Haemophilus parasuis es un miembro de la familia Pasteurellaceae y un importante patógeno del tracto respiratorio porcino, causante de la enfermedad de Glässer. En la actualidad, esta enfermedad es una de las que tiene mayor incidencia en el sector porcino con una elevada repercusión económica. Por este motivo, es necesario estudiar la biología molecular de este patógeno para poder desarrollar vacunas más eficientes que las existentes hasta el presente. Para abordar dicho estudio es imprescindible disponer de algún proceso de transferencia genética eficaz en H. parasuis. No obstante, dado el desconocimiento que se tenía de dicho patógeno, no se conocía ningún mecanismo natural o de laboratorio que permitiera introducir DNA en H. parasuis. Por ello, el primer objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido desarrollar un método de transferencia genética en H. parasuis que permita estudiar posteriormente los genes implicados en su virulencia y en la colonización del hospedador.En la presente tesis se ha demostrado por vez primera que H. parasuis es capaz de transformar de forma natural si el DNA exógeno contiene la secuencia ACCGAACTC, la cual es muy similar al motivo ACCGCACTT descrito en H. influenzae como Uptake Signal Sequence. Además, se ha optimizado este proceso, determinando las concentraciones más adecuadas de células bacterianas, AMPc y DNA transformante, así como el tiempo de incubación. Un segundo objetivo de este trabajo ha sido averiguar el papel de la timidilato sintasa, enzima clave en la síntesis de desoxitimidina monofosfato (dTMP), en la virulencia de H. parasuis. Para ello, se ha construido un mutante knockout en el gen thyA de H. parasuis y se ha determinado la capacidad de colonización y la inmunogeniciad de la cepa salvaje y de dicho mutante thyA en un modelo animal de cobayas. Los resultados han mostrado que la cepa defectiva en la enzima timidilato sintasa tienen una menor capacidad de colonización, a pesar de que es capaz de inducir una respuesta inmune en el animal. Por ello, el mutante thyA de H. parasuis puede ser un buen candidato para el desarrollo de futuras vacunas.Finalmente, en este trabajo se ha estudiado la importancia de la proteína Fur en la virulencia de H. parasuis. Dicha proteína es un regulador pleiotrópico que, entre otras funciones, controla los mecanismos implicados en la captación de hierro. Para abordar esta parte del trabajo se propuso la construcción de un mutante de H. parasuis defectivo en la proteína Fur. Los resultados obtenidos han mostrado claramente que dicha proteína es esencial para la viabilidad de esta bacteria. Así, se ha determinado el entorno genético del gen fur y se ha confirmado la no viabilidad de los mutantes fur mediante la obtención de cepas merodiploides. / Haemophilus parasuis, is a member of the family Pasteurellaceae and an important respiratory-tract pathogen of swine, which is the etiological agent of Glässer's disease. At present, the H. parasuis infections produce significant mortality and morbidity in pig farms, giving rise to important economic losses in this industry. For this reason, it is necessary to study the molecular biology of this pathogen to develop vaccines more efficient. Because no genetic manipulation system is available for H. parasuis so far, the first objective of this work was to develop a method of gene transfer to study the genes involved in virulence of this organism. In this work has been demonstrated for the first time that H. parasuis is capable of transforming exogenous DNA which contains ACCGAACTC sequence. This sequence is very similar to the motive ACCGCACTT described in H. influenzae as Uptake Signal Sequence. In addition, this process has been optimized, determining the most appropriate concentrations of bacterial cells, cAMP and transforming DNA, as well as the incubation time.A second objective of this study was to determine the role of thymidylate synthase enzyme in the virulence of H. parasuis. This enzyme is essential for dTMP synthesis and, consequently, for DNA replication. To do so, a H. parasuis thyA mutant was constructed in order to analyze its colonization characteristics and its capacity to generate serum bactericidal activity in infected guinea pigs. The data showed that colonization by the H. parasuis thyA mutant was much less than that of the wild-type strain. Nevertheless, the mutant generated a strong immunogenic response similar to the wild-type strain. Therefore, the H. parasuis thyA mutant can be a good candidate to develop future vaccines. Finally, this work has studied the importance of the Fur protein in the virulence of H. parasuis. This protein is a global regulator which, among other duties, controls the mechanisms involved in iron uptake. To perform this part of the study was proposed the construction of a H. parasuis fur mutant. The results have clearly shown that this protein is essential for the viability of this bacterium. Thus, it has been determined the genetic surrounding of fur gene and has confirmed the non-viability of fur mutants by obtaining H. parasuis fur-defective merodiploid strains.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Hiolanda Rêgo (hiolandarego@gmail.com) on 2016-07-29T17:20:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Med_Josilene Borges Torres Lima.pdf: 812403 bytes, checksum: f3a47d8a2a2a13648f9abf0ee0d4b9aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Delba Rosa (delba@ufba.br) on 2016-08-22T12:47:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Med_Josilene Borges Torres Lima.pdf: 812403 bytes, checksum: f3a47d8a2a2a13648f9abf0ee0d4b9aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-22T12:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Med_Josilene Borges Torres Lima.pdf: 812403 bytes, checksum: f3a47d8a2a2a13648f9abf0ee0d4b9aa (MD5) / A introdução de vacinas conjugadas contra o Haemophilus influenzae sorotipo “b” (Hib) foi um avanço de grande impacto na Saúde Pública, praticamente eliminando a meningite por Hib nos países onde foi implementada. O presente trabalho descreveu a meningite por H. influenzae em Salvador, Bahia, estudando o impacto da vacina, e caracterizou os isolados do sorotipo não “b”, identificados durante vigilância ativa populacional. A população estudada foi composta de pacientes identificados por cultura positiva para H. influenzae, e os dados clínicos obtidos através de entrevista e revisão de prontuário. O sorotipo dos isolados foi determinado utilizando antisoros, e reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). A tipagem molecular foi realizada pelas técnicas de eletroforese em campo pulsátil e multilocus sequence typing; e para identificação de mecanismo de virulência, foi utilizada PCR e sequenciamento da região de deleção IS1016-bexA. Para cálculos de incidência foram utilizados números de casos da região Metropolitana de Salvador, e a população do censo do ano de 2000. Após 5 anos de introdução da vacina anti-Hib, a incidência da meningite pelo H. influenzae teve uma redução de 97,6% na população total, e de 97,5% em menores de cinco anos. Em 11 anos de vigilância, foram identificados 40 casos de meningite por isolados do sorotipo não b, sendo 80% após o uso da vacina. Na caracterização molecular, os isolados do sorotipo “a” foram agrupados em dois clones, sendo que um deles apresentava o fator de virulência, a deleção parcial IS1016-bexA, o qual foi associado com elevada mortalidade (OR 10,8 e IC 0,7-345). Estudos de epidemiologia molecular são importantes para estimar a eficácia da vacina, bem como monitorar a emergência de isolados de outros sorotipos para avaliar a necessidade de intervenção na composição da vacina.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

() is a commensal organism of the gastrointestinal tract. It rarely causes hepatobiliary infections; however, in the presence of underlying inflammation, immunosuppression, or malignancy, it can cause hepatobiliary infection via an ascending route. Herein, we report a case of pyogenic liver abscess secondary to associated with cholangiocarcinoma, which was treated with ceftriaxone and metronidazole.

Ältere Menschen sind gegenüber invasiven Infektionen und Sepsis besonders vulnerabel mit ungünstiger Prognose. Staphylococcus aureus und Haemophilus influenzae können beide invasive Infektionen verursachen. Oft geht eine asymptomatische Besiedelung einer Infektion voraus und ist ein Risikofaktor für eine invasive Infektion. Daher wurde eine bizentrische Querschnittstudie in den Regionen Aachen und Würzburg durchgeführt, um die Prävalenz von H. influenzae, S. aureus und MRSA (Methicillin resistenter S. aureus) bei asymptomatischen Senioren zu bestimmen, wie auch Risikofaktoren für eine Besiedelung. Von Oktober 2012 bis Mai 2013 wurden 677 Erwachsenen im Alter von 65 Jahren oder älter eingeschlossen, die zu Hause oder in Seniorenheimen lebten. Die Prävalenz von H. influenzae bei älteren Menschen war mit einer Trägerrate von nur 1,9% ([95% CI: 1,0 - 3,3%]; 13/677) sehr niedrig. Trägerisolate waren überwiegend nicht typisierbare H. influenzae, zeigten eine hohe clonale Diversität und waren alle Ampicillin-sensibel. Die Prävalenz von S. aureus war mit 28,5% ([95% CI: 25,1 - 32,1%]; 193/677) hoch, wie für die deutsche Allgemeinbevölkerung bekannt, während MRSA bei weniger als 1% der Teilnehmer gefunden wurde (0,7% [95% CI: 0,2 - 1,7%]; 5/677). Die Prävalenz von H. influenzae, S. aureus und MRSA unterschied sich nicht signifikant zwischen selbständig zu Hause lebenden Senioren und Pflegeheimbewohnern. Ältere, selbständig lebende Menschen mit höherem Bildungsniveau hatten signifikant höhere Kolonisierungsraten mit S. aureus (adjusted OR: 1,905 [95% CI: 1,248 - 2,908]; p = 0,003). Bei Pflegeheimbewohnern war eine Kolonisierung signifikant mit Verheiratet sein assoziiert (adjusted OR: 3,367 [95% CI: 1,502 - 7,546]; p = 0,003). Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung von sozio-demographischen Faktoren für eine Kolonisierung mit S. aureus und schließen eine Lücke bei epidemiologischen Daten zu H. influenzae. / Elderly people are especially vulnerable to invasive infections and sepsis with often poor outcome. Staphyloccus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae both can cause invasive infections. Asymptomatic colonization often precedes infection and poses a risk for invasive infection. Therefore, a bi-centric cross-sectional carrier study was conducted in the regions of Aachen and Wuerzburg, Germany, to determine the prevalence of H. influenzae, S. aureus and MRSA (methicillin resistant S. aureus) in asymptomatic elderly people and to identify risk factors for colonization. From October 2012 to May 2013 677 adults aged 65 years and older were included, living at home or in nursing homes. In contrast to children and younger adults the prevalence of H. influenzae was very low among elderly people with a carriage rate of only 1.9% ([95% CI: 1.0 - 3.3%]; 13/677). Carrier isolates were predominantly non typeable H. influenzae, showed a high clonal diversity and were all susceptible to ampicillin. The prevalence of S. aureus was expectedly high as known for the German general population (28.5% [95% CI: 25.1 - 32.1%]; 193/677), while MRSA was found in less than 1% of the individuals (0.7% [95% CI: 0.2 - 1.7%]; 5/677). The prevalence of H. influenzae, S. aureus und MRSA did not differ significantly between community dwellers and nursing home residents. Elderly community-dwellers with higher education level had significantly higher colonization rates with S. aureus (adjusted OR: 1.905 [95% CI: 1.248 - 2.908]; p = 0.003). Among nursing home residents, colonization was significantly associated with being married (adjusted OR: 3.367 [1.502 - 7.546]; p = 0.003). These results underline the importance of socio-demographic factors for colonization with S. aureus and close a gap in epidemiological data on H. influenzae.

Bacterial transformation is defined as a mechanism of genetic exchange whereby a population of bacteria can obtain genetic informa-tion as a result of cellular uptake and integration of extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid released from other bacteria by natural or in-duced lysis. In order for a transformable strain of bacteria to take up DNA and to undergo transformation, the cells must be in a physiolog-ical state called competence. A cell is referred to as competent if it has the ability to bind extracellular DNA irreversibly and subsequently to integrate and express the DNA.

No description available.

Die Inzidenz invasiver H. influenzae-Infektionen in Deutschland steigt seit Jahren an. Die akkurate Identifizierung und Resistenztestung dieses Erregers sind von großer klinischer und epidemiologischer Bedeutung. Daher wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Diagnostik und zur Epidemiologie von Antibiotikaresistenzen bei H. influenzae durchgeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die in der Routinediagnostik mittlerweile weit verbreitete MALDI-TOF-MS-Diagnostik durch das VITEK MS IVD nur eingeschränkt zur sicheren Unterscheidung von H. influenzae und H. haemolyticus einsetzbar ist. H. influenzae-Isolate erkannte das System mit einer Genauigkeit von 100 %. Bei H. haemolyticus-Isolaten wurden dagegen 42 % der untersuchten Stämme fälschlicherweise als H. influenzae erkannt. Dieser Fragestellung wurde mit der bisher umfangreichsten molekularbiologisch charakterisierten Studienpopulation beider Bakterienspezies nachgegangen. Die kalkulierte antibiotische Therapie einer Sepsis oder Meningitis erfolgt häufig mit Carbapenemen, die leitliniengerechte Therapie invasiver H. influenzae-Infektionen mit Drittgenerations-Cephalosporinen. Imipenem und Cefotaxim gehören zu den Hauptvertretern dieser Gruppen. Bezüglich der Antibiotikaresistenztestung wurde erstmalig für H. influenzae herausgefunden, dass die routinemäßig verwendete Gradientenagardiffusion (GAD) bei der Testung von Cefotaxim im Vergleich zum Goldstandard Bouillon-Mikrodilution gleichwertig und bei Imipenem sogar sensitiver in der Detektion von Heteroresistenzen ist. Die Epidemiologie dieser Resistenzen wurde in dieser Arbeit erstmalig für Deutschland systematisch erfasst, indem alle verfügbaren invasiven Isolate gemeldeter H. influenzae-Infektionen der Jahre 2016 (Imipenem) beziehungsweise 2016-2019 (Cefotaxim) untersucht wurden. Es wurde eine hohe Prävalenz einer Imipenem-Resistenz von 13,5 % festgestellt. Die Prävalenz einer Cefotaxim-Resistenz lag bei 0,9 %. Zur molekularen Typisierung wurde bei den Imipenem-resistenten Isolaten eine Multilocus-Sequenztypisierung, bei den Cefotaxim-resistenten Stämmen eine Sequenzierung des vollständigen Genoms durchgeführt. Hierbei wurde eine hohe genetische Diversität der Stämme festgestellt, was die Schlussfolgerung zulässt, dass resistente Mutanten sporadisch entstehen. Die Untersuchung möglicher spatio-temporaler Cluster führte zum Nachweis einer sehr selten vorkommenden Übertragung eines Imipenem-resistenten Stamms. Durch die Sequenzierung von Resistenzgenen wurde die Epidemiologie und Relevanz bekannter Aminosäuresubstitutionen beleuchtet. Unter anderem wurde für die PBP3-Substitutionen L389F und Y557H eine hochsignifikante Korrelation mit dem Auftreten von Cefotaxim-Resistenzen nachgewiesen. Die gewonnenen Genomdaten bieten die Grundlage für die Forschung an weiteren Antibiotikaresistenzdeterminanten von H. influenzae. / Haemophilus influenzae is a fastidious, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the respiratory tract and can cause respiratory and invasive infection such as meningitis and sepsis. Invasive H. influenzae infections are potentially life-threatening and incidence rates have been increasing for years. Therefore, fast and accurate diagnostics, reliable testing of antibiotic resistance and a successful antibiotic treatment is of great importance. Therefore, the objective of the first part of this thesis was to evaluate the diagnostic and discriminative potential of the MALDI-TOF-MS system VITEK® MS regarding H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus. H. influenzae can cause invasive infections, whereas H. haemolyticus is mostly apathogenic. The system showed excellent accuracy for the identification of H. influenzae isolates, as 100 % of the 236 isolates were correctly identified. When testing 50 H. haemolyticus strains, however, the system showed significant limitations, since 42 % of these strains were misidentified as H. influenzae. According to the current German guidelines for the treatment of sepsis and meningitis, treatment of invasive H. influenzae infections is carried out using carbapenems, such as imipenem, or third-generation cephalosporins, such as cefotaxime. Therefore, the prevalence of antibiotic resistances to these substances was investigated and possible resistance mechanisms were examined. The two antibiotic susceptibility testing methods Gradient agar diffusion (GAD) and broth microdilution (BMD) were compared. As a result, for the determination of the cefotaxime MIC, the two methods showed an excellent correlation, whereas for imipenem there were significant differences in the measured MIC values. Since strains tested by GAD often showed double or fuzzy inhibition zones, heteroresistances may be more apparent using this method and GAD may be more sensitive at detecting imipenem resistance. The prevalence of imipenem resistance was determined for the year 2016. The analysis of 474 different invasive isolates showed a high prevalence of 5.5 %. If including all resistant isolates according to GAD, the prevalence would be even as high as 13.5 %. MLST was performed on all isolates to investigate the genetic relationship. As a result, however, some sequence types were observed more frequently, it revealed a significant diversity. Both the analysis of ftsI and acrR showed previously described amino acid substitutions. Cefotaxime resistance was investigated for all 2432 invasive H. influenzae for the years 2016-2019. The low prevalence of 0.9 % shows that cefotaxime is still well suited for the treatment of invasive H. influenzae infections. For the investigation of the genetic relationship and possible causes of cefotaxime resistance whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on all resistant isolates. The strains showed high genetic diversity and the geographic analysis also showed that the resistant strains were evenly spread throughout the population in Germany. This led to the conclusion that cefotaxime resistance is more likely caused by sporadic mutation events rather than by specific clones spreading in certain areas. The analysis of the ftsI gene showed that the amino acid substitutions L389F and Y557H are significantly associated with elevated cefotaxime MICs. This dissertation provides comprehensive data regarding diagnostics, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and the epidemiology of antibiotic resistances of invasive H. influenzae. It could be shown that the VITEK MS IVD, although established in the routine diagnostics, can only be used to a limited extent for reliably differentiating H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus isolates. Regarding antibiotic susceptibility testing, it was found that GAD showed similar results compared to the gold standard BMD when testing cefotaxime. When testing imipenem, this method was even more sensitive in detecting heteroresistances compared to the gold standard. For the first time, the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance against cefotaxime and imipenem was carried out using a large set of precisely defined invasive H. influenzae isolates to obtain representative data for the prevalence of imipenem and cefotaxime resistance in Germany. By investigating amino acid substitutions in the ftsI and acrR gene the epidemiology and relevance of these substitutions could be shown. A well-founded statement on the relationship of the resistant strains could be made using the state-of-the-art typing methods MLST and whole genome sequencing. The genome data also offers the possibility of examining other genes of these strains in more detail.

Histophilus somni is a commensal of the mucosal surfaces of respiratory and reproductive tracts of cattle and sheep. However, as an opportunistic pathogen, H. somni can cause diseases such as pneumonia, myocarditis, abortion, arthritis, and meningo-encephalitis. Previously, several virulence factors/mechanisms had been identified in H. somni of which the phase-variable lipooligosaccharide, induction of host cell apoptosis, intraphagocytic survival, and immunoglobulin Fc binding proteins were well characterized. To further understand the biological properties of H. somni, the genomes of pneumonia strain 2336 and preputial strain 129Pt have been sequenced. Using the genome sequence data and comparative analyses with other members of the Pasteurellaceae, putative genes that encode proteases, restriction-modification enzymes, hemagglutinins, glycosyltransferases, kinases, helicases, and adhesins have been identified in H. somni. Most of the H. somni strain-specific genes were found to be associated with prophage-like sequences, plasmids, and/or transposons. Therefore, it is likely that these mobile genetic elements played a significant role in creating genomic diversity and phenotypic variability among strains of H. somni. Functional characterization of H. somni luxS in the genomic context revealed that the gene encodes S-ribosylhomocysteinase that can complement biosynthesis of AI-2 quorum sensing signal molecules in Escherichia coli DH5alpha. It was also found that several pathogenic isolates of H. somni form a prominent biofilm and that luxS as well as phosphorylcholine expression can influence biofilm formation by H. somni. In conclusion, comparative analyses of the genomes and functional characterization of putative genes have shed new light on the versatility and evolution of H. somni. / Ph. D.