<p>Syftet med denna studie är att få en förståelse för hur mäklare uppfattar att de förhåller sig till, och tillämpar, lagar och etiska riktlinjer i sin yrkesutövning.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to understand how estate agents interpret and how they relate to, and applies, laws and ethical guiding lines in their practise.</p>

Syftet med denna studie är att få en förståelse för hur mäklare uppfattar att de förhåller sig till, och tillämpar, lagar och etiska riktlinjer i sin yrkesutövning. / The purpose of this essay is to understand how estate agents interpret and how they relate to, and applies, laws and ethical guiding lines in their practise.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mielke_pe_me_rcla.pdf: 2347738 bytes, checksum: e87da36343a00d365b27a3c84361b380 (MD5) / A Educação Ambiental está muito presente no cotidiano escolar, apresentando uma diversidade de discursos e de práticas. Essa diversidade não seria um problema se não acarretasse também práticas conservadoras que não contribuem para a transformação da realidade. A escola, inserida no contexto da sociedade capitalista, traz, entre outras, as marcas dos princípios preconizados pela racionalidade econômica, que, dentro de um discurso homogeneizador de desenvolvimento sustentável, busca mudanças comportamentais para conservação desses princípios. As práticas de Educação Ambiental possibilitam a reprodução ou a transformação dessas condições sociais, dependendo dos princípios e concepções que os educadores possuem e praticam. Os princípios, que permeiam as práticas cotidianas, são o que regem o comportamento dos sujeitos, remetendo a uma ordem ideal e às finalidades das práticas. Documentos e autores da área apresentam vários princípios importantes em práticas de uma Educação Ambiental crítica e transformadora. Porém, no cotidiano escolar, quais são os princípios que se fazem presentes nos discursos e nas práticas das Educações Ambientais? A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os princípios que emergem de atividades de Educação Ambiental no ensino formal e as maneiras como estes aparecem. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, tendo como sujeitos três professores do ensino público municipal da Cidade de Cajamar, região metropolitana de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados a partir da análise de documentos, observações e entrevistas. A análise foi empreendida considerando-se os seguintes aspectos: (a) objetivos, (b) influências, (c) características, (d) o que o educador considera importante, e (e) regras para a sua ação. Assim, identificamos alguns princípios presentes nos discursos e nas práticas dos educadores, que indicam... / Environmental education is very present at school, presenting a diversity of discourses and practices. This diversity would not be a problem if it did not entail conservative practices that do not contribute to the transformation of reality. The school, into the context of capitalist society brings, among others, the marks of the guiding principles advocated by economic rationality, which, within a homogenizing discourse of sustainable development, seek behavioral changes to conserve these principles. The Environmental Education practices allow the reproduction or transformation of social conditions, depending on the principles and concepts that educators have and practice. The guiding principles, which permeate the daily practices, are what govern the behavior of subjects, referring to an ideal order of the practices and purposes. Documents and authors of Environmental Education present important guiding principles in practice in a critical and transformative Environmental Education. However, at school, what are the principles that are present in the discourses and practices of Environmental Educations? This research aims to identify the principles that emerge from the activities of environmental education in formal education and the ways in which they appear. The research is qualitative, with three teachers in municipal public Cajamar City, metropolitan Sao Paulo. Data were collected from document analysis, observations and interviews. The analysis was undertaken considering the following aspects: (a) objectives, (b) influences, (c) characteristics, (d) what the teacher considers important, and (e) rules for its action. Thus, we identified some principles present in discourse and practice of educators, which indicate paths that are traced in the daily activities of Environmental Education in school, these are: respect and appreciation for differences; affectivity; autonomy; care... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Santana / Banca: Dalva Maria Bianchini Bonotto / Banca: Sandro Tonso / Resumo: A Educação Ambiental está muito presente no cotidiano escolar, apresentando uma diversidade de discursos e de práticas. Essa diversidade não seria um problema se não acarretasse também práticas conservadoras que não contribuem para a transformação da realidade. A escola, inserida no contexto da sociedade capitalista, traz, entre outras, as marcas dos princípios preconizados pela racionalidade econômica, que, dentro de um discurso homogeneizador de desenvolvimento sustentável, busca mudanças comportamentais para conservação desses princípios. As práticas de Educação Ambiental possibilitam a reprodução ou a transformação dessas condições sociais, dependendo dos princípios e concepções que os educadores possuem e praticam. Os princípios, que permeiam as práticas cotidianas, são o que regem o comportamento dos sujeitos, remetendo a uma ordem ideal e às finalidades das práticas. Documentos e autores da área apresentam vários princípios importantes em práticas de uma Educação Ambiental crítica e transformadora. Porém, no cotidiano escolar, quais são os princípios que se fazem presentes nos discursos e nas práticas das Educações Ambientais? A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os princípios que emergem de atividades de Educação Ambiental no ensino formal e as maneiras como estes aparecem. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, tendo como sujeitos três professores do ensino público municipal da Cidade de Cajamar, região metropolitana de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados a partir da análise de documentos, observações e entrevistas. A análise foi empreendida considerando-se os seguintes aspectos: (a) objetivos, (b) influências, (c) características, (d) o que o educador considera importante, e (e) regras para a sua ação. Assim, identificamos alguns princípios presentes nos discursos e nas práticas dos educadores, que indicam... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Environmental education is very present at school, presenting a diversity of discourses and practices. This diversity would not be a problem if it did not entail conservative practices that do not contribute to the transformation of reality. The school, into the context of capitalist society brings, among others, the marks of the guiding principles advocated by economic rationality, which, within a homogenizing discourse of sustainable development, seek behavioral changes to conserve these principles. The Environmental Education practices allow the reproduction or transformation of social conditions, depending on the principles and concepts that educators have and practice. The guiding principles, which permeate the daily practices, are what govern the behavior of subjects, referring to an ideal order of the practices and purposes. Documents and authors of Environmental Education present important guiding principles in practice in a critical and transformative Environmental Education. However, at school, what are the principles that are present in the discourses and practices of Environmental Educations? This research aims to identify the principles that emerge from the activities of environmental education in formal education and the ways in which they appear. The research is qualitative, with three teachers in municipal public Cajamar City, metropolitan Sao Paulo. Data were collected from document analysis, observations and interviews. The analysis was undertaken considering the following aspects: (a) objectives, (b) influences, (c) characteristics, (d) what the teacher considers important, and (e) rules for its action. Thus, we identified some principles present in discourse and practice of educators, which indicate paths that are traced in the daily activities of Environmental Education in school, these are: respect and appreciation for differences; affectivity; autonomy; care... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第24366号 / 法博第289号 / 新制||法||178(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 濵本 正太郎, 教授 酒井 啓亘, 教授 鈴木 基史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis will investigate The Norwegian state and state-owned businesses positive obligations to fulfill the protection of equality and non-discrimination under international and regional jurisdiction. Particularly, women rights in general and women of ethnic minority’s rights. A positive critical legal method, based on a feminist theory, will be used to analyze the United Nation, European and Norwegian regulations. To illustrate the laws in practice the thesis will look at court decisions from both European Court Justice (ECJ), Norwegian Gender Equality Tribunal and The Norwegian Supreme Court. Even though the regulations exist, there is still a problem with respecting women’s rights in Norwegian society in general and in labour market. What is interesting to investigate is therefore the reason behind the disrespect, and to look for sustainable opportunities to include women’s experiences in the traditional jurisdiction. The conclusion is that there is space for implementation of women’s rights in human rights, and a transformation of the existing traditional legal system to “engender” the “mainstream” legal system is in place.

This thesis aims to investigate the process of consulting businesses on human rights through the concept of rationalisation. Corporations have struggled to act in accordance with what is considered responsible business conduct and this has put their legitimacy at risk. To align with the international standards on human rights, corporations have increasingly sought consulting on the topic. Previous research has criticised to what degree human rights can be reconciled with the corporate format and interests. Carrying out a qualitative case study on Human Rights Consulting, this thesis unpacks the process of introducing human rights in the corporation. We find that human rights become rationalised in corporations through referring to the UNGP, concretisation of human rights training and; management tools. At the same time, mapping the corporations serves as a precondition for rationalising human rights in the corporation. This thesis contributes to the theory of rationalisation by displaying how the social actions of consulting on human rights can be understood as expressions of rationalisation.

La notion de principe directeur est apparue en procédure civile il y a une quarantaine d’années et sert depuis de guide établissant les garanties fondamentales de bonne justice dans le procès civil. Elle s’est, ensuite, implantée en matière administrative et pénale. Un engouement pour cette notion l'a fait apparaître récemment en droit des contrats à un double niveau : au plan interne tout d'abord, depuis 2008, les différents projets de réforme du droit des contrats innovent par la création d’une nouvelle catégorie juridique, les principes directeurs. En fonction des projets, il est proposé d’intégrer dans cette catégorie la liberté contractuelle, la force obligatoire, la bonne foi, la cohérence. Au plan européen ensuite, les autorités bruxelloises s'interrogent, depuis un certain temps, sur l'opportunité de l'élaboration d'un droit européen des contrats commun à tous les États Membres. À cet effet, on retrouve des principes directeurs dans divers textes, codifications savantes et propositions à venir. Dès lors, ce concept a suscité un grand intérêt et les commentateurs ont majoritairement porté un regard très critique sur cette éventuelle introduction. Plus rarement, cette dernière a provoqué une certaine approbation. L’objet de la recherche consiste donc à approfondir le concept de principes directeurs du droit des contrats car après les premières questions liées à la curiosité scientifique doivent venir les recherches portant sur la science des principes directeurs du droit des contrats. Et si la notion est aujourd’hui fréquemment utilisée, son concept demeure énigmatique, aucun consensus ne s’étant opéré sur le sens même à lui donner et sur ses effets. La notion présente donc de nombreuses zones d’ombres qu’il faudra révéler, d’autant plus, qu’après de multiples résistances du Sénat, la loi du 16 février 2015 a habilité le gouvernement à réformer le droit des contrats par la voie de l’ordonnance. Or, les derniers projets reconnaissent des principes directeurs, il est donc temps d'apprécier la notion et ses effets potentiels. / The notion of guiding principle appeared in the field of civil procedure forty years ago and has been since then used as a guide establishing fundamental guarantees for fair justice in the civil trial. Later on, it was implemented in the criminal and administrative matters. Enthusiasm for this notion made it emerge recently in the field of contract law at a double layer: firstly in the domestic legal order, the different reform projects for contract law have been innovating since 2008 because guiding principles have been determined as a new legal category in this matter. According to the project, including in this category contractual freedom, binding force, good faith and coherence has been proposed. Secondly, from a European perspective, Brussels authorities have been questioning for quite a long time the opportunity to elaborate a European contract law common to all member States. As a consequence, some guiding principles can be identified in several sources, scientific codifications and proposals to come. Since then, this concept has generated a great interest and commentators have mainly severely criticised a hypothetic introduction. More rarely, it has been significantly supported. Therefore the purpose of the research is to study in depth the concept of guiding principles in contract law since after the first questions relying on scientific curiosity, researches related to the science of guiding principles in contract law must come. Even though the notion is today often used, its concept remains an enigma, no consensus has been found on its sense or effects. The notion carries many shadowy aspects that will have to be enlightened, especially as after several oppositions from the Senate, the Act adopted on the 16th of February in 2015 authorised the Government to reform contract law by executive orders. Nonetheless, the latest projects recognise some guiding principles so it is time to evaluate the relevance of the notion and determine its potential effects.

The thesis explores the nature of transnational legalisation by identifying one emerging norm - corporate accountability for human rights violations - and tracing its promotion through three separate pathways of legalisation. At the domestic level, the thesis discusses the jurisprudence of domestic courts that have contemplated assuming extraterritorial jurisdiction over alleged human rights violations of transnational corporations (TNCs) in other states. At the international level, the thesis considers developments in the United Nations (UN), which in 2011 launched a new normative framework to bolster the accountability of TNCs in respect of human rights. At the transnational level, the thesis discusses the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPs), which have been selected as representative of the range of hybrid schemes increasingly developed by government and industry representatives to ameliorate the impact of TNCs on human rights. The thesis also develops a framework with which to analyse these trends by adopting (and further developing) the liberal institutionalist tool of legalisation, which is described in Kenneth Abbott et al's 'The Concept of Legalisation'. This thesis argues that this classic framework can be adapted and reimagined in the context of the transnational legal system, which is characterised by thick configurations of agents working across a multiplicity of issue areas. I suggest that in applying the classic framework in the transnational context, there appears to be an omitted variable - that of implementation, which exists alongside obligation, precision, and delegation. Implementation refers to the specific actions taken by agents to translate legal or law-like principles into practical, workable instructions for courts, governments, companies and other non-state actors to follow. The thesis argues that an increased focus on implementation generally leads to more effective or greater legalisation. The empirical chapters demonstrate that efforts in implementation are often undertaken for the purpose of strengthening one or more other legalisation characteristics in the long run. This suggests that agents will be willing to accept lower levels of obligation, precision and/or delegation if they believe a focus on implementation will help strengthen these characteristics over time.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the rights of internally displaced persons as well as finding out whose responsibility it is to maintain these rights. The questions being answered are: what policies, laws and conventions are addressing internally displaced persons in Somalia (mainly from within Somalia, UN and AU)? And; which principal similarities and differences in these documents are to find regarding what type of protection internally displaced persons can get? Whose responsibility is it to intervene if these rights and rules are not maintained? To answer these questions I have used a liberal-universal theoretical framework. The analysis is a describing case study of comparative nature between the Provisional Somalia Constitution, UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Kampala Convention. The result shows that there are many different rights of internally displaced persons in Somalia. Instead the problem seems to be based on the rights not being maintained in combination with the complex question of whose responsibility it is.