A questão Essequibo tem sido assunto de pauta na política externa da Venezuela, desde o séc. XIX, quando foi assinado o Laudo de Paris, em 1899, por aquele país e pela então Guiana Britânica, como forma de dar solução à disputa fronteiriça entre as duas nações. No transcorrer da primeira metade do séc. XX, o problema persistiu como uma agenda aberta, dada a dificuldade de se estabelecer negociações eficazes com os britânicos, em função da instabilidade política e alternância de poder entre caudilhos e ditadores militares. Com a divulgação do Memorandum Mallet-Prevost, no final da primeira metade do séc. passado, a Venezuela passou a insistir pela anulação do Laudo, em decorrência de denúncias apontadas no Memorandum . Só após a democratização do país, no início dos anos 60, o assunto passou a ser pauta de negociações entre chanceleres das duas nações. Assunto que se tornou mais persistente com a proximidade da independência da Guiana, quando a Venezuela sela o Acuerdo de Ginebra, com o propósito de resolver a pendência fronteiriça no âmbito das comissões mistas, criadas sob os auspícos da ONU. Foi uma época de intensificação de propaganda pró-Essequibo na Venezuela, levando a região reclamada a constar, inclusive, no mapa venezuelano como zona en reclamación. No entanto, dada a conjuntura política na Guiana, decorrente da polarização ideológica entre o People’s Progressive Party – PPP – e o People´s National Congress – PNC –, a questão pouco progrediu, mesmo com a assinatura do Protocolo de Puerto España, em 1970, como previa o Acuerdo. O instituto do buen oficiante, como mediador proposto pela ONU, não impediu, tampouco, ações armadas contra o território guianense. Quadro este que permaneceu assim até o início da Era Chávez, quando o bolivarianismo e sua ideologia transnacionalista levou a Venezuela a aproximar-se de país latinos e caribenhos, incluindo a Guiana. Porém, concomitante ao andamento da agenda bolivariana, grupos pró-Essequibo, de ideologia nacionalista, constituídos por muitos membros da oposição à política chavista, passaram a propalar a conquista da região reclamada, numa clara evidência de que a questão Essequibo é parte de uma agenda persistentemente aberta, podendo ser utilizada por diferentes forças políticas da República Bolivariana de Venezuela contra a Guiana. / Essequibo has been a subject of discussion in Venezuela’s policy, since the 19th century, when the Award of Paris was signed in 1899 by that country and also by British Guiana, to solve the border dispute between the two nations. In the first half of the 20th century, the problem persisted as an open question, because of the difficulties to establish effective negotiations with the British, due to political instablility and alternation of power between the military dictators and the warlords. With the release of the Memorandum Mallet- Prevost, at the end of the past first half century, Venezuela insisted on cancelling the award because of complaints which there were in the Memorandum . Only after the democratization of the country in the early 60’s, the situation started with the negotiation between the foreign ministers of both nations, and it became more persistent with the proximity of Guyana’s independence. At that time Venezuela had sealed the “Acuerdo de Ginebra”, in order to solve the border problems with the mixed commissions created under the auspices of the UN. In Venezuela they started an intensified propaganda pro Essequibo, requiring the claimed area to be included in the Venezuelan map as “Zona en Reclamacíon”. However, because of the political situation in Guyana, due to the polarization between the People’s Progressive Party – PPP – and the National People’s Congress – PNC – the situation did not improve, even with the signing of the Port of Spain Protocol, in 1970. The Institute Buen Oficiante, proposed by the UN as a mediator, could not stop armed actions against the Guyanese territory. Remaining like that until the beginning of Chávez era when the bolivarism and his transnationalist ideology led Venezuela to approach the Latin and Caribbean countries, including Guyana. The groups pro Essequibo with a nationalist ideology, formed by the members of political opposition to Chávez, began to spread ideas of conquest of that claimed area, showing that Essequibo is a question of discussion and which can be used by different political forces of the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela against Guyana.

A presente pesquisa analisa usos contemporâneos da fronteira física entre Brasil e França, demonstrando que a partir da década de 1990 um novo cenário sócio-econômico e político entre Amapá e Guiana Francesa foi se criando, em que a lógica clássica das fronteiras políticas, do tipo discriminante e de isolamento, foi se alterando para um ambiente de cooperação em diferentes frentes (transportes, segurança, saúde, energia e meio ambiente) mesmo ainda com muitos obstáculos, sendo que para chegar aos resultados utilizamos o método de procedimento das escalas geográficas, analisando três obras (rodovia BR 156, futura ponte sobre o rio Oiapoque, e o Porto Organizado de Santana) que, juntas, motivaram a evolução da noção de fronteira, visto que este conjunto de infra-estruturas está estrategicamente pensado em várias esferas de interesses, o que é desenvolvido na pesquisa, principalmente quando das reflexões sobre a iniciativa de Implementação da Infra-estrutura Regional Sul-Americana. / The present research analyzes uses contemporaries of the physical border between Brazil and France, demonstrating that from the decade of 1990 a new partner-economic scene and politician between Amapá and French Guyana were if creating, where the classic logic of the borders politics, the discriminante type and isolation, was if modifying for an environment of cooperation in different fronts (transports, security, health, energy and environment), being that to arrive at the results we use the method of procedure of the geographic scales, analyzing three workmanships (highway BR 156, future bridge on the river Oiapoque, and the Organized Port of Santana) that, together, they had motivated the evolution of the border notion, since this set of infrastructures strategically is thought about some spheres of interests, what it is developed in the research, mainly when of the reflections on the initiative of Implementation of infrastructures South American Regional.

Orientador: Maria do Carmo Estanislau do Amaral / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:01:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_SuzanaMariadosSantos_M.pdf: 5413800 bytes, checksum: 0fbb691374cc80432664625fb24982bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Biologia Vegetal / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

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Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-13T18:23:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Hugo Gabriel Lima Nascimento.pdf: 43389476 bytes, checksum: 35039fd2c5e7d497920f6b657852cbf1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T18:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Hugo Gabriel Lima Nascimento.pdf: 43389476 bytes, checksum: 35039fd2c5e7d497920f6b657852cbf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-03 / CAPES / International relations between Brazil and France, with regard to the border region, have been outlined during the 1990s, having greater intensification in 1996, due to the signing of the framework agreement, which was attended by state representatives of the countries mentioned above. That agreement led to the emergence of several initiatives in the field of cross-border cooperation, such as the proposed construction of a binational bridge over the Oiapoqueriver, Amapá (Brazil), linking French Guiana (France). Thus, the present study aims to investigate the role represented by the binational bridge on a new dynamic setting of cross-border cooperation between Brazil and France". The bridge is situated on the Oiapoqueriver, in Amazonian border region, between the cities Oiapoque, Amapá, and Saint Georges de L'oyapock, French Guiana. In terms of research methodology, this bibliographic study, which was conducted survey of official documents (reports, agreements, presidential speeches, interviews, among others) from France and Brazil related to border area in focus. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that allow reflection on the Amazon, seen as strategic political and diplomatic relations between Brazil and France, on the South American scenario. The survey results indicate that the bridge, completed in 2011, has not yet opened, favored the emergence of new possibilities of interaction and physical union in the southern cone countries, which in turn can enable the consolidation of relations between both countries, bringing development to the border area. / As relações internacionais entre Brasil e França, no que se refere à cooperação trasnfronteiriça, foram delineadas ao longo da década de 1990, tendo maior intensificação em 1996, devido à assinatura do Acordo-Quadro, que contou com representantes de Estado dos países supramencionados. Esse acordo propiciou o surgimento de várias iniciativas, como a proposta de construção de uma ponte binacional sobre o rio Oiapoque, ligando o Amapá (Brasil) à Guiana Francesa (França). Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral investigar o papel representado pela ponte binacional, resultante da nova dinâmica de cooperação transfronteiriça entre Brasil e França. A referida ponte está situada sobre o rio Oiapoque, na região amazônica, entre as cidades Oiapoque, no Amapá, e Saint Georges de l’Oyapock, na Guiana Francesa. No que tange à metodologia da pesquisa, trata-se de estudo bibliográfico, por meio do qual foi realizado levantamento de documentos oficiais (relatórios, acordos, discurso presidencial, entrevistas, entre outros) da França e do Brasil relacionados à área em foco. A relevância deste trabalho reside no fato de permitir a reflexão sobre a Amazônia, vista como espaço estratégico das relações políticas e diplomáticas do Brasil e da França, no cenário sul-americano. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a ponte, concluída em 2011, mas ainda não inaugurada, favoreceu o surgimento de novas perspectivas de interação e união física no cone sul, que, por sua vez, podem permitir a consolidação das relações entre ambos os países, trazendo desenvolvimento para a zona fronteiriça.

Les termites forment un groupe animal important en milieu tropical, où leur richesse spécifique est plus élevée que dans n’importe quel autre écosystème. Ils se nourrissent de matière organique végétale à différent état de décomposition, du bois dur à la matière organique minérale du le sol. Cette diversification du régime alimentaire ne se produit que chez les Termitidae, parfois appelés « termites supérieurs », alors que les autres familles se nourrissent exclusivement de bois ou d’herbe. Les termites humivores sont extrêmement abondants en Amérique du Sud et en Afrique tropicale, mais sont relativement peu étudiés par rapport aux termites xylophages. C’est particulièrement vrai pour le groupe Anoplotermes, qui représente le groupe de termites le moins bien connu. Ce travail vise à faire la lumière sur l’écologie et la diversité de ce groupe strictement humivore, et comprend les sections suivantes :(1) Des échantillonnages standardisés dans sept sites de Guyane Française ont révèle, avec quelques exceptions, que les termites xylophages sont relativement peu spécialisés à un site. Au contraire, les espèces du groupe Anoplotermes, ainsi que les termites humivores en général, sont spécialisés à un type de forêt. Cette spécialisation contribue plus que probablement à la diversification écologique, et donc, à une augmentation de la richesse spécifique des termites humivores. (2) En utilisant les ratios d’isotopiques δ13C et δ15N, nous avons aussi trouvé qu’il existe une spécialisation des espèces le long d’un gradient d’humification chez le groupe Anoplotermes, de l’interface entre le bois pourri et le sol au sol pauvre en matière organique. Donc, au moins deux facteurs favorisent la richesse spécifique du groupe Anoplotermes dans le sol, malgré le manque d’évidence pour une séparation spatiale et temporelle entre les espèces. Cette spécialisation spécifique réduit la compétition interspécifique aux espèces se nourrissant de matière organique au même état de décomposition. (3) Ce mécanisme n’est probablement pas restreint aux espèces du groupe Anoplotermes et le ratio isotopique δ15N varie considérablement entre les termites humivores de manière générale. Les termites humivores comptent des espèces avec des régimes alimentaires différents ne partageant pas toujours les mêmes niches écologiques. Cette diversification du régime alimentaire ne c’est pas produit de manière aléatoire durant l’évolution des termites et les espèces proches tendent à se nourrir du même substrat. (4) Au niveau intraspécifique, il semble que la compétition contraigne la dynamique des colonies. En effet, chez A. banksi, nous avons trouvé que les nids matures sont surdispersés. Les nouveaux nids se trouvent principalement à une certaine distance des nids établis, plus particulièrement dans les trous laissés par les nids morts. Si ce patron est le résultat d’une sélection des sites de nidification, ou plutôt d’une exclusion compétitive reste sujet à discussion, mais met néanmoins en évidence la présence de compétition chez les termites humivores du groupe Anoplotermes. (5) Au vu de la richesse spécifique locale du groupe Anoplotermes, le nombre d’espèces décrites reste remarquablement bas. Après inspection du matériel type, seuls 30 espèces du groupe se sont avérés valides en Amérique du Sud, alors que 80% des espèces que nous avons collectées sont nouvelles pour la science. Cette disproportion entre ce qui est connu et la diversité réelle du groupe, met en évidence le besoin de réaliser des études supplémentaires pour améliorer la connaissance de ce groupe peu connu, le groupe Anoplotermes. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le mercure suscite beaucoup d'attention de par les conséquences sanitaires et environnementales qu'il engendre. Son impact est particulièrement important dans la région amazonienne et en particulier en Guyane française où les teneurs en mercure sont naturellement élevées dans les sols, et s'ajoutent celles liées aux activités d'orpaillage. Si l'impact du mercure dans les milieux aquatiques a été largement étudié, peu d'études ont évalué son impact dans les milieux terrestres, où il est préférentiellement stocké. Dans ce contexte, les interactions entre les vers de terre, organismes ingénieurs des sols, et le mercure ont été étudiées dans des sols tropicaux, avec comme objectifs : i) d'évaluer l'abondance et la diversité des vers de terre in situ en lien avec le mercure, ii) d'évaluer expérimentalement la résistance au mercure d'une espèce de ver tropical présente sur le site d'étude et iii) d'évaluer l'impact en microcosmes de l'activité des vers de terre sur la mobilité et la répartition du mercure dans les sols. Ces objectifs ont été appréhendés au travers de trois volets, avec comme matériel d'étude des sols naturels (oxisols et sols hydromorphes) et des vers de terre tropicaux provenant d'un site orpaillé, situé dans les environs de Cacao, en Guyane française. Dans le premier volet, un échantillonnage standardisé des vers de terre (TSBF), a permis de proposer des espèces putatives (ou MOTUs) à partir de méthodologies de délimitation basées sur le barcode ADN. Ces MOTUs ont ensuite été identifiés morphologiquement, parmi lesquels Pontoscolex corethrurus, une espèce pantropicale considérée comme pérégrine. De plus, les caractéristiques des sols et les teneurs en mercure ont été déterminés afin de tenter d'expliquer la distribution des vers sur le site étudié. P. corethrurus se retrouve exclusivement dans l'oxisol, qui contient les concentrations les plus élevées de mercure total. Le second volet de ce travail a été consacré à l'étude de l'impact du mercure sur l'espèce tropicale P. corethrurus, à travers une approche écotoxicologique où le vers de terre a été exposé à différentes concentrations de mercure dans un oxisol dopé au laboratoire (HgCl2). Les résultats obtenus ont confirmé la résistance de cette espèce à des concentrations de mercure allant jusqu'à 20 µg g-1 de sol et ont révélé sa forte capacité bioaccumulatrice. Les résultats précédemment décrits ont ouvert la voie à un troisième volet où deux études en microcosmes se sont attachées à étudier l'impact des vers de terre sur la mobilité et la disponibilité du mercure (a) dans des conditions proches de celles rencontrées en conditions naturelles (fond géochimique), et (b) en présence d'une forte concentration pouvant être rencontrée sur les sites orpaillés (20 μg Hg g-1 de sol). Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les vers de terre agissent sur la mobilité du mercure directement par modifications physico-chimiques des sols (augmentation du pH et COD) et indirectement par stimulation des communautés bactériennes totales du sol. En conclusion, notre étude a montré que (1) P. corethrurus est une espèce résistante au mercure de par sa présence sur notre site d'étude et les résultats du test écotoxicologique mené au laboratoire, ce qui confirme l'idée d'un modèle tropical pour ce type d'étude ; (2) la bioaccumulation du mercure mesurée chez les vers de terre est importante et pourrait ainsi être responsable de l'entrée du mercure dans la chaîne terrestre trophique ; et (3) les vers de terre jouent un rôle dans la mobilité du mercure, modifiant sa partition dans les sols et diminuant les conséquences environnementales liées à sa biodisponibilité / Mercury is of major concern because of health and environmental problems that they cause. This toxic pollutant is particularly prevalent in tropical Amazonian regions and in French Guiana where soils are naturally rich in mercury and past and present gold mining activities occurred. While many studies have shown the impact of mercury in aquatic environments, to our knowledge only a few have focused on terrestrial ecosystems, where mercury is predominantly found. This doctoral research examined the interactions between earthworms, which are soil engineers, and mercury in a tropical soil from French Guiana. The objectives of the research were to: i) evaluate in situ earthworm diversity and distribution in soils related to mercury concentrations, ii) evaluate experimentally the impact of mercury on a tropical earthworm species present in our study site, and iii) evaluate the impact of earthworms on mercury mobility and availability in different soils. In order to achieve these objectives, three studies were conducted using natural tropical soils (oxisols and hydromorphic soils) and tropical earthworms sampled in a small catchment basin located near Cacao, in French Guiana. In the first part, earthworms were collected in the field using the standard TSBF method, and species delimitation was done based on DNA barcoding. Putative species were then morphologically identified, among them Pontoscolex corethrurus, a pantropical and peregrine species. Furthermore, soil characteristics and mercury concentrations were determined, and a first attempt was made to explain earthworm distribution in the field. P. corethrurus was found only in the oxisol, which contained highest mercury concentrations in the field. In the second part, an ecotoxicological study was done using a natural tropical soil in order to assess the impact of mercury on the identified tropical species: P. corethrurus. The results showed that P. corethrurus can resist up to high mercury concentrations ; it was not affected until 20 µg Hg g-1 soil and showed high capacity of Hg bioaccumulation. These results were used for the third part of the thesis. In the last part, two studies were conducted in controlled conditions in order to assess the impact of earthworms on mercury mobility and availability in soils. For these studies, conditions near natural conditions and also a high mercury concentration were applied to the soil (20 μg Hg g-1 soil). Results showed the impact of earthworm on mercury mobility and availability through different mechanisms: directly, through soil modifications (increase of soil pH and DOC), and indirectly, through stimulation of the soil microbial population. Furthermore, results confirmed the high capacity of earthworms for mercury bioaccumulation. In conclusion, we showed that (1) P. corethrurus is resistant to mercury, due to its presence in our field contaminated site and the results of the toxicity test done in the laboratory, thus confirming the use of a tropical species for these studies ; (2) mercury bioaccumulation measured in earthworms is important and thus could be responsible for its entry and biomagnification in the terrestrial food chain ; and (3) earthworms affect mercury mobility modifying its fractioning in soils and decreasing its availability

Dans le contexte particulier de la Guyane, il y a une forte carence de l’enseignement des sciences et de la technologie en cycle 3 du primaire. Celle-ci est habituellement imputée aux « manque de temps, manque de matériel ou de ressources, manque de goût à cet enseignement, manque de formation initiale, manque de formation disciplinaire à l’IUFM, manque d’appuis spécialisés… ». Nous faisons l’hypothèse que le multilinguisme pourrait être aussi une des causes principales de cette carence, car beaucoup d’enseignants affirment que le français et les mathématiques sont des prérequis à l’approche des sciences expérimentales et de la technologie. Nous postulons que la démarche d’investigation préconisée dans l’enseignement des sciences et de la technologie peut être une « discipline outil » pour la maîtrise du langage, oral, lu et écrit. Notre recherche est donc centrée sur la pratique enseignante. Afin d’obtenir les données, un questionnaire a été passé auprès de toutes les classes du cycle 3 de Guyane. Les 167 réponses ont constitué un état des lieux représentatif de l’enseignement des sciences et de la technologie en Guyane. Des entretiens d’explicitation complémentaires ont mis en évidence des situations contradictoires explicatives de la carence de cet enseignement. D’une part, une forte pression sociale, politique, institutionnelle et hiérarchique fixe les priorités d’enseignement au français et aux mathématiques, et instaure ainsi un obstacle majeur à l’enseignement des sciences et de la technologie. D’autre part, les professeurs des écoles mobilisent près de 50 % de leur temps et de leurs compétences à la gestion de la classe et du comportement des élèves. Les jeunes professeurs n’ont pas de formation initiale aux techniques éducatives favorisant l’intégration scolaire. Notre recherche montre que la polyvalence du professeur des écoles est fondée sur un système dual dont les missions simultanées sont l’enseignement et l’éducation. L’observation, la manipulation ou l’expérimentation préconisées par la démarche d’investigation renforcent la motivation des élèves et participent à l’instauration d’une démarche pédagogique active puérocentrée par laquelle l’enfant se scolarise, intègre la culture scolaire et devient un élève réceptif aux enseignements. Ainsi, l’enseignement des sciences expérimentales et de la technologie devient une « discipline outil » au profit des autres matières dont le français et les mathématiques. / In the particular context of French Guiana, the sciences and technology teaching in the upper sections of French primary schools is badly failing. This is usually ascribed to "lack of time, lack of equipment or resources, lack of interest for these discipline, lack of initial training, lack of disciplinary training in French teachers’ training colleges (IUFM), lack of teaching aids". We make the hypothesis that multilingualism could also be one of the main causes of this deficiency, as many teachers assert that French and Mathematics are the necessary pre-requisites for a sound approach of experimental sciences and technology. We postulate that the investigative approach advocated in the teaching of sciences and technology can be a "tool discipline" for the acquisition of oral language skills as well as of writing and reading skills. This research focuses on teaching practices. To obtain the data, a questionnaire was circulated through all the classes of cycle 3 (upper primary school) in French Guiana. The 167 answers collected made it possible to map out the present state of science and technology teaching in French Guiana. Further clarification interviews have revealed contradictory situations accounting for the inadequacies of this teaching. On the one hand, there is an overwhelming social, political, institutional and hierarchical pressure to place French and Mathematics top of the agenda, thus introducing a major obstacle to the teaching of sciences and technology. On the other hand, primary school teachers devote about 50 % of their time and skills to classroom and pupils management. Furthermore, in their formative years, young teachers do not get proper training in educational methods aimed at promoting inclusive education. Our research shows that the versatility of primary school teachers is based on a dual system that hinges on the simultaneous tasks of teaching and educating. Observing, manipulating or experimenting, as advocated by the investigative approach increase the motivation of the pupils and participate in the institution of an “child oriented active approach” enabling pupil to come to terms with the school culture and thus become susceptible to new teachings. Science teaching therefore provides a “learning tool” for the benefit of the other subjects including French and Mathematics.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2016-08-23T19:04:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Erasmo FINAL 2016.pdf: 3666794 bytes, checksum: e96be7454a9ed0686ba5638ee3f76933 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T19:04:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Erasmo FINAL 2016.pdf: 3666794 bytes, checksum: e96be7454a9ed0686ba5638ee3f76933 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Instituto de Amparo a Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação de Roraima / In studies on faunal distribution it is coherent to adopt naturally delimited regions, because allow us to interpret the results with better biogeographic accuracy, and generate more secure data on biological differentiation. In all Roraima region such studies can, depending on the question, to insert their geographic units of work into the Guiana Shield, an old geologic formation comprising part of Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana and North Amazonia – Roraima is inserted in the central area of the Shield. In this study on snakes distribution, in regional and general scale comprising various vegetal formations, the geographic unit refers to the headwaters of the rivers Samã and Miang, both located in altitudinal areas of the Guiana Shield in Roraima (04º25', 61º08'W), region that makes the transition between the Brasilian Boa Vista Basin, region of lavrado, and the Venezuelan Gran Sabana, region of the tepuyes. The operational hypothesis is that as the geographic unit of the study is inserted into Guiana Shield, its ofiofauna is endemic to this formation – most of the species, more than 50%, will have restricted occurrence to that geologic formation. It was registered in the geographic unit of the study 42 species of snakes, included in 6 families: Leptotyphlopidae 1 genera and 1 species, Boidae 2 genera and 2 species, Colubridae 8 genera and 12 species, Dipsadidae 11 genera and 20 species, Elapidae 1 genera and 3 species and Viperidae 3 genera and 4 species. In the Guiana Shield region occur 149 species of snakes, 17 are said to be endemic to the geological formation. At least 10 species registered at BV-8 in Roraima are restricted to the Amazonian domain and North of South America: Trilepida macrolepis, Chironius multiventris, Phrynonax poecilonotus, Dipsas pavonina, Dipsas variegata, Erythrolamprus breviceps, Pseudoboa neuwiedii, Xenodon severus, Micrurus hemprichii and Bothrops atrox. Two species, Dipsas copei and Erythrolamprus trebbaui have localized distribution, occurring only in some Amazon regions; 29 species have wide distribution and only Micrurus pacaraimae can be considered endemic to the study are, so far. Although the 42 registered species occur in Shield area, the distribution is wider, therefore it can be concluded that there is no such endemic Guiana Shield ofiofauna in the geographic unit of this study. With respect to the natural history, four guilds of snakes are present into the geographic unit of study, prevailing batracophagy and saurivory, followed by those that predate birds and mammals. In respect to the reproduction most species have some link to the rain season, some with more than one reproductive cycle, most of them are oviparous. The most frequent species in this study and with more specimens collected was Bothrops bilineata, which is not common in herpetological reports. Most of the species leaving in the headwaters of the rivers Samã and Miang use forested areas to survive, showing the importance of the microhabitats associated to the headwaters of these rivers. / Nos estudos sobre distribuições faunísticas é coerente adotarmos regiões naturalmente delimitadas, porque nos permite interpretar os resultados com mais acurácia biogeográfica, além de gerar dados mais seguros sobre diferenciações biológicas. Em toda a região de Roraima estudos desta natureza podem, a depender da pergunta da pesquisa, inserir as respectivas unidades geográficas do trabalho no Escudo da Guiana, uma formação geológica antiga que ocupa parte da Colômbia, Venezuela, Guiana Francesa e norte da Amazônia – Roraima está inserido na parte central do Escudo. Neste estudo sobre distribuição de serpentes, em escala regional e geral abrangendo várias formações vegetais, a unidade geográfica de trabalho refere-se às nascentes dos rios Samã e Miang, ambos situados em áreas de altitude do Escudo da Guiana em Roraima (04º25', 61º08'W), região que faz a transição entre a brasileira Bacia de Boa Vista, região do lavrado, e a Gran Sabana venezuelana, região dos tepuyes. A hipótese de trabalho é que como a unidade geográfica do estudo está inserida no Escudo da Guiana, a sua ofiofauna é endêmica a esta formação – a maioria das espécies, mais de 50%, terá ocorrência restrita a esta formação geológica. Foram registradas na unidade geográfica de trabalho 42 espécies de serpentes incluídas em 6 famílias: Leptotyphlopidae 1 gênero e 1 espécie, Boidae 2 gêneros e 2 espécies, Colubridae 8 gêneros e 12 espécies, Dipsadidae 11 gêneros e 20 espécies, Elapidae 1 gênero e 3 espécies e Viperidae 3 gêneros e 4 espécies. Na região do Escudo da Guiana ocorrem 149 espécies de serpentes, 17 são ditas endêmicas a esta formação geológica. Ao menos 10 espécies registradas no BV-8 em Roraima estão restritas ao domínio da Amazônia e norte da América do Sul: Trilepida macrolepis, Chironius multiventris, Phrynonax poecilonotus, Dipsas pavonina, Dipsas variegata, Erythrolamprus breviceps, Pseudoboa neuwiedii, Xenodon severus, Micrurus hemprichii e Bothrops atrox. Duas espécies, Dipsas copei e Erythrolamprus trebbaui têm distribuição localizada, ocorrem em apenas algumas regiões amazônicas; 29 espécies têm ampla distribuição e apenas Micrurus pacaraimae pode ser considerada endêmica na região estudada, até o momento. Embora as 42 espécies registradas ocorram na área do Escudo, a distribuição é mais ampla, portanto conclui-se que não há uma ofiofauna endêmica do Escudo da Guiana na unidade geográfica deste estudo. Com relação à história natural, quatro guildas de cobras estão presentes na unidade geográfica do estudo, com predominância de espécies batracófagas e saurívoras, seguidas pelas que predam aves e mamíferos. Com relação à reprodução a maioria das espécies tem algum vínculo com o período chuvoso, algumas com mais de um ciclo reprodutivo, a maioria ovípara. A espécie mais frequente neste estudo e com o maior número de exemplares coletados foi Bothrops bilineata, o que não é frequente nos relatos herpetológicos. A maioria das espécies que vivem nas cabeceiras dos rios Samã e Miang utilizam as áreas de mata para sobreviverem, evidenciando a importância dos microhábitats associados às cabeceiras destes rios.

Dès ses débuts, l'aventure sucrière en Guyane est l’objet d’une oscillation permanente entre fascination et désespoir, la luxuriance trompeuse de la forêt ayant longtemps donné l’illusion d'un bel avenir sucrier. Cette aventure s'inscrit naturellement dans l’histoire des industries sucrières des Amériques. Cette dernière, en tant que thématique de recherche, n'a pourtant que récemment attiré l'attention des historiens en France, et ceci bien qu'elle soit partie intégrante de l’histoire de la colonisation de l’Amérique. Une des causes de ce retard peut probablement s’expliquer par un sentiment « douloureux » et « honteux » lié à cette période du passé. La subjectivité des archives, qui restent muettes sur une grande partie de l’histoire — quotidien des colons et des esclaves, stratégies d’installation, évolution des paysages, peut avoir également masqué l'intérêt que présente l'industrie sucrière dans la compréhension du phénomène colonial. Au travers de l'analyse des difficultés rencontrées par les colons pour implanter de manière rentable une industrie sucrière puis rhumière en Guyane, le présent travail vise à montrer l’importance et le rôle fondamental que doit tenir et jouer l’archéologie coloniale en Guyane dans l'élaboration d'une vision plus complète et précise de ce territoire. Dans un premier temps, la très forte contrainte que le milieu amazonien exerce sur l’installation des hommes est analysée ; une deuxième partie met en évidence la contrainte à la connaissance du territoire et de son passé imposée par les conditions de la recherche archéologique en Guyane. Enfin, la présentation des résultats des travaux archéologiques de l'auteur permet d'insister sur l'ingéniosité des hommes à s’adapter en continu au milieu. / The history of the sugar industry in French Guiana has fluctuated since its beginnings between fascination and despair, because of the misleading luxuriant forest which seemed to imply a prosperous future to it. This adventure is naturally related to the history of the sugar industries of the Americas, but has only recently been considered as a research subject by the French historians, even if it is totally involved in the colonial history of America. A cause of such a delay may be due to a “painful” and “shameful” feeling regarding these years of the past. Archives are subjective and silent about a great part of the history (daily life of the settlers and their slaves, settlement strategies, evolution in the landscapes,…). This fact may have hidden all the interest that brings the sugar industry to understand the colonial phenomenon. The present work lies on an analysis of the difficulties met by the settlers who wanted to establish a profitable sugar- then rum-industry in French Guiana, and aims to show the importance and prominent role that colonial archaeology in French Guiana must play in the elaboration of a more exhaustive and consistent vision of this territory. A first part deals with the high constraint of the Amazonian environment upon a human settlement; a second part will bring to the fore how imperative it is to know the territory and its past due to the conditions of an archaeological research in French Guiana. Eventually, the presentation of the author’s archaeological works allows to insist on the human ingenuity to continuously adapt to the environment.