The study used quantitative content analysis to compare the international news content about Africa and the rest of the world in selected daily and weekly newspapers in Malawi and explored the extent to which economic factors, as represented by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), influence news flows about Africa into Malawi. The results showed dominance of the categories of war/international conflict and politics. International news agencies were the principal sources of news items for all the four papers. Though there were differences among the newspapers in the amount of space allocated to various categories such differences were minor. The study established that GDP is not a determinant of the amount of coverage a country receives. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication)

Avec l’apparition des systèmes PV en toiture et des véhicules électriques, le nouveau contexte énergétique au sein du bâtiment pose, sous un nouvel angle, la question de la distribution en courant continu au sein des bâtiments. Mais comment évaluer objectivement l’intérêt d’un réseau DC ? Dans un contexte où l’énergie et les impacts environnementaux prennent chaque jour plus d’importance, la quantification des performances d’un tel système selon sa seule phase d’usage ne répond pas complètement à la question son impact global. C’est pourquoi nous proposons d’aborder la question via l’éco-dimensionnement des composants constituant ce système. Pour simplifier un problème fondamentalement complexe (multi-critères), nous avons choisi d’effectuer ces dimensionnements sur la base de la minimisation de leur consommation d’énergie primaire sur l’ensemble de leur cycle de vie (pertes + énergie grise = Gross Energy Requirement GER). L’un des objectifs étant d’apporter à la fois une méthodologie mais aussi les premiers éléments qui permettront de déterminer un optimum du niveau de tension d’une distribution en courant continu dans les bâtiments. / Since the development of roof PV systems and electric vehicles, the use of DC distribution for building has to be explored. However, an objective criterion has to be used to evaluate the interest of such distribution. While energy consumption and environmental impact criteria gain in importance, the performance quantification of such system over the use phase is not sufficient to illustrate its whole impact. That’s why we propose to tackle this evaluation through the eco-sizing of distribution component. In order to simplify this complex problem, based on a multi-criterion approach, we propose to size the components based on the minimization of their primary energy consumption over their entire life cycle. The resulting Gross Energy Requirement GER includes the embodied energy and the losses during the use phase. The objectives are to propose a methodology to determine the optimal voltage level for the building DC distribution, and also to illustrate the proposed approach from case studies. This methodology is applied on wiring and DC/DC converters.

Les exploitations mixtes d'agriculture-élevage sont le pilier des systèmes agricoles des pays en développement. Dans les hauts plateaux de Madagascar, les exploitations familiales d'agriculture-élevage sont basées sur l'association riz et élevage bovin. Les bovins ont un rôle central dans l'économie et la reconnaissance sociale de ces exploitations malgaches. Cependant ces exploitations sont souvent confrontées à des problèmes de faibles productivités liés à la dégradation de la fertilité des sols et à un accès limité aux intrants. Dans ce contexte, les exploitants doivent gérer les ressources végétales pour trouver un compromis entre alimentation humaine, alimentation animale et retours aux sols. Certaines pratiques de gestion des biomasses peuvent aggraver les phénomènes de dégradation de la fertilité des sols et remettre alors en cause la durabilité des exploitations. L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer que la diversité des pratiques de gestion des biomasses au sein des exploitations familiales d'agriculture-élevage des hauts plateaux de Madagascar conditionne la durabilité des systèmes en termes de fertilité des sols, de recyclage des éléments nutritifs, de revenus et de sécurité alimentaire. Pour cela, il a été nécessaire de : i) caractériser au préalable la diversité des exploitations familiales d'agriculture-élevage du Vakinankaratra et de comprendre le fonctionnement de ces exploitations mixtes ; ii) étudier les effets des pratiques de gestion des parcelles sur la variabilité de la fertilité des sols des exploitations ; iii) évaluer la durabilité des exploitations d'agriculture-élevage et tester l'impact d'améliorations des pratiques d'alimentation animale, de gestion des effluents et de fertilisation sur la durabilité des exploitation. Quatre exploitations d'agriculture-élevage du Vakinankaratra, sélectionnées à dires d'experts, ont été enquêtées par immersion. Une étude typologique des exploitations d'agriculture-élevage du Vakinankaratra a été effectuée. Des prélèvements de sol ont été effectués pour l'ensemble des parcelles des quatre exploitations d'agriculture-élevage étudiées. Un outil de calcul des flux d'azote au sein des exploitations a été élaboré, puis a été associé aux matrices du Network Analysis afin de générer des indicateurs environnementaux, sociaux et économiques. Cet outil a été utilisé pour simuler les options d'améliorations des pratiques d'alimentation animale, de gestion des effluents et de fertilisation.L'étude typologique a identifié six types d'exploitations d'agriculture-élevage au Vakinankaratra. L'étude du fonctionnement des exploitations sélectionnées a mis en évidence d'une grande diversité des pratiques d'alimentation des animaux, de gestion des effluents d'élevage et de fertilisation. Une hétérogénéité de la fertilité des sols induite par les pratiques de gestion des parcelles a été révélée. Pour les quatre exploitations étudiées, l'amélioration des pratiques d'alimentation du troupeau bovin laitier associée à l'amélioration des pratiques de gestion des effluents d'élevage a permis d'améliorer la durabilité environnementale (efficience azotée globale, recyclage de l'azote, bilan azoté du sol), économique (marge brute agricole) et sociale (autosuffisance alimentaire).Ce travail a permis de caractériser la diversité des exploitations d'agriculture-élevage du Vakinankaratra, la diversité des pratiques et leurs effets sur la fertilité du/des sol. Cette étude s'est avérée être une approche intéressante pour évaluer des options d'amélioration de la durabilité des exploitations d'agriculture-élevage dans un contexte peu documenté. / Mixed crop-livestock systems constitute the backbone of agriculture in developing countries. In highlands of Madagascar, crop–livestock systems are based on rice and cattle. Cattle play a major role in the economy and the social recognition of these smallholder farms. Smallholder farms used to face with low crop productivity related to soil fertility degradation and to low access to inputs. In this context, smallholders have to manage plant resources in order to find a trade-off between food, feed and soil returns. Some biomass management may increase soil fertility degradation and then compromise farms sustainability.The objective of this thesis is to show that the diversity of biomass management on smallholder crop–livestock systems of highlands of Madagascar determines the sustainability of farming systems in terms of soil fertility, nutrients recycling, incomes and food security. For this, it was necessary to: i) characterize the diversity of crop-livestock systems in the region of Vakinankaratra and understand how smallholder farms are managed; ii) study the effects of soil management on the soil variability; iii) assess the farms sustainability and explore improvements of feeding, manure management and fertilization.Four crop-livestock farms of the Vakinankaratra (selected with local experts) were surveyed using participant observation methodology. A typology of crop-livestock farms was performed. Topsoil samples were collected in all plots of the four cases studies. A nitrogen flows calculating tool was developed and has been associated with Network Analysis matrices to generate environmental, social and economic indicators. This tool was used to simulate improvements in feeding, manure management and fertilization.The typology identified six farm types of crop-livestock systems in the Vakinankaratra. The farms study revealed a great diversity of animal feeding practices, manure management and fertilization. Heterogeneity of soil fertility induced by farmer management was shown. For the four case studies, improved feeding practices on dairy combined with improved manure management have increased environmental (farm nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen recycling, soil nitrogen balance), economic (agricultural gross margin) and social (food self-sufficiency) sustainability.This study characterized the diversity of crop-livestock farms of the Vakinankaratra, the diversity of practices and their effects on soil fertility. It proved to be an interesting approach to explore options for improving sustainability of crop-livestock farms in context of data scarcity.

in English Taxation of individual income tax My diploma thesis contents three major parts, which is divided into smaller articles. In the first part I am trying to present individual income tax in general. Place of income tax in system of taxation and concept of income tax , its function and definition. In another article I described historical evolution of individual income tax and distribution of taxes. To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax. A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority" and is "any contribution imposed by government. The first known system of taxation was in Ancient Egypt and development is showing us perfection with which we created and improved taxes during the ages. The main second part contents definition of individual income tax by revenue act and determination of basic concepts of individual tax by this act. A personal or individual income tax is levied on the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted). It is often collected on a pay-as-you-earn basis, with small corrections made...

This dissertation adresses the issue of preparation and readiness of a preschool child before his/her entrance to elementary school. The theoretical part is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is concerned with the definitions of basic terms, such as school maturity and school readiness. The second chapter is dedicated to developmental psychology of a preschool child. The third chapter is concerned with diagnosis of a preschool child from the position preschool education, and the last chapter is centered on a child at risk in elementary school. The practical part is dedicated to qualitative experimental investigation which obser- ves the advancement of teak parts in selected sample of children from normal and spe- cial class of kindergarten school and it is supported by an intervention program.

Title: The impact of a three-month training on motor functions in preschool hockey players Objectives: The goal of this diploma thesis is to summarize the knowledge about motor functions in preschool children. Also to find suitable test methods which should help to evaluate the motor level of children this age who are attending the preparation course in the hockey club Sparta Praha and also evaluate the influence of a three month hockey training on postural maturity and development of motor skills on the regular surface and on the ice. Methods: The pre-experiment was conducted in hockey preparation course HC Sparta Praha in preschool children during their training. It was carried out using 5 tests evaluating postural maturity, which were evaluated by two physiotherapists and 4 tests evaluating the level of motor skills on the regular surface and on the ice, which was measured on time. Tests were performed twice, with a three-month interval. Results: After three months of training, there was no substantial improvement in postural maturity assessment tests, although the consensus of the two physiotherapists in the assessment of the postural tests maturity was relatively high, for both measurements. The top rated test was tandem walk over the line. In this test, there was also the most improvement...

Våld i nära relation och grov kvinnofridskränkning är aktuella frågor som har fått stort utrymme i media på senare år. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om det framkommer mönster och beskrivningar av hur målsäganden (brottsoffren) och de tilltalade (gärningspersonerna) framställs och beskrivs i förundersökningsprotokoll med tillhörande domar avseende grov kvinnofridskränkning. Tidigare forskning förklarar orsakerna till mäns våld mot kvinnor utifrån olika vetenskaper, så som socioekologiska faktorer, biologiska förklaringar och ur ett könsmaktsperspektiv. Teorierna som använts i den här studien är Nils Christies teori om det ideala brottsoffret och den ideala gärningspersonen samt teorin om genus. Förundersökningsprotokollen och domarna har textanalyserats och diskursanalys har använts för att fokusera på diskurserna och maktrelationerna inom den. Resultatet bekräftar mycket av tidigare forskning främst att majoriteten av gärningspersonerna tenderar att ha ett kontrollerande och svartsjukt beteende och att brottsoffren kunde beläggas skuld för våldet. Samtidigt som teorin om det ideala offret och gärningsperson inte uppfylldes på alla kriterium. En majoritet av brottsoffren hade nämligen det ekonomiska överläget över gärningspersonerna som i flera fall var arbetslösa. Flera av brottsoffren försökte att rädda relationen för att de älskade sina män så innerligt. Kontrollerande gärningspersoner och kärleksfulla brottsoffer.

A proposta deste trabalho é estudar as teorias de análise de qualidade de rede GPS, baseando-se nas teorias de confiabilidade de rede propostas por Baarda, em 1968. As hipóteses estatísticas para detecção de "outliers" constituem a base desse estudo, pois são fundamentais para elaboração dos testes de detecção de "outliers", localização e eliminação de erros grosseiros e, também, para a análise da confiabilidade da rede. A confiabilidade, que traduz a controlabilidade da rede e depende do número de redundância, é estudada em dois aspectos: confiabilidade interna e confiabilidade externa. A rede de referência cadastral do município de Vitória – ES, escolhida para o estudo de caso foi estabelecida por GPS, em 2001, tendo como concepção básica a implantação de 37 pares de vértices intervisíveis, privilegiando locais públicos e de livre acesso. Essa rede foi ajustada em 2001 pela Prefeitura Municipal de Vitória, e as coordenadas ajustadas dos vértices são usadas, deste então, para apoiar todos os levantamentos topográficos e cadastrais realizados no município. O ajustamento dessa rede, em 2001, constituiu-se de um ajustamento simples em que os testes estatísticos de detecção de "outliers", a localização e eliminação dos erros grosseiros não foram levados em conta. A parte prática desta pesquisa compreendeu a medição de 21 novos vetores (linhas bases) para formar uma rede de controle, conforme estabelece a NBR-14166, o ajustamento dessa rede de controle (15 vértices) e o ajustamento da rede principal (78 vértices), tendo por injunção a rede de controle previamente ajustada. A principal diferença ente o ajustamento de 2001, feito pela Prefeitura Municipal de Vitória, e ajustamento de 2004, feito para esta pesquisa, foi a consideração no novo ajustamento dos testes estatísticos baseados nas teorias de confiabilidade propostas por Baarda. A comparação entre os resultados dos dois ajustamentos da rede cadastral de Vitória não apontou diferenças significativas entre as coordenadas ajustadas / The proposal of this work is to study the theories of analysis of network quality GPS, basing on the theories of reliability network proposed by Baarda, in 1968. The statistical hypotheses for outlier's detection constitute the base of this study, because they are fundamental for elaboration of the tests of outlier's detection tests, location and elimination of observations with gross errors as well as for the analysis of the realiability of the network. The reliability, that translates the controllability of the network and it depends of the redundancy number, it was studied in two aspects: internal reliability and external reliability. The network of cadastral reference of the municipal district of Vitória (ES), chosen for the case study it established by GPS, in 2001. The basic conception of this network was the implantation of 37 pair of vertexes inter-visible, privileging public places (of free access), as sidewalks and central stonemasons. This network adjusted in 2001 by the Municipal City Hall of Vitória, and the adjusted coordinates of the vertexes used, of this then, to support all topographical and cadastral survey accomplished in the municipal district. The adjustment of this network, in 2001, constituted of a simple adjustment in that did not take into account the statistical tests of outlier's detection and location and elimination of observations with gross errors. The practical part of this research was constituted of the measurement of 21 new vectors (line bases) to form a control network, as it establishes NBR-14166, the adjustment of that control network (15 vertexes) and the adjustment of the main network (78 vertexes), tends previously for injunction the control network adjusted. To principal it differentiates being the adjustment of 2001, done by the Municipal City Hall of Vitória, and adjustment of 2004, done for this research; it was the consideration in the new adjustment of the based statistical tests, mainly, in the reliability theories proposed by Baarda. The results of the adjustment of 2001 and of 2004 compared, and it verified that, in the case of the cadastral network of Vitória, there was not significant difference among results found in the two adjustments

The graduation thesis is focused on the evaluation in motoric skills of sports gymnasts (n=18) aged between 7 to 10 years. The whole study took place in České Budějovice in the Merkur center with the support of a gymnastic team. For this experiment was used the methody called "MABC-2 formula" (Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition). The MABC-2 test is a standardized test that verifies a level of the motor function while indicating motor difficulties and difficulty in coordination. It consists of eight test items that are divided into three components. Individual components focus on testing fine motor skills (manual skill), gross motor skills (aiming and catching) and balance. After performing the MABC-2 test and obtaining gross scores for each item, we created tables and graphs of component and total test scores (TTS). We compared the results to the standardization norms this test battery and with other researches in this field that deal with motor testing using the MABC-2 test battery. At the basis of this comparison, we evaluated the level of motor skills in the tested group of gymnasts. This thesis confirmed that gymnasts achieved in all components above-average results. For evaluation of the gymnasts balance skills the MABC-2 wasn´t sensitive enought.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1-Texto-Completo.pdf: 1357673 bytes, checksum: 79f84e4f06eec7e2ef2004acb1ffaeff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-22 / nenhum / From a conception which differentiates norm, enunciation and proposition, the present study had for object the construction of Cofins s standard rule applicable to the gross revenue in the Brazilian law. The study carried through a provisory cross-section into the rule s binary completeness, concentrating only in the criteria used to recognize the event described in the antecedent-proposition and the legal relation provided by the consequence-proposition. From the Federal Law n.° 10,833/2003, interpreted according to the Constitution (art. 195, I, a ), the study concluded that the tax presents as material hypothesis s criteria the behavior of to gain (verb) gross revenue (complement). The space criteria coincides with the territorial ambit of the law validity (any place of the domestic territory), while the time criteria is the following day of the base period, when it becomes possible determine the total revenue s value. The legislation, on the other hand, defines the Federal Union as active subject and all the companies, as passive subject (taxpayer). The standard aliquot is 7,6% of the taxable income, that, in turn, corresponds to all gross revenue gained in the month. Those exceptions provided by the Federal Law n.° 10,833/2003 (art. 1.°, § 3.°) do not exhaust all the possibilities. / Dentro de uma concepção hilética, que diferencia norma, enunciado e proposição, a presente dissertação teve por objeto a construção de sentido da regra-matriz da Cofins incidente sobre a receita bruta no direito brasileiro. Realizou-se um seccionamento provisório da bimembridade constitutiva da norma jurídica completa, concentrando o estudo apenas nos critérios de identificação do evento de possível ocorrência descrito na proposição-antecedente e da relação jurídica prevista na proposição-conseqüente. A partir da Lei Federal n.º 10.833/2003, interpretada conforme a Constituição (art. 195, I, a ), concluiu-se que a regra-matriz do tributo apresenta como critério material da hipótese a conduta humana de auferir (verbo) receita bruta (complemento). O critério espacial coincide com o âmbito de validade territorial da lei (qualquer lugar do território nacional), ao passo que o critério temporal é o primeiro dia do mês seguinte ao do período-base, quando se torna possível determinar o valor total das receitas. A legislação, por outro lado, define a União Federal como sujeito ativo e todas as pessoas jurídicas, como sujeito passivo (contribuinte). A alíquota-padrão é de 7,6%, aplicada sobre a base de cálculo, que, por sua vez, corresponde a todas as receitas auferidas no mês. As hipóteses de exclusão previstas no art. 1.º, § 3.º, da Lei Federal n.° 10.833/2003, são meramente exemplificativas.