Internationally, the debate on business and human rights has evolved within the last decade, with more efforts being made to address the issue of what role corporations play in the human rights domain. The latest international effort to address the issue was the adoption of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework” by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2011. In brief, the Guiding Principles observe that the state must protect human rights, that businesses must respect human rights, and that there should be effective remedies for human rights violations. Locally, the Constitutional Court of South Africa ruled that mineworkers who are eligible to get compensation under the Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act had a common law right to sue the employer for injuries sustained at work. This was despite the fact that legislation was put in place to replace the common law liability of an employer for injuries or death sustained at work. On a broader scale, the Guiding Principles then formed the yardstick for the determination of whether there are adequate and effective remedies for human rights violations in the South African mining industry. The investigation essentially leads to the conclusion that the South African state has not fallen short of its duty to protect and to provide sufficient remedies for businessrelated human rights violations in the mining industry. The forums are in place and there is legislation that also provides for compensation as remedies for either injuries or death at work. Some issues of concern are the accessibility of the structures in place to address human rights violations, the disparity between compensation provided for in different legislation, and the lack of a more proactive approach by the Human Rights Commission. / LLM (Import and export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Internationally, the debate on business and human rights has evolved within the last decade, with more efforts being made to address the issue of what role corporations play in the human rights domain. The latest international effort to address the issue was the adoption of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework” by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2011. In brief, the Guiding Principles observe that the state must protect human rights, that businesses must respect human rights, and that there should be effective remedies for human rights violations. Locally, the Constitutional Court of South Africa ruled that mineworkers who are eligible to get compensation under the Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act had a common law right to sue the employer for injuries sustained at work. This was despite the fact that legislation was put in place to replace the common law liability of an employer for injuries or death sustained at work. On a broader scale, the Guiding Principles then formed the yardstick for the determination of whether there are adequate and effective remedies for human rights violations in the South African mining industry. The investigation essentially leads to the conclusion that the South African state has not fallen short of its duty to protect and to provide sufficient remedies for businessrelated human rights violations in the mining industry. The forums are in place and there is legislation that also provides for compensation as remedies for either injuries or death at work. Some issues of concern are the accessibility of the structures in place to address human rights violations, the disparity between compensation provided for in different legislation, and the lack of a more proactive approach by the Human Rights Commission. / LLM (Import and export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Depuis les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, le mineur est considéré comme un « adulte en devenir ayant des besoins propres ». Ainsi apparaît la notion de minorité. Cette notion influence la construction de la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants en appelant, à l'instar de droit commun, un ensemble de principes directeurs qui correspondent à la minorité et ont pour but la protection des mineurs. Cette justice se forme et fonctionne sur la base des principes directeurs. Ceux-ci constituent ainsi un bloc rationnel et font émerger une autonomie indépendante de la justice pénale des majeurs délinquants. Ces principes directeurs peuvent être classés en deux catégories, l’une relative à l’émergence de principes directeurs spécifiques et l’autre, aux aménagements des principes directeurs de droit commun. Nous pouvons classer les sources de ces principes directeurs en deux catégories. L’une concerne le droit international, l’autre, le droit interne. Pour la source internationale, nous pouvons évoquer la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme et le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques du 16 décembre 1966 (PIDCP) sans pour autant oublier la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant du 26 janvier 1990 (CIDE). S’agissant de la source nationale, l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945 relative à l’enfance délinquante en constitue une, puisque la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants repose actuellement sur cette ordonnance. La jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel en constitue une autre source nationale / Since the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the minor is considered as an "adult-to-be with special needs". Thus appears the concept of minority. This concept influences the construction of criminal justice for juvenile delinquents by calling, like common law, a set of guiding principles that correspond to the minority and aim at the protection of minors. This justice is formed and functions on the basis of guiding principles. These thus constitute a rational block and bring out an autonomy independent of the criminal justice of the major delinquents. These guiding principles can be divided into two categories, one relating to the emergence of specific guiding principles and the other to the development of the common law guiding principles. We can classify the sources of these guiding principles into two categories. One concerns international law, the other domestic law. For the International source, we can evoke the Universal declaration of human rights and the International covenant on civil and political rights of December 16, 1966 without forgetting the International convention on the rights of the child of January 26 1990. With regard to the domestic source, the order of 2 February 1945 relating to juvenile delinquency is one, since the criminal justice of juvenile delinquents is currently based on this order. The case law of the Constitutional council is another domestic source

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valeria de Almeida Furtado.pdf: 2069500 bytes, checksum: 74f545290544847f1d34b2b06f245146 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-14 / In 2002, the Secretary of Education for the State of Minas Gerais began implementation of the Teaching College Course, in the distance learning modality, which was denominated Veredas. The goal was to offer a university level course for professionals who work as teachers at the earliest grades of primary school. The analysis of the results, at the end of the course, showed that the objectives proposed were successfully achieved, considering that, of the 14,136 (fourteen thousand, one hundred and thirty-six) effectively enrolled teachers, 13,749 (thirteen thousand, seven hundred and forty-nine) acting teachers were trained at the higher education level. Eighteen (18) Educational Agencies or AFORs were created and the work in the Varginha (MG) Agency gave rise to the research that culminated in this thesis; it was connected to the University Center of Minas Gerais (UNIS). This research had two general objectives: to understand in-service training of optimized Distance Learning tutors through the reflection promoted, through the act of writing and by attainment of auto-heteroevaluative practice and to show the viability of the guiding principles proposed by the Complex Thought in education for in-service training of Distance Learning tutors and the signs of permanence of the transformations which have taken place in the period of this in-service training. The specific objectives were: survey bibliography in relation to the education of Distance Learning tutors; identify the existing relationships between Complex Thought, writing, assessment and education in in-service training of Distance Learning tutors in the Veredas Project of the AFOR/Varginha; show that the in-service training for Distance Learning tutors was focused on encouraging the auto-heteroevaluative process promoted through writing and the practice of the guiding principles of Complex Thought; and verify whether or not the changes that took place in the educational praxis, throughout the training of Distance Learning educational tutors, during the development of the Veredas Project in the AFOR/Varginha, remained after this program ended, using the reports that the tutors drafted during and following the end of this in-service training for this purpose. Considering that, according to the proposals of Complex Thought, the theory and method are two sides of the same movement and have a symbiotic relationship, transmuting without losing their specificity, the methodology used followed these steps: bibliographic survey aimed at a more profound study on the process of professional Distance Learning service education; detecting the existing relationships between the guiding principles-writing-assessment articulated in the formation of the tutoreducator s identity; and requesting that the 56 (fifty-six) tutor-educators who experienced the process of implementation and development of the Veredas Project (2002 to 2005) in the AFOR/Varginha, register their experiences as tutors for the Higher Learning Teacher Education Course Veredas, in the distance learning modality, in writing, focusing on vital aspects of the personal and professional dynamic. From these reports, 10 categories were chosen: learning; assessment; coordination; team experiences; growth; emotion; study; renewal; transformation; and life. Based upon these results it is possible to state that the triad of guiding principles of Complex Thought, the act of writing and the practice of auto-heteroevaluation constitute the cornerstones of the formation of the Distance Learning tutoreducator s identity in service. It is suggested that other studies be done with the goal of increasing the knowledge that has been crystallized here, as well as holding other teacher training courses, using the Veredas model / No ano de 2002, a Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Minas Gerais deu início à implantação do Curso Normal Superior, na modalidade de educação a distância, denominado Veredas. Teve, como objetivo, graduar em nível universitário profissionais que exerciam a docência nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental. A análise dos resultados, ao final do curso, constatou que os objetivos propostos foram alcançados com êxito, considerando que, dos 14.136 (quatorze mil, cento e trinta e seis) professores efetivamente matriculados, 13.749 (treze mil, setecentos e quarenta e nove) professores em exercício foram habilitados em nível superior. Foram criadas 18 (dezoito) Agências de Formação AFOR e o trabalho da que se situava em Varginha (MG) deu origem à pesquisa que culminou nesta tese; ela estava vinculada ao Centro Universitário de Minas Gerais (UNIS). Foram dois os objetivos gerais desta pesquisa: compreender a formação em serviço do tutor de EaD otimizada pela reflexão promovida, através do ato de escrever e pela consecução da prática auto-heteroavaliativa e mostrar a viabilidade da aplicação dos princípios-guias propostos pelo Pensamento Complexo na formação em serviço do tutoreducador de EaD e os indícios de permanência das transformações ocorridas no período dessa formação em serviço. Os objetivos específicos foram: levantar bibliografia referente à formação do tutor de EaD; Identificar as relações existentes entre o Pensamento Complexo, escrita, avaliação e formação em serviço de tutoreseducadores de EaD no Projeto Veredas da AFOR/Varginha; mostrar que a formação em serviço do tutor de EaD teve como foco o estímulo ao processo auto-heteroavaliativo promovido através da escrita e da prática dos princípios-guias do Pensamento Complexo e verificar se as mudanças ocorridas na práxis pedagógica, ao longo da formação em serviço do tutoreducador de EaD, durante o desenvolvimento do Projeto Veredas na AFOR/Varginha, permaneceram após o término dessa formação, utilizando, para esse fim, os relatos que os tutores elaboraram durante e após o término dessa formação em serviço . Considerando, segundo as propostas do Pensamento Complexo que teoria e método são duas faces de um mesmo movimento, mantendo-se em simbiose, transmutando-se sem, no entanto, perderem sua especificidade, a metodologia utilizada seguiu os seguintes passos: pesquisa bibliográfica com o objetivo de aprofundar os estudos sobre o processo de formação do profissional de EaD em serviço; detectar as relações existentes entre princípios-guiasÛescritaÛavaliação articuladas na formação da identidade do tutoreducador e para tanto, solicitou-se aos 56 (cinquenta e seis) tutoreseducadores que viveram o processo de implantação e desenvolvimento do Projeto Veredas (2002 a 2005) na AFOR/Varginha, que registrassem através da elaboração de um relato escrito, sua experiência como tutor(a) do Curso Superior de Formação de Professores Veredas, na modalidade a distância, enfocando aspectos vitais da dinâmica pessoal e profissional. Dos relatos foram selecionadas 10 categorias: aprendizagem; avaliação; coordenação; convivência em equipe; crescimento; emoção; estudo; renovação; transformação e vida. É possível afirmar que a tríade princípios-guias do Pensamento Complexo, ato de escrever e a prática da auto-heteroavaliação constitui os pilares sustentadores da formação da identidade do tutoreducador de EaD em serviço. Fica a sugestão de que outros estudos sejam feitos com o objetivo de ampliar os conhecimentos que foram aqui cristalizados, bem como a realização de outros cursos de formação de professores, nos moldes do Veredas

Data warehouse system är något som har växt fram under 1990-talet och det har implementeras hos flera verksamheter. De källsystem som en verksamhet har kan integreras ihop med ett data warehouse system för att skapa en version av verkligheten och ta fram rapporter för beslutsunderlag. Med en version av verkligheten menas att det skapas en gemensam bild som visar hur verksamhetens dagliga arbete sker och utgör grundinformation för de framtagna analyserna från data warehouse systemet. Det blir därför väsenligt för verksamheten att de framtagna rapporterna håller en, enligt verksamheten, tillfredställande god datakvalitet. Detta leder till att datakvaliteten hos data warehouse systemet behöver hålla en tillräckligt hög kvalitetsnivå. Om datakvaliteten hos beslutsunderlaget brister kommer verksamheten inte att ta de optimala besluten för verksamheten utan det kan förekomma att beslut tas som annars inte hade tagits. Att förbättra datakvaliteten hos data warehouse systemet blir därför centralt för verksamheten. Med hjälp av kvalitetsfilosofin Total Quality Management, TQM, har verksamheten ett stöd för att kunna förbättra datakvaliteten eftersom det möjliggör att ett helhetsgrepp om kvaliteten kan tas. Anledningen till att ta ett helhetsperspektiv angående datakvaliteten är att orsakerna till bristande datakvalitet inte enbart beror på orsaker inom själva data warehouse systemet utan beror även på andra orsaker. De kvalitetsförbättrande åtgärder som behöver utföras inom verksamheter varierar eftersom de är situationsanpassade beroende på hur verksamheten fungerar även om det finns mer övergripande gemensamma åtgärder. Det som kommuniceras i form av exempelvis rapporter från data warehouse systemet behöver anses av verksamhetens aktörer som förståeligt och trovärdigt. Anledningen till det är att de framtagna beslutunderlagen behöver vara förståliga och trovärdiga för mottagaren av informationen. Om exempelvis det som kommuniceras i form av rapporter innehåller skräptecken bli det svårt för mottagaren att anse informationen som trovärdig och förståelig. Förbättras kvaliteten hos det kommunikativa budskapet, det vill säga om kommunikationskvaliteten förbättras, kommer datakvaliteten hos data warehouse systemet i slutändan också förbättras. Inom uppsatsen har det tagits fram riktlinjer för att kunna förbättra datakvaliteten hos data warehouse system med hjälp av kommunikationskvaliteten samt TQM. Riktlinjernas syfte är att förbättra datakvaliteten genom att förbättra kvaliteten hos det som kommuniceras inom företagets data warehouse system. Det finns olika åtgärder som är situationsanpassade för att förbättra datakvaliteten med hjälp av kommunikationskvalitet. Ett exempel är att införa en möjlighet för mottagaren att få reda på vem som är sändaren av informationsinnehållet hos de framtagna rapporterna. Detta för att mottagaren bör ha möjlighet att kritisera och kontrollera den kommunikativa handlingen med sändaren, som i sin tur har möjlighet att försvara budskapet. Detta leder till att öka trovärdigheten hos den kommunikativa handlingen. Ett annat exempel är att införa inmatningskontroller hos källsystemen för att undvika att aktörer matar in skräptecken som sedan hamnar i data warehouse systemet. Detta leder till att mottagarens förståelse av det som kommuniceras förbättras. / The data warehouse system is something that has grown during the 1990s and has been implemented in many companies. The operative information system that a company has, can be integrated with a data warehouse system to build one version of the reality and take forward the decision basis. This means that a version of the reality creates a common picture that show how the company’s daily work occurs and constitutes the base of information for the created analysis reports from the data warehouse system. It is therefore important for a company that the reports have an acceptable data quality. This leads to that the data quality in the data warehouse system needs to hold an acceptable level of high quality. If data quality at the decision basis falls short, the company will not take the optimal decision for the company. Instead the company will take decision that normally would not have been taken. To improve the data quality in the data warehouse system would therefore be central for the company. With help from a quality philosophy, like TQM, the company have support to improve the data quality since it makes it possible for wholeness about the quality to be taken. The reason to take a holistic perspective about the data quality is because lacking of the data quality not only depends on reasons in the data warehouse system, but also on other reasons. The measurement of the quality improvement which needs to perform in the company depends on the situation on how the company works even in the more overall actions. The communication in form of for example reports from the data warehouse system needs to be understandable and trustworthy for the company’s actors. The reason is that the decision basis needs to be understandable and trustworthy for the receiver of the information. If for example the communication in form of reports contains junk characters it gets difficulty for the receiver of the information to consider if it is trustworthy and understandable. If the quality in the communication message is improving, videlicet that the communication quality improves, the data quality in the data warehouse will also improve in the end. In the thesis has guiding principles been created with the purpose to improve data quality in a data warehouse system with help of communication quality and TQM. Improving the quality in the communication, which is performed at the company’s data warehouse to improve the data quality, does this. There are different measures that are depending on the situations to improve the data quality with help of communication quality. One example is to introduce a possibility for the receiver to get information about who the sender of the information content in the reports is. This is because the receiver needs to have the option to criticize and control the communication acts with the sender, which will have the possibility to defend the message. This leads to a more improved trustworthy in the communication act. Another example is to introduce input controls in the operative system to avoid the actors to feed junk characters that land in the data warehouse system. This leads to that the receivers understanding of the communication improves.

<p>Data warehouse system är något som har växt fram under 1990-talet och det har implementeras hos flera verksamheter. De källsystem som en verksamhet har kan integreras ihop med ett data warehouse system för att skapa en version av verkligheten och ta fram rapporter för beslutsunderlag. Med en version av verkligheten menas att det skapas en gemensam bild som visar hur verksamhetens dagliga arbete sker och utgör grundinformation för de framtagna analyserna från data warehouse systemet. Det blir därför väsenligt för verksamheten att de framtagna rapporterna håller en, enligt verksamheten, tillfredställande god datakvalitet. Detta leder till att datakvaliteten hos data warehouse systemet behöver hålla en tillräckligt hög kvalitetsnivå. Om datakvaliteten hos beslutsunderlaget brister kommer verksamheten inte att ta de optimala besluten för verksamheten utan det kan förekomma att beslut tas som annars inte hade tagits.</p><p>Att förbättra datakvaliteten hos data warehouse systemet blir därför centralt för verksamheten. Med hjälp av kvalitetsfilosofin Total Quality Management, TQM, har verksamheten ett stöd för att kunna förbättra datakvaliteten eftersom det möjliggör att ett helhetsgrepp om kvaliteten kan tas. Anledningen till att ta ett helhetsperspektiv angående datakvaliteten är att orsakerna till bristande datakvalitet inte enbart beror på orsaker inom själva data warehouse systemet utan beror även på andra orsaker. De kvalitetsförbättrande åtgärder som behöver utföras inom verksamheter varierar eftersom de är situationsanpassade beroende på hur verksamheten fungerar även om det finns mer övergripande gemensamma åtgärder.</p><p>Det som kommuniceras i form av exempelvis rapporter från data warehouse systemet behöver anses av verksamhetens aktörer som förståeligt och trovärdigt. Anledningen till det är att de framtagna beslutunderlagen behöver vara förståliga och trovärdiga för mottagaren av informationen. Om exempelvis det som kommuniceras i form av rapporter innehåller skräptecken bli det svårt för mottagaren att anse informationen som trovärdig och förståelig. Förbättras kvaliteten hos det kommunikativa budskapet, det vill säga om kommunikationskvaliteten förbättras, kommer datakvaliteten hos data warehouse systemet i slutändan också förbättras. Inom uppsatsen har det tagits fram riktlinjer för att kunna förbättra datakvaliteten hos data warehouse system med hjälp av kommunikationskvaliteten samt TQM. Riktlinjernas syfte är att förbättra datakvaliteten genom att förbättra kvaliteten hos det som kommuniceras inom företagets data warehouse system.</p><p>Det finns olika åtgärder som är situationsanpassade för att förbättra datakvaliteten med hjälp av kommunikationskvalitet. Ett exempel är att införa en möjlighet för mottagaren att få reda på vem som är sändaren av informationsinnehållet hos de framtagna rapporterna. Detta för att mottagaren bör ha möjlighet att kritisera och kontrollera den kommunikativa handlingen med sändaren, som i sin tur har möjlighet att försvara budskapet. Detta leder till att öka trovärdigheten hos den kommunikativa handlingen. Ett annat exempel är att införa inmatningskontroller hos källsystemen för att undvika att aktörer matar in skräptecken som sedan hamnar i data warehouse systemet. Detta leder till att mottagarens förståelse av det som kommuniceras förbättras.</p> / <p>The data warehouse system is something that has grown during the 1990s and has been implemented in many companies. The operative information system that a company has, can be integrated with a data warehouse system to build one version of the reality and take forward the decision basis. This means that a version of the reality creates a common picture that show how the company’s daily work occurs and constitutes the base of information for the created analysis reports from the data warehouse system. It is therefore important for a company that the reports have an acceptable data quality. This leads to that the data quality in the data warehouse system needs to hold an acceptable level of high quality. If data quality at the decision basis falls short, the company will not take the optimal decision for the company. Instead the company will take decision that normally would not have been taken.</p><p>To improve the data quality in the data warehouse system would therefore be central for the company. With help from a quality philosophy, like TQM, the company have support to improve the data quality since it makes it possible for wholeness about the quality to be taken. The reason to take a holistic perspective about the data quality is because lacking of the data quality not only depends on reasons in the data warehouse system, but also on other reasons. The measurement of the quality improvement which needs to perform in the company depends on the situation on how the company works even in the more overall actions.</p><p>The communication in form of for example reports from the data warehouse system needs to be understandable and trustworthy for the company’s actors. The reason is that the decision basis needs to be understandable and trustworthy for the receiver of the information. If for example the communication in form of reports contains junk characters it gets difficulty for the receiver of the information to consider if it is trustworthy and understandable. If the quality in the communication message is improving, videlicet that the communication quality improves, the data quality in the data warehouse will also improve in the end. In the thesis has guiding principles been created with the purpose to improve data quality in a data warehouse system with help of communication quality and TQM. Improving the quality in the communication, which is performed at the company’s data warehouse to improve the data quality, does this.</p><p>There are different measures that are depending on the situations to improve the data quality with help of communication quality. One example is to introduce a possibility for the receiver to get information about who the sender of the information content in the reports is. This is because the receiver needs to have the option to criticize and control the communication acts with the sender, which will have the possibility to defend the message. This leads to a more improved trustworthy in the communication act. Another example is to introduce input controls in the operative system to avoid the actors to feed junk characters that land in the data warehouse system. This leads to that the receivers understanding of the communication improves.</p>

Depuis l’entrée en vigueur du Traité d’Amsterdam, le 1er mai 1999 et la « communautarisation » de la coopération judiciaire civile, l’Union européenne a adopté de nombreux instruments applicables aux litiges transfrontaliers, au point que l’on peut aujourd’hui parler d’un « droit judiciaire privé européen ». Or, il est permis de s’interroger sur les principes qui le gouvernent. Par comparaison, le Code de procédure civile français comprend un chapitre entier consacré aux principes directeurs du procès civil. De l’étude des instruments de l’Espace judiciaire civil européen, quatre principes directeurs ont été identifiés : le principe du contradictoire, le principe du rôle actif du juge, le principe de célérité et le principe du dialogue transfrontalier. Il est alors possible, dans une démarche prospective, de s’interroger sur leur éventuelle consécration en droit de l’Union. Un certain nombre d’obstacles ont été relevés mais aucun ne paraît dirimant. Possible, cette consécration semble également souhaitable. Ses différents apports ont en effet été mis en évidence. Il restait à déterminer la base juridique ainsi que l’instrument normatif de cette consécration. À ce titre, l’article 81 du Traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union européenne relatif à la coopération judiciaire en matière civile pourrait servir de base juridique. Par ailleurs, c’est lavoie du règlement et non celle de la directive qui a été ici privilégiée. / Since the Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force on the 1st of May 1999 and the “communitarisation” of judicial cooperation in civil matters, the European Union has adopted many legal instruments relating to cross-border litigation, to the extent that one can now refer to a distinct “European International Private Law”, the governing principles of which have yet to be defined. By comparison, the French Code of Civil Procedure includes an entire chapter devoted to the governing principles applicable to civil trials. Based on a study of the European civil justice area, four governing principles can be identified: the adversarial principle, the principle of the judge’s active role, the principle of urgency and the principle of cross-border dialogue. In prospective terms, it follows that the possibility of these four principles’ being enacted in EU law is a matter worthy of examination. Several obstacles can be identified, none of which appears to be insuperable. Having been recognised as a possibility, such a consecration also seems desirable on the grounds of its several demonstrable advantages. The legal basis and vehicle of the above-mentioned four principles’ legal enshrinement remain to be determined. In this regard, article 81 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, pertaining to judicial cooperation in civil matters, couldserve as a legal basis. In terms of implementation, this study also argues in favor of regulations over directives.

Business-related human rights violations are a recurring problem in the world. Just over 10 years ago, Sweden adopted the UN's guiding principles for business and human rights, in 2015 Sweden presented an action plan for business and human rights, and in 2016 there was a law regarding sustainability reporting for companies.  The Swedish government repeatedly states that business and human rights go hand in hand and expresses high expectations for Swedish companies to respect human rights.  In order to carry out the study of both the Swedish state's and Swedish companies' compliance with the UN's guiding principles, the Uyghurs' exposure to forced labor in Xinjiang and three Swedish companies are used as study objects. The result of the study leaves much to be desired from the Swedish state's side, as it acted very passively in the matter.

The text discusses the Framework for the Implementation of the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDD) proposed by the European Union. The directive, aligned with UN and OECD guidelines, imposes obligations on companies to ensure respect for human rights and the environment. The due diligence obligation involves identifying and addressing the negative impacts of business activities, establishing internal complaint mechanisms, and publicly communicating efforts. The directive emphasizes integrating these activities into corporate policies and strategic decisions throughout the value chain. Companies must assess and address negative impacts in their supply chains, with measures tailored to the severity, likelihood, size, resources, and capabilities of the undertaking. The text highlights the complexity of sustainability as a long-term, multifaceted process, calling for collective responsibility from various stakeholders to navigate challenges in ecological and digital transitions, social inclusion, and energy and food security.

Operating through complex supply chains and multiple jurisdictions, today’s business enterprises can outsource manufacturing to different parts of the world where they can take advantage of low labour- and production costs. In the global quest for businesses to maximise their profits, deteriorating working conditions for offshore labour workers are increasing the risks of human rights abuses. Such abuses often take the form of ‘modern slavery’, which refers to situations of exploitation in which labour workers are trapped and unable to leave due to threats, violence, deception, abuse of power or other forms of coercion. In 2015, the United Kingdom (UK) enacted the Modern Slavery Act (MSA), aimed at combatting modern slavery by requiring business enterprises to be transparent with the steps they have taken to ensure that modern slavery is not taking place within their supply chains. By putting pressure on business enterprises to display their actions taken to address adverse human rights impacts, the MSA has brought the responsibility of business enterprises to conduct ‘human rights due diligence’ (HRDD) – as stipulated in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) - into domestic law. While the MSA has been regarded as a ‘world-leading instrument’ and a ‘historic milestone’ by the UK government, its effectiveness in counteracting modern slavery has been questioned in various studies, pointing towards a risk that the MSA is allowing human rights abuses to prevail under a form of a legal veil. Bearing in mind the country’s long colonial history, the enactment of the MSA can be seen as carrying an important symbolic value for the UK when it comes to taking accountability for human rights abuses committed overseas. However, adopting weak or ineffective legislation could instead, paradoxically, reflect an interest by the UK government to maintain beneficial trade relationships based on exploitative working conditions in a manner that reflects a continuation of former colonial power structures. This thesis is set out to examine this potential paradox by analysing the MSA’s level of compliance with the UNGPs from a postcolonial perspective.