Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4131.pdf: 5121698 bytes, checksum: 60d237f10f43ef96eeb3676d4f0f3c7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-02 / This dissertation refers to the specification, execution and build s control in masonry structural of ceramic blocks, according to the current standard ABNT NBR 15812 (ABNT, 2010). The specification was evaluated by testing the compressive strength of mortar, blocks, grout, prisms and walls, which are materials constituted of various combinations, in order to define their efficiency factors. The relationship between the compressive strength in hollow blocks and prism and in blocks filled up with mortar or grout has been established, showing, as result, loss of strength in prism when the mortar was dosed with excess water. Also, there was a variation in resistance of the filled prism when the executive procedure was improved by the implementation of re-densification. Finally, It was explained the execution and build s control in masonry structural of ceramic blocks, according to the existing literature and recommendations of NBR 15812 (ABNT, 2010). / Este trabalho trata da especificação, execução e controle de obras em alvenaria estrutural de blocos cerâmicos conforme a NBR 15812 (ABNT, 2010). Na etapa de especificação foi avaliada, através de ensaios, a resistência à compressão de argamassas, blocos, grautes, prismas e paredes, constituídos por diversas combinações, concluindo, para os materiais estudados os seus respectivos fatores de eficiência. Foram estabelecidas relações de resistência à compressão de blocos e prismas ocos e cheios por argamassa ou graute. Foi verificada a perda na resistência de prismas quando a argamassa é dosada com excesso de água. Também se verificou a variação da resistência de prisma cheio quando melhorado o procedimento executivo através da execução de re-adensamento. Por fim, foram sistematizadas a execução e controle de obras de alvenaria estrutural de blocos cerâmicos de acordo com a bibliografia existente e recomendações da NBR 15812 (ABNT, 2010).

Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos referentes ao comportamento mecânico e ao contato nata-rocha de dois arenitos da Serra do Espigão, no estado de Santa Catarina, localizados em um trecho de 700m na BR-116 km 108 com histórico de problemas de instabilidade de encostas. No local, observam-se duas formações geológicas, a Formação Rio do Rastro, composta por sedimentos transicionais em pacotes de arenitos e lamitos, e a Formação Botucatu, composta por arenitos eólicos. Neste estudo foram obtidas mais de uma centena de amostras que foram submetidas a análises de lâmina delgada e difratometria de raio X, além de ensaios de granulometria, compressão simples e ensaios CCBT (Composity Cylinder Bond Test). As amostras foram extraídas diretamente da face do talude e também de blocos remanescentes de rupturas no bordo da pista através de uma perfuratriz manual. Para o arenito Botucatu, foram realizados cortes em posição paralela, perpendicular e angular em relação ao plano de estratificação natural da rocha sedimentar. No ensaio de compressão simples avaliou-se a influência da estratificação do arenito Botucatu, bem como a variação na resistência de amostras embebidas e, ainda, a relevância da profundidade amostral na resistência. Os resultados revelaram que a estratificação do arenito Botucatu apresenta forte influência na resistência desta. Para o arenito Rio do Rastro não foram observados planos de estratificação em escala amostral. Ambos os arenitos apresentam considerável queda de resistência ao serem embebidos. Os resultados dos ensaios CCBT puderam ser comparados com ensaios de arrancamento em campo, apresentando valores numéricos muito próximos. A adesão obtida através do ensaio CCBT representa o limite inferior de resistência de contato, podendo ser utilizado diretamente como parâmetro de projeto da adesão nata-rocha. Observou-se em laboratório que o material pulverizado do corte dos corpos de prova compostos tem influência na adesão nata-rocha uma vez que este material promove a colmatação da superfície porosa. As análises de lâmina delgada e difração de raio X contribuíram para a caracterização e identificação geológica dos materiais estudados, bem como para a interpretação dos resultados. / In this research, the grout-rock contact and the mechanical behavior of two sandstones were studied. The samples were collected from a highway cut slope (700m long) at km 108 of BR- 116 from Serra do Espigão in the State of Santa Catarina, which has an history of instability problems. There are two geological Formations: Rio do Rastro Formation, composed of transitional sediment packages of sandstones and mudstones and the Botucatu Formation composed of eolian sandstones. In this work more than one hundred samples were taken for optical thin section microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and tests of grading, uniaxial compression tests and CCBT (Composity Cylinder Bond Test). Samples were taken directly from the slope and also from rock blocks toppled by the road using a portable hand drill. For sampling Botucatu sandstone cuts were made in order to obtain specimens with the natural stratification parallel, perpendicular and angular in relation to its axis. Uniaxial compression test were used to evaluate the influence of these angles of stratification of Botucatu sandstone and the influence of previous soaking. For Rio do Rastro sandstone specimens no bedding planes were observed at the sample scale. The results showed that the Botucatu sandstone strength has a strong influence with respect to its stratification. Both sandstones exhibit considerable loss in strength due to soaking. Pullout field test results which compared well with CCBT. The CCBT results represents the lower limit of rock-grout contact strength and can be used directly as the bond strength design parameter. In the laboratory tests it was also observed that the powdered material resultant from the specimens cutting operations have a considerable influence on the grout-rock bond strength as this material promotes clogging of the porous surface. The grading and the microscopic and diffraction analyses contributed to the characterization and identification of geological materials studied and the results interpretation.

Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos referentes ao comportamento mecânico e ao contato nata-rocha de dois arenitos da Serra do Espigão, no estado de Santa Catarina, localizados em um trecho de 700m na BR-116 km 108 com histórico de problemas de instabilidade de encostas. No local, observam-se duas formações geológicas, a Formação Rio do Rastro, composta por sedimentos transicionais em pacotes de arenitos e lamitos, e a Formação Botucatu, composta por arenitos eólicos. Neste estudo foram obtidas mais de uma centena de amostras que foram submetidas a análises de lâmina delgada e difratometria de raio X, além de ensaios de granulometria, compressão simples e ensaios CCBT (Composity Cylinder Bond Test). As amostras foram extraídas diretamente da face do talude e também de blocos remanescentes de rupturas no bordo da pista através de uma perfuratriz manual. Para o arenito Botucatu, foram realizados cortes em posição paralela, perpendicular e angular em relação ao plano de estratificação natural da rocha sedimentar. No ensaio de compressão simples avaliou-se a influência da estratificação do arenito Botucatu, bem como a variação na resistência de amostras embebidas e, ainda, a relevância da profundidade amostral na resistência. Os resultados revelaram que a estratificação do arenito Botucatu apresenta forte influência na resistência desta. Para o arenito Rio do Rastro não foram observados planos de estratificação em escala amostral. Ambos os arenitos apresentam considerável queda de resistência ao serem embebidos. Os resultados dos ensaios CCBT puderam ser comparados com ensaios de arrancamento em campo, apresentando valores numéricos muito próximos. A adesão obtida através do ensaio CCBT representa o limite inferior de resistência de contato, podendo ser utilizado diretamente como parâmetro de projeto da adesão nata-rocha. Observou-se em laboratório que o material pulverizado do corte dos corpos de prova compostos tem influência na adesão nata-rocha uma vez que este material promove a colmatação da superfície porosa. As análises de lâmina delgada e difração de raio X contribuíram para a caracterização e identificação geológica dos materiais estudados, bem como para a interpretação dos resultados. / In this research, the grout-rock contact and the mechanical behavior of two sandstones were studied. The samples were collected from a highway cut slope (700m long) at km 108 of BR- 116 from Serra do Espigão in the State of Santa Catarina, which has an history of instability problems. There are two geological Formations: Rio do Rastro Formation, composed of transitional sediment packages of sandstones and mudstones and the Botucatu Formation composed of eolian sandstones. In this work more than one hundred samples were taken for optical thin section microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and tests of grading, uniaxial compression tests and CCBT (Composity Cylinder Bond Test). Samples were taken directly from the slope and also from rock blocks toppled by the road using a portable hand drill. For sampling Botucatu sandstone cuts were made in order to obtain specimens with the natural stratification parallel, perpendicular and angular in relation to its axis. Uniaxial compression test were used to evaluate the influence of these angles of stratification of Botucatu sandstone and the influence of previous soaking. For Rio do Rastro sandstone specimens no bedding planes were observed at the sample scale. The results showed that the Botucatu sandstone strength has a strong influence with respect to its stratification. Both sandstones exhibit considerable loss in strength due to soaking. Pullout field test results which compared well with CCBT. The CCBT results represents the lower limit of rock-grout contact strength and can be used directly as the bond strength design parameter. In the laboratory tests it was also observed that the powdered material resultant from the specimens cutting operations have a considerable influence on the grout-rock bond strength as this material promotes clogging of the porous surface. The grading and the microscopic and diffraction analyses contributed to the characterization and identification of geological materials studied and the results interpretation.

The assessment of ageing tunnels requires a deeper understanding of the long-term behaviour of twin tunnels, whilst lack of permeability data limits the accuracy of long-term predictions. This thesis therefore investigates long-term twin-tunnel behaviour through finite-element parametric analyses, and provides additional pereability data through laboratory studies. Permeability tests are performed on fissured London Clay, exploring the effect of isotropic stress cycles on the permeability of fissures. A model explaining the permeability-stress relationship is proposed to explain irrecoverable changes observed in fissure permeability, and is formulated mathematically for numerical implementation. Laboratory investigations are performed on grout from the London Underground tunnels, investigating permeability, porosity, microstructure and composition. A deterioration process is proposed to explain observations, consisting of acid attack and leaching. The deterioration had appeared to transform the grout from impermeable to permeable relative to the soil. The change in grout permeability with time would strongly influence long-term movements. The long-term behaviour of single tunnels is investigated in a finite-element parametric study. A new method is formulated to predict long-term horizontal and vertical surface displacements after excavation of a single tunnel, and incorporates an improved measure of relative soil-lining permeability. The study also predicts significant surface movements during the consolidation period, contradicting the lack of further building damage observed in the field. A further parametric study also investigates the long-term behaviour of twin tunnels. Key interaction mechanisms are identified, leading to the postulation of the long-term interaction behaviour under different tunnelling conditions. Long-term interaction is found to be complex and significant, and should be accounted for in numerical simulations.

This thesis investigates the tensile performance of unconfined lap splices in specimens constructed from interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) units. All lap splice specimens were constructed from hollow ICEB half units with one side grouting channel. ICEB units used in this research were exclusively produced from the Soeng Thai Model BP6 block press. The BP6 block press is currently manufactured in Thailand under the guidance and direction of the Center of Vocational Building Technologies (CVBT). All ICEB units and grout constructed for this research were created from mix proportions of soil, sand, cement, and water. Rebar bar sizes were restricted to M10 (#3) and M13 (#4) for all lap splice specimens due to the limited area of the hollow 2-inch diameter rebar cavity of the ICEB unit. The limited size and strength of the ICEB units also made the use of larger bar diameters impractical. Three ICEB unit types of varying strengths (3.78 MPa, 7.81 MPa, and 11.38 MPa) and three grout types of varying strengths (1.35 MPa, 7.47 MPa, and 15.50 MPa) were developed and used to construct all specimens. The measured ICEB lap splice specimen strengths were compared against the predicted strength calculated from the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC). Findings suggested that the MSJC design equation did not adequately predict the lap splice strength of specimens, particularly for specimens constructed from weaker materials. The measured ICEB lap splice results were used to create a new ICEB lap splice design equation. This paper also investigates the compressive performance of fully grouted ICEB prisms constructed from the range of ICEB unit and grout strengths stated above. Findings suggested that the compressive strength of fully grouted ICEB prisms were exclusively controlled by the compressive strength of the ICEB units used to construct the prism. The strength of the grout had no discernable effect on the strength of the fully grouted prism. A design equation was proposed to calculate prism strengths based on measured strength results of ICEB units.

Gamla Årstabron i Stockholm uppvisade efter 80 år i drift omfattande skador på de bärande betongkonstruktionerna enligt en utredning som genomfördes 2006 av dåvarande Carl Bro AB på uppdrag av dåvarande Banverket Region Öst. Det konstaterades att omfattande reparationer och förstärkningar av brons betongvalv var nödvändiga för framtida rationell drift av bron. Det beslutades efter vidare utredning att de första tre valven på Södermalm i Stockholm skulle renoveras med injekteringsbetong. Renoveringen av de tre valven på fastlandet på Södermalm var ett prov i full skala för att hitta den optimala metodiken för den fortsatta renoveringen av resterande 17 betongvalv. Det här examensarbetet syftar till att utvärdera metoden med injekteringsbetong med hänsyn till injekteringsbetongens egenskaper, material och produktionsteknik.   Bakgrunden till detta examensarbete är att det finns ett stort behov av att följa upp renoveringsmetoden med injekteringsbetong eftersom den inte har använts i någon större utsträckning i Sverige sedan slutet av 1970-talet. Utvärderingen av injekteringsbetongens egenskaper har utförts genom att analysera resultaten av de provningar som utförts på betongen. Provningen har gått till så att utborrade kärnor och tillverkade provkuber har provats för bland annat tryck- och draghållfasthet (vidhäftning). Utvärderingen av material och produktionsteknik har gjorts genom observationer på arbetsplatsen där rapportförfattaren praktiserade hos NCC under juni och augusti 2008. Utöver praktiken har jag närvarat vid och dokumenterat många av de injekteringar som gjorts under projektets första år.   Huvudsyftet med att använda injekteringsbetong var att få fram en betong som uppvisar tillräckligt hög tryckhållfasthet, en viss draghållfasthet och en fri krympning av högst 0,2 ‰. Tyvärr var inte provtagningen tillräckligt omfattande för att dra statistiskt säkerställda slutsatser gällande betongens egenskaper. Det som dock kan sägas är att provtagningen samt information från nyckelpersoner från beställaren (numera Trafikverket) tenderar att bekräfta det som konstaterats i de förstudier som gjordes innan brorenoveringen startade, nämligen att injekteringsbetongen uppvisar en klart lägre krympning än konventionellt gjuten brobetong. Vad gäller tryck- och draghållfasthet så uppfyller den färdiga betongen de krav som ställdes.   Blandning av ingående material i form av ballast och cementbruk samt de enskilda materialens egenskaper visade sig vara en kritisk punkt, vilket bekräftar det som framgår av litteraturen på området. Att kravet på renhet hos ballasten, stenmaterialet, är uppfyllt är av yttersta vikt för slutresultatet. Dessutom är det mycket viktigt att cementbruket som blandas med vatten precis innan det injekteras i den stenfyllda formen håller mycket hög kvalité och är stabilt. I vissa aspekter ställer också metoden högre krav på yrkesarbetare, platsledning och övrig produktionspersonal som pumpförare jämfört med att gjuta med konventionell betong. Förutom de enskilda gruppernas kompetens är också samordningen och logistiken på arbetsplatsen en mycket viktig faktor. Att använda metoden innebär dessutom att beställare och specialister måste ha kunskap och förståelse för att metoden ur vissa synvinklar skiljer från konventionell betong, särskild med tanke på den begränsade användningen av metoden i Sverige i modern tid.   Baserat på slutresultatet av renoveringen, de provningar som utförts samt omdömen från nyckelpersoner hos beställaren var injekteringsbetong rätt metod att använda för att renovera Gamla Årstabron. / According to an investigation conducted in 2006 by the former Carl Bro AB commissioned by the former Swedish railway authority (Banverket), the old Årsta bridge in Stockholm, Sweden, was  after 80 years in operation showing signs of extensive damage on the load-bearing concrete structures. It was pointed out that the concrete vaults of the bridge needed to be repaired and reinforced in order to keep the bridge in an operational state. After further investigation it was decided that the first three vaults on the north side of the bridge were to be renovated by using pre-placed aggregate concrete. The renovation of the three vaults on the north side served as a full-scale test to find the best possible methodology for the continued renovation of the concrete structures that consists of another seventeen concrete vaults. This thesis aims to evaluate the method of using pre-placed aggregate concrete regarding its properties and materials as well as the construction technology.   The reason for this thesis is that there is a great need to follow up the renovation method using pre-placed aggregate concrete since it hasn’t been used in any great extent in Sweden since late 1970’s.The evaluation of the concrete’s properties has been done by analyzing the results of the testing that has been performed on the concrete. Test specimens consisting of concrete cores and fabricated cubes have been tested for compressive and tensile (bond) strength. The evaluation of materials and construction technology has been done by practical observations on the work site where the author worked as an intern for the contractor NCC during June and August 2008. Apart from my internship I also attended and documented many of the grouting occasions during the first year of the project.   The main intention of using pre-placed aggregate concrete was to produce a concrete with high compressive strength, certain tensile strength and a free shrinkage of at most 0,2 ‰. The testing of the concrete was unfortunately not extensive enough to draw any unambiguous conclusions concerning the properties of the concrete. The results of the tests performed as well as information from key persons from the current Swedish traffic administration (Trafikverket) do however tend to confirm what was found during the pilot studies conducted before the renovation of the bridge started, namely that the pre-placed aggregate concrete has a much lower shrinkage than conventional concrete normally used in bridges. As for compressive and tensile strength, the pre-placed aggregate concrete meets the quality requirements.    The mix of included materials, aggregate and cement-based grout, as well as the properties of the materials themselves turned out to be critical for the result, which the literature in the field confirms. The purity of the aggregate is essential for the result. Moreover, it’s very important that the cement-based grout is of high quality and stable. When comparing with traditional concreting, the method imposes higher requirements on the workforce, management and subcontractors, in some aspects. Two other key factors, apart from the competence of each group, are the coordination and the logistics on the worksite. Using pre-placed aggregate concrete also implies that clients and specialists must have knowledge and understanding concerning the differences compared to traditional concreting, especially since the method hasn’t been used in any greater extent in Sweden the last 40 years.   Based on the result of renovation, tests conducted and reviews from key persons at the Swedish transport administration the decision to use pre-placed aggregate concrete was the right one.

Detta examensarbete har gjorts i syfte att få fram förankringslängder till ett bergförankrat vindkraftverk. Målet med examensarbetet har varit att få fram längder på förankringstag och en prövning av flera olika stagvarianter har gjorts. Det dimensionerande momentet och egentyngden på vindkraftverket har tagits från ett tidigare projekt beläget i Solberg. Dessa krafter har fördelats ut till stagen och förankringslängder har tagits fram. De delar som har hanterats i rapporten utöver dimensioneringen är stagvarianter, borrning av stag, injekteringsbruk och provdragning. En bottenplatta i form av en oktogon har använts i dimensioneringsprocessen. Stagen har placerats i en cirkulär form i ett lager. Tre olika metoder har använts för att få den dimensionerande längden på förankringen. De tre metoderna hanterar: Vidhäftning mellan berg      och injekteringsbruk Vidhäftning mellan stål      och injekteringsbruk Bergkonsmetoden En analys har gjorts mellan dessa. För att lösa problemet har en litteraturstudie i olika böcker och eurokoder gjorts. Intervjuer med personer från olika företag med anknytning till förankringar har varit en bra grund till examensarbetet. Efter avslutade litteraturstudier har formler för beräkning av problemet tagits fram och fyra excel-modeller har upprättats för beräkning av förankringslängder. Ett beräkningsexempel på ett stag från Pretec har gjorts och förankringslängder har tagits fram. I resultaten har dragkraften i varje stag varierat mellan 1725 – 3747 kN, detta kan ses i tabell 6. Förankringsdjupet för de olika lastfallen varierar mellan 3 – 10 meter. De slutsatser som har gjorts är att förankringslängden ökar med sprucket berg då vidhäftningen är försämrad och att förankringslängden ökar med ökad påfrestning hos stagen. Metoden där förankringslängden bestäms med hjälp av bergkonsmetoden kan uteslutas vid homogent berg. / This master’s dissertation has been made in order to gain a deeper knowledge of how to design anchors to a wind turbine on rock. The goal of the master’s dissertation has been to produce lengths of anchors and trials of several different anchors have been made. The design overturning moment and the weight of the construction that occur in wind turbine has been distributed to the anchors and anchorage lengths have been calculated. The areas that have been handled are anchor variants, drilling, grouting and testing of the anchorage. A bottom plate in the form of an octagon has been used in the design process. The anchors have been placed into a circular shape in one layer. Three different methods of solution were used to design the length of the anchorage. The three different methods manage: Bond between rock and grout Adhesion between steel and grout Rock cone method An analysis has been made between them. To overcome this, a literature study in various books and Eurocodes have been made. Interviews with people from various companies related to the anchorages have been a good foundation for this master’s dissertation. After completing literary studies, the formulas for calculating the problem has been developed and several Excel models have been established for calculating the anchorage length. The results of the pulling force varied between 1725 - 3747 kN. Anchor lengths that have been calculated vary between 3-10 meters. A calculating example of an anchor from Pretec has been made and the anchorage length has been produced. The conclusions are that the anchor length increases with fractured rock where the adhesion is impaired and that the anchoring length increases with increased tension in the anchors. The method in which the anchor is determined by the length of the rock cone is very conservative and may be omitted.

The ENDURA block system is a dry-stack surface-bonded masonry system. Typical masonry construction uses thin-set mortar in the bed joints to provide a bearing surface for the blocks while the ENDURA system typically relies on shims and a surface bonding coat to ensure that the wall is level and plumb and to provide stability. Typical ENDURA block walls are built with the reinforcement placed eccentrically in the walls. Testing was performed on ten walls in order to determine axial capacity. The walls were ten feet high by eight feet wide. Each of the walls was built using a different configuration of block type, reinforcement spacing, and amount of grout. A steel frame with two hydraulic jacks was used to apply vertical load to the top of the walls. Three conclusions were drawn from the axial testing performed. First, typical ENDURA block walls built without thin set mortar in the bed joints have similar axial capacity to walls built with the thin set mortar. Second, walls built with un-reinforced cells grouted resisted significantly more load than walls built with only the reinforced cells grouted. Third, more research is required in order to establish a control and to determine whether the eccentrically placed rebar has a significant effect on the axial capacity of the walls.

Jet grouting was used to strengthen the soft soil surrounding the piles and the pile cap of two full-scale driven pile foundations. Soilcrete columns, created by jet grouting, were placed underneath the pile cap and surrounding the piles of the first foundation. Two rows of soilcrete columns were placed around the perimeter of one-side of the second. All of the jet grouting took place after construction of the pile caps. Laboratory testing of the soilcrete slurry showed the columns as having a design unconfined compressive strength of 550-650 psi, compared with the native soil strength of only 6-8 psi (850-1150 psf). Lateral loading of the pile foundation was then performed on these foundations. The results of this test were compared with a similar test performed on the same foundations under native soil conditions. The total lateral capacity of the pile foundation treated underneath the pile cap was increased by 500 kips, which equals an increase of 175%. The total lateral capacity of the pile foundation treated adjacent to the pile cap was 150%. Results of testing suggest that each of the jet-grout treated zones displaced as a rigid block. A majority of the increased lateral resistance came from the passive soil resistance acting on the face of the blocks and the adhesive soil resistance acting on the sides and bottom of the block as it displaced through the native soil. The remaining soil resistance, not accounted for by the passive and adhesive soil resistance, can potentially be attributed to increased soil pile interaction, which is predicted from the decrease in pile head rotation during loading following soil treatment.

Grouting has long been implemented as a ground improvement technique to reduce the seepage through the rock mass. Grout curtains are usually constructed under dams as a barrier to prevent leakage from the reservoir. So far, the grout curtains under dams have mainly been designed by using an empirical design approach. However, the empirical approach has its limitations. Generally, the usage of “rules of thumbs” makes the design highly dependent on the experience of the designers. Lack of experience can result in insufficient or over-conservative grout curtains. For example, the stop criteria for the grouting process adopted by the empirical approach can lead to long grouting time and thus becomes inefficient. In addition, high grouting pressure may cause unexpected deformations of the rock and open up new leakage paths. To deal with these limitations, a theory-based design methodology has been developed. Theories on rock grouting developed in recent decades are used to build up the design methodology. In the theory-based design methodology, the grout curtain is treated as a structural component in the dam foundation. The geometry and location of the grout curtain is first designed with respect to three requirements: (i) the hydraulic conductivity reduction, (ii) prevention of erosion of fracture infillings and (iii) optimization of uplift reduction. Grouting work is then designed to obtain the designed geometry of the grout curtain. In the design of the grouting work, analytical calculations are implemented to determine the grouting pressure, grouting time and grout hole layout. The stop criteria are based on the grouting time, which is believed to obtain better efficiency. The principles of the observational method are implemented to deal with the uncertainties involved in the grouting process.  One of the main limitations with the proposed methodology is the limited research on the erosion process of fracture infilling materials in flowing water. To study this issue, coupled numerical analyses are performed to better understand the initiation of erosion of fracture infillings. The results show that the Hjulström and Shields diagram are not appropriate to be used to estimate the incipient motion of fracture infilling materials. Instead, a previous equation derived under laminar flows shows better agreement with the results. / Injektering har länge använts som en metod för att förstärka grunden och reducera vattenflödet i en bergmassa. Injekteringsridåer uppförs ofta under dammar som en barriär med syfte att förhindra läckage av magasinets vatten. Hittills har injekteringsridåerna i huvudsak dimensionerats baserat på empiriska metoder. De empiriska metoderna har emellertid sina begränsningar. Användandet av olika tumregler resulterar i att dimensioneringen i hög utsträckning är beroende av ingenjörens erfarenhet. Brist på erfarenhet kan resultera i en ineffektiv, eller en för konservativ, utformning av injekteringsridåerna. Till exempel kan de stoppkriterier som tillämpas i det empiriska tillvägagångssättet leda till en för lång injekteringstid och därmed bli ineffektiv. Utöver detta kan höga injekteringstryck leda till oväntade deformationer i bergmassan och nya läckagevägar.  För att hantera dessa typer av begränsningar har en teoribaserad dimensioneringsmetodik utvecklats. Teorier för berginjektering som utvecklats under de senaste decennierna används för att bygga upp metodiken. I metodiken utformas injekteringsridån som en strukturell komponent i berggrunden under dammen. Den geometriska utformningen och läget för injekteringsridån bestäms med hänsyn till tre kriterier: (i) erforderlig reduktion av den hydrauliska konduktiviteten, (ii) förhindrande av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial, och (iii) optimering av reduktionen i upptryck under dammen. Injekteringsarbetet utformas därefter i syfte att eftersträva den erforderliga utformningen. I utformningen av injekteringsarbetet används analytiska beräkningar för att bestämma injekteringstryck, injekteringstid och hålavstånd. Stoppkriterier baseras på erforderlig injekteringstid, vilket bedöms uppnå en mer effektiv injektering. Principerna för observationsmetoden används för att hantera de osäkerheter som kvarstår. En av de huvudsakliga begränsningarna med den föreslagna metodiken är den begränsade kunskapen som idag finns om erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial vid flödande vatten. För att studera denna fråga genomfördes kopplade numeriska analyser för att bättre förstå processen kring initiering av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial. Resultaten visar att Hjulströms och Shields diagram inte är lämpliga att använda. Istället visar en tidigare framtagen ekvation för laminära förhållanden en bättre överensstämmelse. / <p>QC 210512</p>