar om online grooming och utnyttjande av barn och riktar sig främst till barn i åldrarna 10-13. I dagens samhälle där majoriteten har egen mobiltelefon innan 10 års ålder är det extra viktigt att våga prata med barn om sex och övergrepp. Porr finns överallt och den skapar en farlig bild av sex och sexualitet. Vem som helst kan kontakta dig på nätet och alla är inte vem de påstår sig att vara. Genom att våga prata med barn om detta kan vi skydda dem från förövare och övergrepp. Förhoppningen med arbetet är att öppna för diskussion om ämnet och att barn ska våga söka hjälp om något liknande händer dem. Genom att ta del av detta arbete kan de förhoppningsvis också se varningssignalerna och undvika att hamna i liknande situationer.  Du får följa mig när jag kommer fram till designval, illustrationer, typografi och form som tillslut landar i en bok riktad till barn som närmar sig ämnet grooming på ett annourlunda sätt än vad man ser i media. / This thesis deals with the topic of child grooming and sexual exploitization and is first and foremost aimed at children between the ages of 10-13. In todays society where most children has their own phones before the age of 10, it's especially important to talk to them about sexual abuse. Porn is everywhere and can cause a harmful view of sex and sexuality. Anyone can contact you online and everyone isn't who they appear to be. By having conversations with children about these topics can we protect them against predators and abuse. The hopes for this project is to open up for conversation and for children to have the courage to seek help if they find themselves in a similar situation. By taking part of this project can they also hopefully recognize red flags and avoid these types of situations.  You'll get to follow me when weighing different design options, illustrations and typography that in the end becomes a book for children that approaches the subject of grooming in an alternative way from what media shows us.

[pt] O medo é uma parte intrínseca da evolução humana e animal, mas pode se manifestar de forma patológica, como no Transtorno de Ansiedade. Há estudos na literatura que apontam o uso modelos animais para compreender psicopatologias, devido a simplicidade e semelhança neurobiológica. Foram desenvolvidas duas linhagens de ratos, denominadas Cariocas com Alto e Baixo Congelamento (CAC e CBC), que significa os níveis de ansiedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar comportamentos compulsivos e hiperativos nos Cariocas, especificamente o grooming e o rearing de 138 animais (CAC, n=34; CBC, n=36; CTL, n=38). A metodologia foi analítica e descritiva com base em imagens obtidas em gravações do teste do medo contextual, ao longo de 8 minutos antes do choque. Nossos resultados indicaram que os CBC apresentam maior frequência [F(3,60)= 45,94, p<0,0001] e duração [F(3,43)= 21,51, p< 0,0001] do comportamento de rearing quando comparados aos outros grupos, CAC e CTL (rANOVA; P<0,05, teste post hoc de LSD). Do mesmo modo, quanto ao grooming, houve uma diminuição significativa no tempo total [F(2,00)= 6,35, p<0,01]. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que os CBCs exibem um comportamento mais hiperativo, apoiando a hipótese de que podem servir como um modelo animal de TDAH. / [en] Fear is an intrinsic part of human and animal evolution, but it can manifest itself in pathological ways, such as Anxiety Disorder. There are studies in the literature that point to the use of animal models to understand psychopathologies, due to their simplicity and neurobiological similarity. Two strains of rats were developed, called Cariocas with High and Low Freezing (CAC and CBC), which means anxiety levels. The objective of this study was to investigate compulsive and hyperactive behaviors in Cariocas, specifically the grooming and rearing of 138 animals (CAC, n=34; CBC, n=36; CTL, n=38). The methodology was analytical and descriptive based on images obtained from recordings of the contextual fear test, over 8 minutes before the shock. Our results indicated that BCC present a higher frequency [F(3,60)= 45.94, p<0.0001] and duration [F(3,43)= 21.51, p< 0.0001] of behavior rearing when compared to the other groups, CAC and CTL (rANOVA; P<0.05, LSD post hoc test). Likewise, regarding grooming, there was a significant decrease in total time [F(2.00)= 6.35, p<0.01]. Therefore, the results suggest that CBCs exhibit more hyperactive behavior, supporting the hypothesis that they may serve as an animal model of ADHD.

Formigas são insetos eusociais intensamente dependentes da comunicação química, possuindo características morfológicas, bioquímicas, fisiológicas e comportamentais adaptadas a um estilo de vida circundado por mensagens químicas. Esta peculiaridade olfativa do ponto de vista biológico, reflete nos padrões altamente polimórficos encontrados nas colônias dos grupos mais derivados, como as formigas cortadeiras (Attini). Assim, as castas e sub castas encontradas nos ninhos de formigas do gênero Atta, possuiriam características, como os órgãos olfativos e a sensibilidade eletrofisiológica, variáveis de acordo com seus tamanhos corpóreos e funções exercidas na colônia. Portanto, haveria uma correlação direta ou indireta do tamanho das formigas, os perfis comportamentais e comunicação química nessas espécies. Essa relação poderia ser vista em diversas atividades, como a limpeza entre os indivíduos e a troca de alimentos via oral. Dessa forma, a presente tese foca na interação entre o polimorfismo, polietismo e comunicação química nas formigas de Atta sexdens. Ainda descreve a participação das operárias e rainha nos comportamentos de grooming e trofalaxia, ligando-os à possível função de dispersão de hidrocarbonetos de cutícula na colônia. A tese esta dividida em quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1, compreendeu uma introdução dos conhecimentos abordados em toda tese, e as linhas gerais do trabalho. No Capítulo 2, foi realizado uma descrição quantitativa e qualitativa das sensilas em todas as castas e sub castas encontradas em ninhos de A. sexdens. Os resultados indicaram que esses órgãos sensoriais variaram de acordo com os padrões polimórficos e perfis etológicos. O Capítulo 3 abordou as respostas eletrofisiológicas da antenas a diferentes feromônios, comparando todos os grupos polimórficos de A. sexdens. Foram observados neste caso, similaridades e discrepâncias na sensibilidade aos conteúdos das glândulas de veneno, Dufour e mandibular entre as sub castas (jardineiras, generalistas, forrageiras e soldados), e também entre os machos e rainhas, possibilitando a correlação com as atividades que exercem no ninho. No Capítulo 4 investigou-se a participação de cada tipo de operárias de A. sexdens nos comportamentos de trofalaxia, allogrooming e self-grooming, relacionando-os com a presença da rainha dentro da câmara. Adicionalmente, frente aos resultados, as diferentes ações das sub castas nesses comportamentos puderam ser associadas à possível importância da limpeza e troca de alimentos na dispersão de compostos de reconhecimento e formadores do gestalt químico da colônia. Estes resultados, contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do complexo cenário sustentado pela eusocialidade, ecologia química, percepção olfativa e comportamento nas formigas cortadeiras. / Ants are eusocial insects intensely dependent on chemical communication. They have morphological, biochemical, physiological and behavioral features adapted to a life surrounded by many molecules messages. Furthermore, each olfactory peculiarity in any of the biological level mentioned above, reflects on the highly polymorphic patterns found in the colonies of the most derived groups, as the leaf cutter ants (Attini). Thus, the castes and sub castes of Atta ants, would have characteristics, as olfactory organs and electrophysiological sensibility, that vary following the body sizes and tasks performed in the colonies. Therefore, it would have a direct or indirect correlation among the sizes of the ants, their ethological profiles and the chemical communication in these species. This relation could be seen over different activities, as the grooming and oral trophallaxis. In this way, this thesis focus in the interaction among the polymorphism, polyethism and chemical communication in Atta sexdens. It still describes the participation of workers and queen in grooming and trophallaxis, linking them to a possible role in cuticular hydrocarbon dispersion over the colony. The thesis is divided in four chapters. In the Chapter 1, it is presented an introduction to the knowledge explored in all thesis, and also its outline. In the Chapter 2, there is a quantitative and qualitative description of sensilla from all castes and sub castes of A. sexdens, showing that these sensory organs vary following the polymorphic patterns and ethological profiles. The Chapter 3 explores the differences in the antennae electrophysiological responses to three pheromones, comparing them with all polymorphic groups of A. sexdens. The results demonstrate similarities and discrepancies in the sensibility to the contents of poison, Dufour and mandibular glands among the sub castes (gardeners, generalists, foragers and soldiers), and also between males and queens, enabling a correlation with their tasks. In the Chapter 4, it is investigated the roles of each type of A. sexdens workers in the trophallaxis, allogrooming and self-grooming behaviors, relating them with the queen presence. Additionally, and based in the results, the different roles of the sub castes can be associated to a possible action of grooming and trophallaxis in the dispersion of intraspecific recognition molecules and in the formation of a colony chemical gestalt. All results and discussion distributed along the thesis, therefore, contribute to a better understanding of a complex scenario, supported by the eusociality, chemical ecology, olfactory perception and behavior of the leaf cutter ants.

Formigas são insetos eusociais intensamente dependentes da comunicação química, possuindo características morfológicas, bioquímicas, fisiológicas e comportamentais adaptadas a um estilo de vida circundado por mensagens químicas. Esta peculiaridade olfativa do ponto de vista biológico, reflete nos padrões altamente polimórficos encontrados nas colônias dos grupos mais derivados, como as formigas cortadeiras (Attini). Assim, as castas e sub castas encontradas nos ninhos de formigas do gênero Atta, possuiriam características, como os órgãos olfativos e a sensibilidade eletrofisiológica, variáveis de acordo com seus tamanhos corpóreos e funções exercidas na colônia. Portanto, haveria uma correlação direta ou indireta do tamanho das formigas, os perfis comportamentais e comunicação química nessas espécies. Essa relação poderia ser vista em diversas atividades, como a limpeza entre os indivíduos e a troca de alimentos via oral. Dessa forma, a presente tese foca na interação entre o polimorfismo, polietismo e comunicação química nas formigas de Atta sexdens. Ainda descreve a participação das operárias e rainha nos comportamentos de grooming e trofalaxia, ligando-os à possível função de dispersão de hidrocarbonetos de cutícula na colônia. A tese esta dividida em quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1, compreendeu uma introdução dos conhecimentos abordados em toda tese, e as linhas gerais do trabalho. No Capítulo 2, foi realizado uma descrição quantitativa e qualitativa das sensilas em todas as castas e sub castas encontradas em ninhos de A. sexdens. Os resultados indicaram que esses órgãos sensoriais variaram de acordo com os padrões polimórficos e perfis etológicos. O Capítulo 3 abordou as respostas eletrofisiológicas da antenas a diferentes feromônios, comparando todos os grupos polimórficos de A. sexdens. Foram observados neste caso, similaridades e discrepâncias na sensibilidade aos conteúdos das glândulas de veneno, Dufour e mandibular entre as sub castas (jardineiras, generalistas, forrageiras e soldados), e também entre os machos e rainhas, possibilitando a correlação com as atividades que exercem no ninho. No Capítulo 4 investigou-se a participação de cada tipo de operárias de A. sexdens nos comportamentos de trofalaxia, allogrooming e self-grooming, relacionando-os com a presença da rainha dentro da câmara. Adicionalmente, frente aos resultados, as diferentes ações das sub castas nesses comportamentos puderam ser associadas à possível importância da limpeza e troca de alimentos na dispersão de compostos de reconhecimento e formadores do gestalt químico da colônia. Estes resultados, contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do complexo cenário sustentado pela eusocialidade, ecologia química, percepção olfativa e comportamento nas formigas cortadeiras. / Ants are eusocial insects intensely dependent on chemical communication. They have morphological, biochemical, physiological and behavioral features adapted to a life surrounded by many molecules messages. Furthermore, each olfactory peculiarity in any of the biological level mentioned above, reflects on the highly polymorphic patterns found in the colonies of the most derived groups, as the leaf cutter ants (Attini). Thus, the castes and sub castes of Atta ants, would have characteristics, as olfactory organs and electrophysiological sensibility, that vary following the body sizes and tasks performed in the colonies. Therefore, it would have a direct or indirect correlation among the sizes of the ants, their ethological profiles and the chemical communication in these species. This relation could be seen over different activities, as the grooming and oral trophallaxis. In this way, this thesis focus in the interaction among the polymorphism, polyethism and chemical communication in Atta sexdens. It still describes the participation of workers and queen in grooming and trophallaxis, linking them to a possible role in cuticular hydrocarbon dispersion over the colony. The thesis is divided in four chapters. In the Chapter 1, it is presented an introduction to the knowledge explored in all thesis, and also its outline. In the Chapter 2, there is a quantitative and qualitative description of sensilla from all castes and sub castes of A. sexdens, showing that these sensory organs vary following the polymorphic patterns and ethological profiles. The Chapter 3 explores the differences in the antennae electrophysiological responses to three pheromones, comparing them with all polymorphic groups of A. sexdens. The results demonstrate similarities and discrepancies in the sensibility to the contents of poison, Dufour and mandibular glands among the sub castes (gardeners, generalists, foragers and soldiers), and also between males and queens, enabling a correlation with their tasks. In the Chapter 4, it is investigated the roles of each type of A. sexdens workers in the trophallaxis, allogrooming and self-grooming behaviors, relating them with the queen presence. Additionally, and based in the results, the different roles of the sub castes can be associated to a possible action of grooming and trophallaxis in the dispersion of intraspecific recognition molecules and in the formation of a colony chemical gestalt. All results and discussion distributed along the thesis, therefore, contribute to a better understanding of a complex scenario, supported by the eusociality, chemical ecology, olfactory perception and behavior of the leaf cutter ants.

Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse kring uppkomsten av och vilka konsekvenser grooming innebär för utsatta flickor och som de bär med sig in i vuxenlivet, samt vilka åtgärder som samhället bör ta för att minska riskerna för grooming.Studien bygger på åtta kvalitativa intervjuer med flickor som varit utsatta för grooming under sin barndom. Resultatet visar att flickorna som vuxna lider av psykisk ohälsa och tillitsproblem efter att ha blivit utsatta för grooming och att det påverkar deras sätt att leva. Att vår tids tekniska utveckling möjliggjort att grooming sker blir tydligt genom studien och därför bör åtgärderna för att minska problematiken främst fokusera på denna del.I analysen används Becks teori om risksamhället för att förstå det stora perspektivet av vårt nutida samhälle och hur det fungerar med de risker som samhället utsätter unga för. För att förstå individens sociala värld utgår vi från Scheff och Connells teorier för att förstå känslovärlden och männens makt över dessa flickor. / The purpose of this study is to gain understanding around the emergence and consequences of grooming for the affected girls and how it carries into their adulthood, as well as the measures that society should take to reduce the risks of grooming.The study is based on eight qualitative interviews with girls who have been subjected to grooming during their childhood. The results show that as adults, these girls suffer from mental health issues and trust issues as a result of being exposed to grooming, affecting their way of life. The fact that technological advancements of our time have enabled grooming to occur is evident through this study, and therefore, measures to reduce the problem should primarily focus on this aspect.In the analysis, Beck's theory of the risk society is used to understand the broader perspective of our contemporary society and how it operates with the risks that society exposes young people to. To understand the individual's social world, we use theories from Scheff and Connell to comprehend the emotional world and men's power over these girls.