I denna essä reflekterar jag över ett dilemma som är egenupplevt. Dilemmat handlar om svårigheten i att leda ett arbetslag som ännu inte är färdig utbildad förskollärare. Dilemmat belyser min utvecklingsprocess som jag genomgått under min erfarenhetsbaserade förskollärarutbildning. Jag beskriver mina inre tvivel på min förmåga som ledare och utifrån min berättelse försöker jag finna svar och nya insikter. Syftet med denna essä är att försöka synliggöra ledarskapet i förskolläraryrket. Jag använder mig av ett hermeneutiskt synsätt som innebär att försöka tolka och förstå erfarenheter och fenomen. Mina frågeställningar fokuserar på ledarskap och utveckling. Reflektionen är viktig för att kunna synliggöra mina tankar och kunna granska mig själv kritiskt. Frågor jag arbetar kring är bland annat skillnaden mellan olika ledarstilar och vad skillnaden är mellan att vara chef respektive ledare. I essän diskuterar jag FIRO teorin för att se på gruppers utveckling. I slutet av uppsatsen ser jag på läroplanen och ansvarsfördelningen inom förskolans verksamhet samt jämför den gamla läroplanen med den reviderade upplagan. I slutet reflekterar jag kring mitt eget ledarskap och olika ledarstilar. Min slutsats är att jag som ledare behöver anpassa mitt ledarskap till rådande situation samt att jag som förskollärare verkar som en förebild.

OF THE THESIS BACKGROUNDS: Family background is a place which is very important for the child's development. Presence of each parent has its own role in education. Absence of one parent carries with it risks of adequate development. Paternal role in education is more and more important. Father has the significant role in his son's developmental tasks, making his own identity, being his male model. He can teach his son to be disciplined, to control agression and hot temper and other things that can influence the dealing with psychotherapeutic proces in the drug addicts during their medium-term treatment in a medical institution. The thesis deals with the medium-term treatment of male drug addicts, educational environment and its influence on coping with the psychoterapeutic process and it describes the diference between individuals who were grown up fatherless and those who were grown up in a complete family. The aim is to characterize how the psychotherapeutic process in men treated in a medical institution can be influenced by the absence of father in the education and how this connection is felt by the clients. METHODS: The practical part of the thesis was realized by the qualitative research. The information about this topic was gained from the dialogues with the men who are being treated. The...

Self-directed work groups are a growing phenomenon in the field of organisational psychology (Kauffeld, 2006; Neck & Manz, 1994). While much is known about what factors affect information sharing in these kinds of groups, little is known about why these factors have an impact and how they relate to each other. Through the concept of hidden profiles (tasks that by nature have shared and unshared information), this study explored the information sharing and group decision making processes and aimed to illuminate the group processes involved. The study employed a qualitative, ideographic approach where case studies were used. The sample consisted of twenty four undergraduate and postgraduate students studying at the University of the Witwatersrand divided into groups of four members each. A group task to rank the best candidate for a job was self-designed based on the theory and design utilized by Stasser and Titus (1985; 1987). This was first completed individually and then as a group – the group discussion was filmed and coded using a self-developed observation rubric. Participants also completed a self-developed post-task questionnaire regarding their perspectives of various aspects of the decision making process. The analysis was carried out using frequency counts and thematic content analysis. It was found that all the groups discussed more shared information and more unshared negative information was discussed than unshared positive information. Information sharing increased when there was debate about which pieces of information were relevant. In most cases, group members were motivated to share information because they wanted to have their opinion heard. Although the majority of the sample stated that they did not withhold any information, there was evidence of strategic information sharing. Group 5 made a decision that was closest to the ideal decision. Characteristics of this group that could have contributed to this included: long duration of discussion; high number of talking turns; respecting each other’s talking turns; moderate levels of disagreement; no obvious role of leader; moderately high levels of group familiarity; diversity in race not gender; similar educational backgrounds and a norm of critical evaluation. The study found that the interactions between factors that were perceived to affect the information sharing and decision-making (such as duration of discussion, number of talking turns, group familiarity, competitive aspects, group composition and group roles) were more interwoven than previously thought.

Key Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine complex concerns and challenges encountered by counselling and psychotherapy trainers, and support them to deliver a consistent, relationship-centred learning approach within Higher Education (HE). Background: Counselling and psychotherapy training is central to regulating practice, however, studies conceptualising trainers’ concerns and challenges in the United Kingdom (UK) are sparse. Literature generally evaluates trainer challenges from a professional competence and/or gatekeeping perspective. Little evidence exists identifying problems connected with ‘professionalisation’. Aims and Objectives: The aim was to evaluate trainers’ multidimensional unease that can hinder working relationships. The intention was to: explore difficult patterns of behaviour and group dynamics in the ‘training alliance’; explore trainers’ perceptions and experiences when confronted with gatekeeping issues; collaboratively develop strategies to enhance trainers’ learning experience; examine the processes needed to sustain these strategies; and identify the lessons learnt to inform practice, education, and research. Approach and Methods: A qualitative, co-operative inquiry approach enabled trainers to question their situated and propositional knowledge, reconcile professional challenges, allay concerns about individual fitness to practice, and provide alternative responses to students, peers, and managerial hierarchies in HE and professional bodies. This approach has a political and social element, according with personal desire to make change. Thematic analysis uncovered new insights, expanded or modified principles and re-examine accepted interpretations during 8 inquiry sessions with 5 experienced trainers, and 3 associated workshops. A primarily iterative and inductive process of immersion, involved reflexive engagement, and sharing of data with trainer/practitioners. Findings: 6 overarching themes were identified: Trying to Make Sense of Significant Events; Negotiating Conflict and Incongruity in Training Groups; Navigating Inherent Challenges within Counsellor Training Teams; Teaching as a Never-Ending Challenge; Organisational Constraints and Challenges; and Contemplating Individual Connection in a Collaborative Context. Discussion and Conclusion: Findings supported previous research suggesting trainers require training, and that trainers’ concerns and challenges are interlinked; beginning with interpersonal challenges that subsequently impact on trainers’ professional and intra-personal sense of identity. Co-operative inquiry can benefit programme teams in terms of the co-construction of trainers’ realities and dynamic negotiation of meaning. Co-researchers’ knowledge and confidence in responding to potential conflict in training was enhanced. To achieve the best outcome, this knowledge needs implementing in practice; programme team involvement is a prerequisite, and support is required by professional bodies and HE to ensure ethical training practice in the face of student disgruntlement, management demands in HE and from professional accrediting bodies.

<p>The purpose of my study is to examine if the total study results differ between music classes and regular classes. Are there higher grades in music classes? If so, what are the causes for this? I chose to make an inquiry at two schools in different town districts, with music classes. At those schools I also collected data of pupils grades, and was informed by the principals and the music teachers about the activities. The number of respondents were ninety.</p><p>The inquiry showed that the grades were markedly better in music classes, and that you can see great differences in well-being, parental engagement and ambition level, compared to regular classes. The study gives several factors. The social background has some significance. The group effect of the music playing and the well-being in class has good influence on the grades.</p>

The purpose of my study is to examine if the total study results differ between music classes and regular classes. Are there higher grades in music classes? If so, what are the causes for this? I chose to make an inquiry at two schools in different town districts, with music classes. At those schools I also collected data of pupils grades, and was informed by the principals and the music teachers about the activities. The number of respondents were ninety. The inquiry showed that the grades were markedly better in music classes, and that you can see great differences in well-being, parental engagement and ambition level, compared to regular classes. The study gives several factors. The social background has some significance. The group effect of the music playing and the well-being in class has good influence on the grades.

This thesis intends to analyze the influence of diversity in deep-level characteristics of team members on team dynamics. Intragroup conflict (relationship and task conflict) and team cohesiveness are selected as the group dynamics to be studied. Deep-level diversity is investigated with respect to personality traits (extraversion and time-urgency) and values (individualism) of team members. In addition, the moderating effect of time on the diversity- team dynamic relationship is analyzed. For the purpose of testing the hypotheses, a questionnaire study was conducted with 297 individuals from 55 teams, employed in defense and IT companies in Ankara. All analyses were performed at the group level. The results indicated that deep-level diversity in individualism was positively associated with relationship conflict in groups. Contrary to the hypothesis, it was also found that time played a neutralizing role on the effects of deep-level diversity on team conflict

Syfte med denna uppsats är att kritiskt granska och analysera Irving Janis begrepp groupthink samt bedöma om det är en hållbar teori. De frågeställningar jag valt att behandla är:  Vilken kritik har och kan riktas mot Irving L Janis groupthink teori?  På vilket sätt har groupthink teorin utvecklats sedan uppkomsten? För att besvara frågorna och uppfylla mitt syfte så genomförde jag en litteraturstudie där jag utgick från en kvalitativ ansats. Resultatet visade att sedan Janis myntade begreppet 1972 har kritiken främst riktats mot det bristfälliga stöd teorin fått, dess negativa utformning samt Janis snäva inriktning på när groupthink leder till fiaskon. Utifrån denna kritik och min egna analytiska förmåga kommer jag fram till groupthink teorin inte är att ses som en hållbar teori. Det sätt groupthink teorin utvecklats på är att den gett upphov till flera andra förklaringsmodeller när det gäller beslutsfattande i grupp samt att den verkat som en katalysator för detta område inom smågruppsforskningen. / The purpose of this study is to critically examine Irving Janis groupthink concept and to evaluate if it is a sustainable theory. The issues I have chosen to examine are:  What criticisms have been and can be directed against Irving L Janis Groupthink theory?  How has the groupthink theory evolved since its creation? To answer these questions and to achieve my purpose, a literature review was conducted based upon a qualitative approach. The results showed that since Janis coined the term groupthink in 1972, criticism has mainly focused on the flawed amount of received support for the theory, its negative form, and Janis narrow focus on failures. Based on this critique and my own analytical skills brings me to the conclusion that group think theory is not to be seen as a sustainable theory. The way groupthink theory developed is that it have given rise to several other possible explanations in terms of decision making in groups and that it acted as a catalyst for this area in small-group research.

The purpose of this work is to create more knowledge about the teacher's perceptions of group dynamics and its impact on school activities. How do teachers opportunities and obstacles in order to influence group dynamics among students. The questions I have answered is how the teachers see the importance of a functioning group dynamics in school, how teachers work with group dynamics and how teachers describe the opportunities and obstacles for effective group dynamics. The method I am using at work is a qualitative research method that involves obtaining the teachers' own thoughts, feelings and experiences around the right questions. I have interviewed three teachers in primary schools in the county of Stockholm to find out their particular approach. The theory I have assumed is that the teacher's attitude affects group dynamics in class, where a democratic approach should permeate the teaching and its values. They summarized the conclusions I have is that teachers have a major impact on the group's importance and that they are working from it in different ways. The benefits of a working group dynamics is that you get a sense of security in the class to be developed further. How this security is created by the interaction between the teacher and the group where the teacher's value system work becomes central. Teachers agree that they have considerable potential to influence the dynamics of class and see obstacles including language difficulties, conflicts, and many different views to consider.

Primary and secondary school students (Setzer, Lewis, and Greene, 2005), college students (I. E. Allen and Seaman, 2003, 2004), and corporate employees (Galvin, 2002) are all engaging more and more in some form of online or blended online/face-to-face education. Given the large number of pedagogical and design choices that we must make, however, where do we begin when designing new environments? I argue that its important for us to consider how technological design choices interact with pedagogical choices and cognitive states to affect learning behaviors. To illustrate this, I examine the impact of synchronous chat media on educational discussions. Specifically, I ask two questions: (1) Since research has often reported that chat environments promote conversational equity (e.g., Warschauer, 1997), which features of synchronous text-based chat seem to help create conversational equity? and (2) how does this change impact the content of small group discussions? Using ethnographic-style observations and quasi-experimental studies, I show how changing conversational media influences (or doesnt) the resulting discussion among students. I present three results: * Certain properties of the chat medium seem to discourage conversational dominance by any one individual through (a) denying that individual mechanisms to control the conversational floor and (b) reducing the inhibition felt by shy or otherwise disempowered students. * The choice of medium does not seem to affect the quality of discussion content nearly as much as other variables. * Efficiency is diminished in chatrooms; achieving quality discussions online requires significantly more time because (a) typing is slower than speaking and (b) students are able to do other, parallel activities while engaging in a chat discussion. In the conclusion, I examine the broader implications of these findings for the design of conversational environments, whether for educational or business use.