The main aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze which monetary tools can be used by central banks to affects financial markets. Another important task is to evaluate how foreign interventions influenced an economy of the Czech Republic. A practical part of the diploma thesis was created on the base of data collection, statistic analysis, observation and evaluation. Data of the Czech Nation Bank and the Czech Statistical Office were used for needs of the diploma thesis.

The aim is to identify the impact of adopting the euro in the context of selected legislative changes and to analyze the macroeconomic consequences on the national economy, including regional interpretations for South Bohemia in the comparative use of macroeconomic data from Slovakia and region of Banská Bystrica like the economy as close demographically, culturally and economically.

The subject of this work is the approximation and explanation of methods of evaluation of economic variables using indicators and their systems. The thesis also uses a method of a multi-parametric comparison of the indicators. In the thesis are described the individual indicators, then the methods of their evaluation and the creation of the multi-parametric comparison. The thesis deals also with the harmonization of economic statistics and the definition of the assessed area. For practical use, indicators are then selected: Gross Domestic Product, Labor Productivity, Unit Costs, Unemployment Rate, Real Effective Rates, R & D expediture and Human Resources in Science and Technology. Selected indicators are evaluated from a time and space point of view. Furthermore, a method of the multi-parametric comparison was performed for these four indicators: GDP per capita, unemployment rate, R & D expenditure and unit labor costs. The analysis of the indicators shows that currently the economies of all selected countries are growing. Despite the EU's similarity efforts, there are major differences between economies. The great potential for further economic development is technological progress. The way states deals with this opportunity, it can decide on their future development.

[pt] A recente internacionalização da economia, o processo de integração dos mercados e a perspectiva de obtenção de condições competitivas via maior escala suscitaram a reestruturação produtiva e fomentaram a maior concentração econômica por meio de contínuas fusões e aquisições de empresas. Esta situação insere o estudo acerca das taxas de crescimento de indicadores contábeis das companhias entre os temas mais relevantes no âmbito das finanças corporativas. As variáveis contábeis utilizadas neste trabalho foram as taxas de crescimento anuais da receita bruta, do EBITDA e do lucro operacional de empresas listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA) durante o período 1994-2002. A conclusão acerca da variabilidade e da não-persistência destas taxas de crescimento constitui-se obstáculo aos exercícios de previsão no mercado brasileiro. Simulações adicionais foram realizadas visando auferir o efeito do porte e dos múltiplos de transação das respectivas ações destas empresas sobre as taxas de crescimento. Visando maior detalhamento sobre a forte resistência à persistência de taxas anuais consecutivas superiores à mediana do mercado durante os oito anos de análise, foram aplicados testes econométricos essenciais ao modelo ARIMA (Box e Jenkins), constatando a não correlação e a não correlação parcial das taxas de crescimento anuais das empresas para todas as variáveis analisadas, caracterizando um processo clássico de white noise e fornecendo indícios para um comportamento típico de random walk ou random walk with drift. / [en] The recent economy internationalization, the market integration process and the perspective of obtaining differentiated conditions through scale led to production restructuring and fomented a higher economic concentration by means of continuous mergers and acquisitions of companies. This scenario inserts the study of the variability and persistence of growth rates of accounting indicators of companies among the most relevant subjects of corporate finance. The accounting variables selected in this work were the annual growth rates of the gross revenue, of the EBITDA and of the operating profit of companies listed at São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA) during the period 1994-2002. The observed variability and the non persistence of the growth rates represents a relevant obstacle to forecasting exercises in the Brazilian market. Additional simulations were performed, in order to test the effect of the firms` size and of the transaction multiples of their respective stocks ont growth rates. Looking for a deeper understanding of the strong resistance to the persistence of consecutive annual rates above market median values along the eight years period of analysis, econometric tests essential to ARIMA model (Box and Jenkins) were applied, and the resuts portrayed the non correlation and non-partial correlation between the annual growth rates for all variables, characterizing a classical white noise process, signaling a typical random walk or a random walk with drift behavior.

This dissertation consist of three parts. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the study of gravity and higher spin gauge theories in 2+1 dimensions. We construct cosmological so-lutions of higher spin gravity in 2+1 dimensional de Sitter space. We show that a consistent thermodynamics can be obtained for their horizons by demanding appropriate holonomy conditions. This is equivalent to demanding the integrability of the Euclidean boundary CFT partition function, and reduces to Gibbons-Hawking thermodynamics in the spin-2 case. By using a prescription of Maldacena, we relate the thermodynamics of these solutions to those of higher spin black holes in AdS3. For the case of negative cosmological constant we show that interpreting the inverse AdS3 radius 1=l as a Grassmann variable results in a formal map from gravity in AdS3 to gravity in flat space. The underlying reason for this is the fact that ISO(2,1) is the Inonu-Wigner contraction of SO(2,2). We show how this works for the Chern-Simons actions, demonstrate how the general (Banados) solution in AdS3 maps to the general flat space solution, and how the Killing vectors, charges and the Virasoro algebra in the Brown-Henneaux case map to the corresponding quantities in the BMS3 case. Our results straightforwardly generalize to the higher spin case: the flat space higher spin theories emerge automatically in this approach from their AdS counterparts. We also demonstrate the power of our approach by doing singularity resolution in the BMS gauge as an application. Finally, we construct a candidate for the most general chiral higher spin theory with AdS3 boundary conditions. In the Chern-Simons language, the left-moving solution has Drinfeld-Sokolov reduced form, but on the right-moving solution all charges and chemical potentials are turned on. Altogether (for the spin-3 case) these are 19 functions. Despite this, we show that the resulting metric has the form of the “most general” AdS3 boundary conditions discussed by Grumiller and Riegler. The asymptotic symmetry algebra is a product of a W3 algebra on the left and an affine sl(3)k current algebra on the right, as desired. The metric and higher spin fields depend on all the 19 functions. The second part is devoted to the problem of Neumann boundary condition in Einstein’s gravity. The Gibbons-Hawking-York (GHY) boundary term makes the Dirichlet problem for gravity well defined, but no such general term seems to be known for Neumann boundary conditions. In our work, we view Neumann boundary condition not as fixing the normal derivative of the metric (“velocity”) at the boundary, but as fixing the functional derivative of the action with respect to the boundary metric (“momentum”). This leads directly to a new boundary term for gravity: the trace of the extrinsic curvature with a specific dimension-dependent coefficient. In three dimensions this boundary term reduces to a “one-half” GHY term noted in the literature previously, and we observe that our action translates precisely to the Chern-Simons action with no extra boundary terms. In four dimensions the boundary term vanishes, giving a natural Neumann interpretation to the standard Einstein-Hilbert action without boundary terms. We also argue that a natural boundary condition for gravity in asymptotically AdS spaces is to hold the renormalized boundary stress tensor density fixed, instead of the boundary metric. This leads to a well-defined variational problem, as well as new counter-terms and a finite on-shell action. We elaborate this in various (even and odd) dimensions in the language of holographic renormalization. Even though the form of the new renormalized action is distinct from the standard one, once the cut-off is taken to infinity, their values on classical solutions coincide when the trace anomaly vanishes. For AdS4, we compute the ADM form of this renormalized action and show in detail how the correct thermodynamics of Kerr-AdS black holes emerge. We comment on the possibility of a consistent quantization with our boundary conditions when the boundary is dynamical, and make a connection to the results of Compere and Marolf. The difference between our approach and microcanonical-like ensembles in standard AdS/CFT is emphasized. In the third part of the dissertation, we use the recently developed CFT techniques of Rychkov and Tan to compute anomalous dimensions in the O(N) Gross-Neveu model in d = 2 + dimensions. To do this, we extend the “cow-pie contraction” algorithm of Basu and Krishnan to theories with fermions. Our results match perfectly with Feynman diagram computations.

O objetivo específico da presente dissertação é estimar a elasticidade-PIB do Imposto de Renda Pessoa Física (IRPF) e Imposto Renda Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ) no Brasil entre 1986 e 2012. A pesquisa também incorpora em seus objetivos uma análise técnica a respeito da tributação e seus impactos sobre o sistema econômico, tanto a nível microeconômico e macroeconômico, além de abordar o IRPF e IRPJ em seu aspecto econômico e jurídico. No tratamento metodológico são utilizados modelos de Vetor de Correção de erros (VEC) para estimar as elasticidades-PIB do IRPF e IRPJ. Os resultados apontam uma elasticidade-PIB, tanto para IRPF quanto IRPJ, acima da unidade, na maioria dos modelos estimados, e existem períodos determinados que impactam consideravelmente sobre à arrecadação desses tributos. / This dissertation estimates the GDP elasticity of income tax revenue for individuals (IRPF) and corporations (IRPJ) between 1986 and 2012. Additionally the research incorporates an analysis of the macroeconomic and microeconomic effects of taxation. IRPF and IRPJ are analyzed in great detail, including economic as well as legal aspects. An Error Correction Model is estimated to obtain the elasticities. The results show that both elasticities are higher than unit and that reforms that took place in some periods have a significant impact on tax collection.

Main topic of this work is to analyze language elements used in the legend from baroque period and that from the complete conception on the gross information contents this work and characteristic features of phonetics and morfology. No research in the field of syntax and lexicology was made at this point (our final work would be to extensive). The complete interpretation refers to father Jiří David´s baroque legend Medicus Hercinius, {\dots} dated 1713. First part we apply to common informations about the author, about the period, in which he lived and wrote his legend, and about his contemporaries. We describe the legendistic literature and conditions to her expansibility in our country, the life of saint Gunther then and the substance of whole David´s work in general. There are important informations about noted humanismus and baroque authors in next two chapters. We describe individual phenomens of two language levels phonetics and morfology then, especially with regard to theory and practice. Principal aim of my work is to contribute to o deeper understanding of Czech language from the late baroque.

This thesis describes the currently highly debated topic especially in the field of small and medium sized enterprises - technology transfer. This, together with research and development which is an integral part, can greatly contribute to enhancing the competitiveness of the country, improve the problem of unemployment, GDP and inflows of foreign investors and so on. The aim was to analyze and describe the current situation of technology transfer in the Czech Republic. This work clearly shows that in this area, our country is far behind the developed countries. The result of this work is to propose possible solutions to the most streamlined recovery process of technology transfer resulted into obtaining maximum economic benefit for the Czech Republic.

The conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer is unquestionably one of the most important open problems in number theory today. Let $E$ be an elliptic curve defined over an imaginary quadratic field $K$ contained in $\mathbb{C}$, and suppose that $E$ has complex multiplication by the ring of integers of $K$. Let us assume the complex $L$-series $L(E/K,s)$ of $E$ over $K$ does not vanish at $s=1$. K. Rubin showed, using Iwasawa theory, that the $p$-part of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture holds for $E$ for all prime numbers $p$ which do not divide the order of the group of roots of unity in $K$. In this thesis, we discuss extensions of this result. In Chapter $2$, we study infinite families of quadratic and cubic twists of the elliptic curve $A = X_0(27)$, so that they have complex multiplication by the ring of integers of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-3})$. For the family of quadratic twists, we establish a lower bound for the $2$-adic valuation of the algebraic part of the complex $L$-series at $s=1$, and, for the family of cubic twists, we establish a lower bound for the $3$-adic valuation of the algebraic part of the same $L$-value. We show that our lower bounds are precisely those predicted by Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer. In the remaining chapters, we let $K=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-q})$, where $q$ is any prime number congruent to $7$ modulo $8$. Denote by $H$ the Hilbert class field of $K$. \mbox{B. Gross} proved the existence of an elliptic curve $A(q)$ defined over $H$ with complex multiplication by the ring of integers of $K$ and minimal discriminant $-q^3$. We consider twists $E$ of $A(q)$ by quadratic extensions of $K$. In the case $q=7$, we have $A(q)=X_0(49)$, and Gonzalez-Aviles and Rubin proved, again using Iwasawa theory, that if $L(E/\mathbb{Q},1)$ is nonzero then the full Birch--Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture holds for $E$. Suppose $p$ is a prime number which splits in $K$, say $p=\mathfrak{p}\mathfrak{p}^*$, and $E$ has good reduction at all primes of $H$ above $p$. Let $H_\infty=HK_\infty$, where $K_\infty$ is the unique $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension of $K$ unramified outside $\mathfrak{p}$. We establish in this thesis the main conjecture for the extension $H_\infty/H$. Furthermore, we provide the necessary ingredients to state and prove the main conjecture for $E/H$ and $p$, and discuss its relation to the main conjecture for $H_\infty/H$ and the $p$-part of the Birch--Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for $E/H$.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho buscou identificar o perfil tÃcnico e econÃmico da produÃÃo de coco no Distrito de IrrigaÃÃo Curu-Paraipaba, Estado do CearÃ. Justificou-se a importÃncia do estudo, haja vista que o referido projeto de irrigaÃÃo existe hà mais de trÃs dÃcadas e apresenta atualmente cerca de 679 estabelecimentos rurais administrados por pequenos produtores. Utilizou-se uma amostra de tamanho igual a 50 (cinquenta) e, como instrumentos de anÃlise, empregou-se anÃlise tabular e descritiva dos dados, alÃm das tÃcnicas de anÃlise fatorial e de agrupamento. Relatou-se que todos os estabelecimentos expressaram margem bruta e margem lÃquida positivas, mas que o nÃvel de renda auferido, tendo como referÃncia a variÃvel lucro, foi considerado como baixo Em seguida, realizou-se a identificaÃÃo de fatores tÃcnicos e econÃmicos. Pela anÃlise fatorial baseada no mÃtodo das componentes principais, identificou-se o fator econÃmico dos produtores que apÃs a rotaÃÃo varimax, captou 48,89% da variÃncia das variÃveis originais. O fator tÃcnico captou 25,49% da variÃncia. Obtidos os escores fatoriais, foram identificados trÃs grupos distintos de produtores rurais, o que demonstrou diferenciaÃÃes no nÃvel tÃcnico-econÃmico entre os agricultores familiares entrevistados. O melhor grupo identificado foi composto por apenas sete pessoas, que conseguiram bons resultados tÃcnicos e econÃmicos. Dentro do mesmo processo, identificou-se o segundo grupo, composto por 38 pessoas incluindo agricultores que nÃo atingiram resultados econÃmicos satisfatÃrios em 2012. Identificou-se, tambÃm, um grupo formado por cinco produtores em estÃdio de declÃnio. Compreendeu-se que o pequeno produtor entrevistado tem dificuldade de capital de giro para o exercÃcio de suas prÃticas agrÃcolas e que o seu acesso a linhas de crÃdito como o Pronaf poderia ser a alternativa economicamente importante. O acesso ao crÃdito rural à dificultado pela nÃo detenÃÃo da escritura dos estabelecimentos, de modo que a principal sugestÃo de polÃtica pÃblica para o projeto Curu-Paraipaba à a implementaÃÃo de um extenso processo de regularizaÃÃo fundiÃria, sem Ãnus para os agricultores irrigantes de origem. / This study aimed to identify the technical and economical profile of coconut production in the irrigation district of Curu-Paraipaba, state of CearÃ. The importance of the study was justified from the point of view that the referred project of irrigation exists for over three decades and currently has about 679 farms managed by small producers. We used a sample size equal to fifty and as tools of analysis, we used descriptive and tabular analysis of the collected data besides the techniques of factor and cluster analysis. It was reported that all establishments showed gross and net margin positive but that the level of income earned was considered low, taking as reference the variable profit. Then it was performed the identification of technical and economic factors. By the factor analysis from the method of principal components, it was identified the economic factor of producers that after varimax rotation, caught 48.89 % of the variance of the original variables. The technical factor caught 25.49 % of the variance. When the factor scores were got, it was identified three distinct groups of rural producers who showed differences at the technical â economical level among the family farmers interviewed. The best group identified consisted of only 7 individuals, who achieved good technical and economical results. Within the same process, it was identified a second group consisting of 38 individuals including farmers who did not get satisfactory economical results in 2012. It was also identified a group of 5 producers in decline stage. It was understood that the small producer interviewed has difficulty in getting working capital to operate his agricultural practices and his access to Pronaf credit could be an economically important alternative. The access to rural credit is difficult because the producers do not have the deed document of the establishments, so the main suggestion of a public policy to Curu-Paraipaba project is the implementation of an extensive process of land regularization, without cost to irrigating farmers of origin.