Bakgrund: Föreskriften den svenska koden för bolagsstyrning (Koden) började år 2005 gälla för svenska börsnoterade bolag med förutsättningen ”följ eller förklara”. Syftet med Koden är att se till att bolagen styrs på ett sådant sätt att de uppfyller ägarnas krav på avkastning på det investerade kapitalet, god bolagsstyrning. I Koden föreskrivs bland annat att styrelsens sammansättning ska präglas av mångsidighet, bredd och att jämn könsfördelning ska eftersträvas. Undersökningar som gjorts om styrelsesammansättningar innan Kodens införande visar att den viktigaste faktorn vid nominering av styrelseledamöter är att personen har VD-erfarenhet. Vilket utrymme föreskriften om mångsidighet, bredd och strävan efter en jämn könsfördelning har fått vid valberedningarnas nominering av ledamöter samt i styrelsernas sammansättning är inget som har undersökts vidare efter Kodens införande. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga tre svenska börsbolags styrelsesammansättningar med fokus på mångsidighet och bredd, samt styrelsens representation av män och kvinnor. Detta för att söka förklaringar till valberedningarnas påverkan på sammansättningen, samt hur Kodens föreskrift om mångfald uppfattas i bolagen. Resultatet kan möjliggöra en värdering av bolagskodens rekommendation om mångsidighet, bredd och strävan efter en jämn könsfördelning i styrelsesammansättningen. Metod: En kvalitativ undersökningsmetod används för att förklara och belysas syftet med undersökningen. Metoden ämnar ge en personlig förståelse och syn på om Koden påverkat företagens styrelsesammansättning samt vilken betydelse valberedningen har för sammansättningarna. För att besvara problemställningen och syftet har en dokumentstudie genomförts av tre bolag samt personliga intervjuer med respondenter från respektive företag. Teoretiska perspektiv: Den teoretiska referensramen innefattar mångfaldsteorin, gruppdynamik i team, kvinnliga egenskapers specifika tillförande, antal kvinnor i styrelsen och meritokratiska perspektivet. Empiri: Det empiriska materialet består dels av dokumentstudier av årsredovisningar, valberedningsrapporter och annan dokumentation till årsstämman för tre bolag inom dagligvaru- och detaljhandeln; Hakon Invest, Cloetta och Hemtex, dels av intervjuer med två personer från styrelsen samt en valberedningsrepresentant från respektive bolag. Resultat och slutsatser: Studien påvisar att Kodens föreskrift om valberedningar har haft en indirekt påverkan på styrelsesammansättningarna, då det blivit en mer transparant och vidare nomineringsprocess. Kodens föreskrift om strävan efter en jämn könsfördelning har vidare haft en inverkan på dessa tre bolags styrelsesammansättningar, då valberedningarna tar hänsyn till kön i deras arbete. Övriga mångfaldsfaktorer har inte haft någon markant inverkan på sammansättningen, då det är kompetens i form av VD- och branscherfarenhet som prioriteras vid nominering av styrelseledamöter för att nå ett optimalt beslutsfattande. / Background: The regulation of the Swedish Corporate Governance Code (the Code) started in practice with listed Swedish companies, in 2005, with the premise of "comply or explain". The purpose of the Code is to ensure that the companies are controlled in such a way as to meet the demands of the shareholders for return on invested capital and good corporate governance. The Code provides that boards must be characterized by versatility, breadth and gender distribution should be sought. Surveys of boards, before the Code's introduction, show that the main factor in the nomination of directors is that the person has been Chief Executive Officer. The provision of versatility, breadth and the quest for gender distribution when nominating the directors and in the composition of the boards, has not been investigated further after the introduction of the Code. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the boards of three listed Swedish companies with focus on versatility, breadth and the board's representation of both genders. This is to seek explanations for the Nomination Committee's impact on the composition of the board, but also how the Code's provision on diversity is seen in the different companies. The results allow a rating of the Code's recommendation on versatility, breadth and the quest for balance in the composition of the board. Methodology: A qualitative survey method is used to explain and illuminate the aim with this survey. The method's intention is to give a personal understanding and sights about the Swedish Code's influence on the board composition of the companies, which importance the Nominating Committees have for the compositions. A document study and interviews, with the three companies, has been done in order to respond to the problem. Theoretical perspectives: The theoretical framework includes the diversity theory, team group dynamics and contribution of the female characteristics, which includes the number of women in boards with a meritocratic perspective. Empirical foundation: The empirical material consists of document studies of annual reports, committee reports and other documentation of the Annual General Meeting in the three companies in the Retail Trade Industry; Hakon Invest, Cloetta and Hemtex. Moreover, the empirical material is based on interviews with two members of the board and one Nominating Committee representative from each company. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the Code's provisions for Nominating Committees have had an indirect impact on boards’ composition. Therefore it has become a more transparent and wider nomination process. The Code's provision, on the pursuit of gender balance, has also had an impact on the board compositions of the above-mentioned companies. This is because the Nomination Committees are taking account of gender in their work. Other diversity factors had no significant effect on the composition, because the expertise of a Chief Executive Officer, and industry experience is a priority of the nomination of directors, to reach optimal decisions.

Role theory is generally presented as a way of describing human interactions. Role dynamics describes the psychosocial phenomenon in terms of the various roles and role components being played and actively manipulated as a part of interpersonal interactions. The concept of role offers a general unit of interaction involving a complex of behaviour, expectation, and overt or covert consensual agreement. Therefore, roles can be thought of as expectations one has about social behaviour and as functions or positions. Groups are fundamental to human behaviour - without them individuals would have great difficulty surviving. People thrive on the interdependent relationships they find in groups. In some groups you participate as a leader, while in others you assume the role of follower. In many ways, the groups you have chosen to join reflect your interests and what motivates you. Group dynamics refers to the interactions within a group that characterize the group. The dynamics of the group can be fostered through good leadership as well, and the processes involved are most effective when they facilitate the group toward meeting its goal. The concept of leadership is a central building block of the conventional wisdom of organization and management. The definition of leadership leads to a variety of possibilities, which leads to the conclusion that the definition of leadership should depend on the purposes to be Served by the definition. One complex definition that has evolved, delineates effective leadership as the interaction among members of a group that initiates and maintains improved expectations and the competence of the group to solve problems or to attain goals. A general weakness of higher education has been its inability or unwillingness to make constructive and consistent use of student leadership as an advocate for the institution. From the perspective of student leadership, the fact that student advocacy is rarely utilized to its full potential represents a significant missed opportunity among our nation's universities. If the potential for leadership among these students were systematically cultivated, a new and powerful voice could be created that would go far in helping universities explain their missions and needs to lawmakers, the media and the voting public. Little research has been reported on student organizations. Literature involving student organizations dealt with the role organizations play in student involvement and student development. Reported research on the use of organization development in university student organizations described new practices, programmes and techniques for working with student organizations but did not reflect attempts to measure the effectiveness of interventions. This research provides readers with additional opportunities to explore the characteristics of effective groups and leaders and the leadership process. It is intended to move student leaders beyond the theory of leadership and closer to the world of practice and application. The major objectives of the study are: 0 How effectively and autonomously do student councils function as groups at tertiary institutions and how prepared are the members of the student councils to assume the leadership role? Are there statistical significant differences between biographical variables and the variables of group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership? Is there a relationship between group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership? The research study is divided into a theoretical and empirical framework. Various aspects of role theory, groups and leadership outline the theoretical basis. The empirical study is carried out by way of a questionnaire and the data is analysed according to specific statistical methods. The empirical study was conducted amongst members of student councils at different tertiary institutions in South Africa. The major findings of the study supported the set of research objectives and were the following: Group effectiveness It has been determined that most student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population are aware of their mission, are satisfied with achieving their goals, take possession, communicate openly and honest with members and have clear roles and norms. Autonomy Most of the student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population have satisfactory autonomy regarding work methods, work scheduling and work criteria. Leadership Student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population are prepared to assume their leadership roles. Differences between biographical variables and group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership Perceivable differences between gender and leadership in the student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population exist but are of no statistical significance. The relationship between the subvariables of group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership It has been determined that there is a relationship between the subvariables of group effectiveness and autonomy. No practical statistic significance relationships have been determined between leadership and autonomy for the study population. Further research on leadership as a process of group dynamics is recommended. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

This dissertation examines decision making as discourse to capture subtle characteristics and processes within top management team discussions and examines their influence on decision outcomes. Additionally, this approach allows for exploration of decision making processes in real time by utilizing audio analysis techniques that can provide a more dynamic and integrative view of conversations and discussions as they relate to the dialogue and debate that goes on within top management teams, as well as providing an alternate pathway of study for top management team and group research, decision making studies, and the fields of communication and conversational analysis.

No description available.

Role theory is generally presented as a way of describing human interactions. Role dynamics describes the psychosocial phenomenon in terms of the various roles and role components being played and actively manipulated as a part of interpersonal interactions. The concept of role offers a general unit of interaction involving a complex of behaviour, expectation, and overt or covert consensual agreement. Therefore, roles can be thought of as expectations one has about social behaviour and as functions or positions. Groups are fundamental to human behaviour - without them individuals would have great difficulty surviving. People thrive on the interdependent relationships they find in groups. In some groups you participate as a leader, while in others you assume the role of follower. In many ways, the groups you have chosen to join reflect your interests and what motivates you. Group dynamics refers to the interactions within a group that characterize the group. The dynamics of the group can be fostered through good leadership as well, and the processes involved are most effective when they facilitate the group toward meeting its goal. The concept of leadership is a central building block of the conventional wisdom of organization and management. The definition of leadership leads to a variety of possibilities, which leads to the conclusion that the definition of leadership should depend on the purposes to be Served by the definition. One complex definition that has evolved, delineates effective leadership as the interaction among members of a group that initiates and maintains improved expectations and the competence of the group to solve problems or to attain goals. A general weakness of higher education has been its inability or unwillingness to make constructive and consistent use of student leadership as an advocate for the institution. From the perspective of student leadership, the fact that student advocacy is rarely utilized to its full potential represents a significant missed opportunity among our nation's universities. If the potential for leadership among these students were systematically cultivated, a new and powerful voice could be created that would go far in helping universities explain their missions and needs to lawmakers, the media and the voting public. Little research has been reported on student organizations. Literature involving student organizations dealt with the role organizations play in student involvement and student development. Reported research on the use of organization development in university student organizations described new practices, programmes and techniques for working with student organizations but did not reflect attempts to measure the effectiveness of interventions. This research provides readers with additional opportunities to explore the characteristics of effective groups and leaders and the leadership process. It is intended to move student leaders beyond the theory of leadership and closer to the world of practice and application. The major objectives of the study are: 0 How effectively and autonomously do student councils function as groups at tertiary institutions and how prepared are the members of the student councils to assume the leadership role? Are there statistical significant differences between biographical variables and the variables of group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership? Is there a relationship between group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership? The research study is divided into a theoretical and empirical framework. Various aspects of role theory, groups and leadership outline the theoretical basis. The empirical study is carried out by way of a questionnaire and the data is analysed according to specific statistical methods. The empirical study was conducted amongst members of student councils at different tertiary institutions in South Africa. The major findings of the study supported the set of research objectives and were the following: Group effectiveness It has been determined that most student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population are aware of their mission, are satisfied with achieving their goals, take possession, communicate openly and honest with members and have clear roles and norms. Autonomy Most of the student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population have satisfactory autonomy regarding work methods, work scheduling and work criteria. Leadership Student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population are prepared to assume their leadership roles. Differences between biographical variables and group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership Perceivable differences between gender and leadership in the student councils at tertiary institutions in the study population exist but are of no statistical significance. The relationship between the subvariables of group effectiveness, autonomy and leadership It has been determined that there is a relationship between the subvariables of group effectiveness and autonomy. No practical statistic significance relationships have been determined between leadership and autonomy for the study population. Further research on leadership as a process of group dynamics is recommended. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Building and maintaining trust is a necessary condition for group cohesion. In order to successful collaborative group process in online learning environment, development of trust must be understood in online teams. Difference communication behaviors in the online teams with different trust levels were investigated in this research. Participants were 61 students in an undergraduate level who enrolled in the online course. In this research, online teams&amp / #8217 / collaborative communication behaviors were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods to understand the factors that facilitate and deepen trust. Data were obtained from questionnaires and online class discussion archives. One of the findings of the study was that trust is built and maintained in online teams. Another finding was that online trust can be fragile and certain communication behaviors should be presented by members to deepen and maintain the trust level. The results of the study showed that there must be social interaction, enthusiasm, task oriented interaction, equal and predictable communication, and feedback among the member of online teams to built and maintain trust.

The view regarding social units as entities in their own right disappeared from scientific consideration in the mid-twentieth century as much for political and ideological reasons as scientific ones. Yet group psychotherapy rediscovered these ideas. The problem to re-establish them scientifically is lack of empirical methodology for investigating whole groups. / The study integrated theories of groups as psychic entities from sociology, social psychology and group psychotherapy to form hypotheses about therapeutic groups" functioning. Four dimensions of whole-group function were derived: Structure, Cognitive Organisation, Affect, and Action Coherence. An observational instrument, the "Group Function Record," was developed, categories defined for each dimension and a procedure established to rate minute-by-minute group function from videotaped psychotherapy groups. Therapists" Interventions were also recorded. The instrument treats the group as the object of study and quality of collective functioning is rated irrespective of members present or their roles. Reliability was established and ratings were made of one latency and four adolescent yearlong groups. / Results substantiated an eight-phase developmental sequence derived from the group development literature and outlined a theory of group formation. The most challenging, but creative state was found to be when the group is whole with all members in communication, though it is unstable and often managed by breaking into subgroups. A linear relation existed showing that the smaller the group, the better it functions. Groups also function best with one or two members missing, but more absentees threaten the group’s existence. More highly organized groups are more stable, but tend to destabilize when they become self-reflective. Homeostatic self-correcting tendencies and a close relationship between affective and action changes were evident. Change towards unpleasurable affect is associated with change from cooperation to conflict and vice versa. Crises tend to be precipitated by affective change, but correct themselves within the next minute or two. The effects of Therapists" Interventions towards members, the group or both were analyzed. Group interventions initially tend to reduce functionality, followed by improvement after several minutes; member interventions have inconsistent effects; interventions to group and members in the same minute tend to produce immediate improved function. / The findings and their implications for therapeutic goals and technique with adolescents are discussed in relation to the theoretical background. Considerable merit is found in the collective mentality theories, many of whose postulates are validated. Indications for therapeutic technique are outlined from the findings. The method provides a different view of group process posing new questions and suggesting simple techniques are therapeutically potent. Further avenues of research are suggested.

Denna essä handlar om skitsnack och socialt samspel på en arbetsplats belyst ur olika perspektiv. Med start i två berättelser tagna från mitt yrkesliv inom förskolan för jag en diskussion, utifrån teorier, i syfte att förstå varför jag agerat och kommunicerat som jag gjorde i dessa händelser samt vad som påverkar en individs handlande. Mina berättelser beskriver en händelse där jag har åsikter om vad en kollega säger om chefen samt en annan händelse där mina kollegor är upprörda över hur chefen uttrycker sig i ett brev. Forskningsfrågorna handlar om vad skitsnack är, varför det uppstår och fortgår och vad som kan påverka hur man interagerar och kommunicerar med sina kollegor. Jag försöker i essän tolka hur jag kommunicerar i de beskrivna situationerna och vad som ligger bakom mitt beteende. Jag ger en förklaring till hur man kan se på skitsnack och hur man kan tolka det sociala samspelet kollegor emellan genom tre etiska perspektiv - yrkesetik, pliktetik samt diskursetik. Även utifrån teorier om gruppdynamik och makt tolkas situationerna och mitt agerande.Jag kommer fram till att skitsnack kan ses på olika sätt, allt från lättare småprat till att baktala någon. Jag beskriver att det finns mycket som ligger bakom en individs sätt att kommunicera på en arbetsplats, till exempel kulturen inom organisationen samt individens och gruppens etiska grundtankar. Osäkerhet och otydlighet är en faktor som framträder och kan påverka sättet att prata med, eller om, varandra inom en grupp. Utöver det kommer jag fram till att en förskola kan vara en otydlig organisation på grund av att arbetssättet där man jobbar i arbetslag kan krocka med en hierarkisk modell som finns beskriven i till exempel läroplanen. / This essay is about gossip (the swedish word ”skitsnack” hasn´t an english word that means the same thing. ”Skitsnack” means everything from smalltalk, to gossip, to slander. I use gossip because it is quite near) and social interaction in the workplace, seen from different perspectives. Starting with two scenarios taken from my professional life in pre-school, I discuss based on theories in order to understand why I acted and communicated as I did in those events and what influences an individual's actions. My stories describe an event where I have opinions about what one colleague says about our manager, and another event where my colleagues are upset about how our manager expresses herself in a letter. The research questions are about what gossip is, why it occurs and continues, and what can influence how people interact and communicate with their colleagues. I try in this essay to interpret how I communicate in the described situations and what lies behind my behavior. I give an explanation of how to identify what gossip is and how to interpret the social interaction between colleagues through three ethical perspectives - professional ethics, deontology and discourse ethics. Through theories of group dynamics and power I interpret the situations and my actions. I conclude that gossip can be seen to range from small talk to slander. I describe that there is much that lies behind an individual's way of communicating in the workplace, for example the culture within an organization as well as the ethical thoughts of the individual and the group. Uncertainty and lack of clarity is one factor that emerges and this may affect the way we talk to, or about, each other within a group. Beyond that, I concluded that a pre-school can be an indistinct organization since working in teams may clash with a hierarchical model that is described in the curriculum.

I denna uppsats undersöks hur studenter och lärare uppfattar att gruppundervisningen påverkar viktiga moment för blivande artister. Är det viktigt att se andra uppträda ur ett inlärningsperspektiv? Vad betyder gruppen for individens prestation? Vad finns för forskning om olika typer av gruppundervisning som t.ex. peer-learning och masterclass? Även forskning om hur grupper påverkar individen har varit intressant. Undersökningen fokuserar på ämnet interpretation i masterclass-form för sångare, där syftet varit att undersöka studenters och lärares uppfattningar om hur gruppundervisning påverkar inlärningsprocessen av artistspecifika moment så som nervositet, scenvana, scennärvaro, repertoarkännedom m.m. Denna undersökning är gjord i enkätform och där lärare, och studerande som fortsatt till högre utbildning inom sång, har medverkat. Resultatet visar att uppfattningen är att masterclass-formen har varit mycket viktig för studenternas utveckling i sitt framtida yrkesval. En viktig och återkommande åsikt har varit att kontinuiteten och frekvensen av ämnet är vital för att uppnå goda resultat.

Studien är baserad på nio stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltagare som har eller jobbar med improvisationsteater i grupp i minst tre år. Den tillämpade metoden är kvalitativ. Analysen och bearbetningen bestod utav en tematisk analys. Syftet med studien var att under- söka improvisatörers upplevelser av sitt yrke. De tre teman som framkom genom analysen var ”Känslan av att befinna sig i nuet”, ”Gruppens betydelse” och ”Att föra berättelsen framåt”. Resultatet visade att improvisatörernas upplevelse av sitt yrke hade stor inverkan på dem själva. Detta i forma av samhörighet, självförtroende, flow och kreativt tänkande. Resultatet visade även svårigheterna med att improvisera och hur deltagarna resonerade för att skapa en före- ställning. / The study is based on nine semi-structured interviews with participants who have worked or who are working with improvisation theater for at least three years.The applied method is qualitative. The analysis and processing consisted of a thematic analysis. The purpose of the study was to investigate improvisers' experiences of their profession. The three themes emerged from the analysis were "The feeling of being in the present", "The meaning of the group" and "Moving the story forward". The result showed that improvisation as a form of theater has a big impact on the participants in terms of happiness, self-esteem and flow. The result also showed the difficulty of improvising and how the participants reasoned to create a good performance.