Introdução - A vida do ser humano é repleta de necessidades consideradas básicas para um desenvolvimento saudável, dentre as quais estão alimentação, cuidados com a higiene pessoal e com o corpo de uma forma geral. Para esses cuidados, há um leque cada vez maior de produtos, entre os quais estão incluídos os cosméticos que trazem em sua composição química oformaldeído, que tem sido utilizado extensivamente como alisante capilar nas denominadasescovas progressivas. Objetivo - O fato dos cabeleireiros estarem expostos a substâncias químicas, dentre eles o formaldeído, por meio do manuseio de cremes e produtos de alisamento capilar, motivou a realização desse estudo com o objetivo de quantificar a exposição ocupacional de cabeleireiros ao formaldeído comparando os resultados da exposição entre diferentes tipos de salão de beleza frente à legislação vigente brasileira (NR15) e americana (US OSHA e US NIOSH). Métodos - A população estudada foi constituída por 23 salões de beleza localizados no município de Bauru, São Paulo, representativos de áreas com diferentes vulnerabilidades sociais medidas pelo IPVS (Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social). Foram aplicados dois questionários para coleta de informações pessoais, queixas de saúde e processos de trabalho adotados pelos profissionais. Resultados - Dos 23 salões, cuja exposição dos profissionais ao formaldeído foi avaliada pelo método da National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 30% ultrapassaram o limite de concentração de formaldeído estabelecido pela NR 15 (1,6 ppm); já pelo método desenvolvido pelo IPT (Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas), esse limite de tolerância foi ultrapassado em 39% dos salões. Considerando o limite de exposição ao formaldeído previsto pela Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA), que é de 2,0 ppm, 17% dos salões obtiveram concentrações de formaldeído acima do permitido (método NIOSH) e, pelo método IPT, 30% obtiveram valores maiores que o previsto pela legislação nas amostras analisadas. Os produtos alisantes ultrapassaram de forma significativa o limite de concentração de formaldeído permitido pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) em suas formulações, o qual é de 0,2%. Quatro formulações apresentaram de 10% a 11% de formaldeído em sua composição. Conclusões - Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os cabeleireiros estão cronicamente expostos a altas concentrações de formaldeído em ambiente laboral, sendo que estas exposições estão associadas principalmente à ventilação do ambiente, medida por meio da abertura de portas e janelas do salão. O processo de trabalho também pode impactar na intensidade da exposição. / Introduction - The life of the human being is full of basic necessities for a healthy development, among which are food, cares for personal hygiene and the body in general. For this care, there is a growing range of products, including cosmetics that bring formaldehyde in its chemical composition, which has been used extensively as hair straightener in so-called progressive brushes. Objective - The fact that hairdressers are exposed to chemical substances, among them formaldehyde, through the handling of creams and hair straightening products, motivated the accomplishment of this study with the objective of quantifying the occupational exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde comparing the results of (NR15) and US (US OSHA and US NIOSH) legislation. Methods - The study population consisted of 23 beauty salons located in the city of Bauru, São Paulo, representing areas with different social vulnerabilities measured by IPVS (Paulista Index of Social Vulnerability). Two questionnaires were used to collect personal information, health complaints and work processes adopted by professionals. Results - Of the 23 salons, whose exposure of professionals to formaldehyde was assessed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method, 30% exceeded the formaldehyde concentration limit established by NR 15 (1.6 ppm); already by the method developed by IPT (Institute of Technological Research), this limit of tolerance was exceeded in 39% of the salons. Considering the Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) exposure limit of 2.0 ppm, 17% of the salons obtained formaldehyde concentrations above the allowable level (NIOSH method), and by the IPT method 30% obtained values than those provided for by legislation in the analyzed samples. Smoothing products significantly exceeded the limit of formaldehyde concentration allowed by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) in its formulations, which is 0.2%. Four formulations had 10% to 11% formaldehyde in their composition. Conclusions - The results of this study showed that hairdressers are chronically exposed to high concentrations of formaldehyde in the workplace, and these exposures are mainly associated with the ventilation of the environment, measured through the opening of doors and windows of the hall. The work process can also impact the intensity of exposure.

Introdução - A vida do ser humano é repleta de necessidades consideradas básicas para um desenvolvimento saudável, dentre as quais estão alimentação, cuidados com a higiene pessoal e com o corpo de uma forma geral. Para esses cuidados, há um leque cada vez maior de produtos, entre os quais estão incluídos os cosméticos que trazem em sua composição química oformaldeído, que tem sido utilizado extensivamente como alisante capilar nas denominadasescovas progressivas. Objetivo - O fato dos cabeleireiros estarem expostos a substâncias químicas, dentre eles o formaldeído, por meio do manuseio de cremes e produtos de alisamento capilar, motivou a realização desse estudo com o objetivo de quantificar a exposição ocupacional de cabeleireiros ao formaldeído comparando os resultados da exposição entre diferentes tipos de salão de beleza frente à legislação vigente brasileira (NR15) e americana (US OSHA e US NIOSH). Métodos - A população estudada foi constituída por 23 salões de beleza localizados no município de Bauru, São Paulo, representativos de áreas com diferentes vulnerabilidades sociais medidas pelo IPVS (Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social). Foram aplicados dois questionários para coleta de informações pessoais, queixas de saúde e processos de trabalho adotados pelos profissionais. Resultados - Dos 23 salões, cuja exposição dos profissionais ao formaldeído foi avaliada pelo método da National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 30% ultrapassaram o limite de concentração de formaldeído estabelecido pela NR 15 (1,6 ppm); já pelo método desenvolvido pelo IPT (Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas), esse limite de tolerância foi ultrapassado em 39% dos salões. Considerando o limite de exposição ao formaldeído previsto pela Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA), que é de 2,0 ppm, 17% dos salões obtiveram concentrações de formaldeído acima do permitido (método NIOSH) e, pelo método IPT, 30% obtiveram valores maiores que o previsto pela legislação nas amostras analisadas. Os produtos alisantes ultrapassaram de forma significativa o limite de concentração de formaldeído permitido pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) em suas formulações, o qual é de 0,2%. Quatro formulações apresentaram de 10% a 11% de formaldeído em sua composição. Conclusões - Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os cabeleireiros estão cronicamente expostos a altas concentrações de formaldeído em ambiente laboral, sendo que estas exposições estão associadas principalmente à ventilação do ambiente, medida por meio da abertura de portas e janelas do salão. O processo de trabalho também pode impactar na intensidade da exposição. / Introduction - The life of the human being is full of basic necessities for a healthy development, among which are food, cares for personal hygiene and the body in general. For this care, there is a growing range of products, including cosmetics that bring formaldehyde in its chemical composition, which has been used extensively as hair straightener in so-called progressive brushes. Objective - The fact that hairdressers are exposed to chemical substances, among them formaldehyde, through the handling of creams and hair straightening products, motivated the accomplishment of this study with the objective of quantifying the occupational exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde comparing the results of (NR15) and US (US OSHA and US NIOSH) legislation. Methods - The study population consisted of 23 beauty salons located in the city of Bauru, São Paulo, representing areas with different social vulnerabilities measured by IPVS (Paulista Index of Social Vulnerability). Two questionnaires were used to collect personal information, health complaints and work processes adopted by professionals. Results - Of the 23 salons, whose exposure of professionals to formaldehyde was assessed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method, 30% exceeded the formaldehyde concentration limit established by NR 15 (1.6 ppm); already by the method developed by IPT (Institute of Technological Research), this limit of tolerance was exceeded in 39% of the salons. Considering the Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) exposure limit of 2.0 ppm, 17% of the salons obtained formaldehyde concentrations above the allowable level (NIOSH method), and by the IPT method 30% obtained values than those provided for by legislation in the analyzed samples. Smoothing products significantly exceeded the limit of formaldehyde concentration allowed by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) in its formulations, which is 0.2%. Four formulations had 10% to 11% formaldehyde in their composition. Conclusions - The results of this study showed that hairdressers are chronically exposed to high concentrations of formaldehyde in the workplace, and these exposures are mainly associated with the ventilation of the environment, measured through the opening of doors and windows of the hall. The work process can also impact the intensity of exposure.

This work consists of three parts. The meaning of the special drawing to establish the future hairdressers creativity is being analyzed in this work. In the introduction of this work the urgency and newness of the theme is being discussed, the pedagogical and cultural meaning is grounded. The understanding of creativity and its psychological and pedagogical aspects are being analyzed, also the works of the authors who analyzed this question are being discussed. Also the creativity, hairdressers occupation its specificity is being discussed here. This question raises the necessity of the discussion of the methods which bring up the creativity. They are analyzed in the work by the aspect of pedagogy and psychology also by the aspect of creative result. Later the very special drawing and its historical development in different development stages of European art is being analyzed in the work, the compositional schemes of men and women historical coiffures and separate elements of the coiffures and their principals of co-ordination are discussed here. It let to analyze the peculiarities in the practice of teaching the special drawing, by marking out its features and differences from the simple drawing. These peculiarities are defined by the point of view of the reaching aims. Also the practical tasks, which are illustrated with the students works of art in the work, to the future hairdressers are presented. The tasks done by the students picturesquely illustrate the... [to full text]

INTRODUÇÃO: Cabeleireiros estão expostos a um grande número de produtos químicos no ambiente de trabalho. Um destes produtos é o formaldeído, que causa irritação das vias respiratórias, sensibilidade imunológica imediata, mutagênese e carcinogênese. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a exposição de cabeleireiros ao formaldeído e estudar os efeitos agudos e prolongados da exposição sobre os sintomas e a função pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudamos prospectivamente 41 cabeleireiros antes, após a exposição imediata ao formaldeído durante procedimento de alisamento capilar e após 6 meses. Foram coletados dados sobre sintomas e realizada espirometria no ambiente de trabalho. As concentrações de formaldeído no ar e de ácido fórmico na urina foram determinadas. RESULTADOS: A média da idade foi de 39 ± 11 anos, 70,7% eram mulheres e 70,7% eram não tabagistas. Cada procedimento durou de 30 a 90 minutos, 81% foram realizados com equipamentos de proteção. A concentração de formaldeído no ambiente de trabalho variou de 0,1 ppm a 5,0 ppm (md=0,4 ppm). A concentração de ácido fórmico na urina aumentou após a exposição (1,31 ± 0,91 mg/L versus 1,96 ± 0,90 mg/L; p<0,001). Observou-se uma associação entre a concentração de formaldeído no ambiente de trabalho e os níveis de ácido fórmico na urina após a exposição (rs=0,33; p=0,03). Sintomas pré-exposição estiveram presentes em 29% e após exposição ao formaldeído em 71% dos cabeleireiros. Lacrimejamento, irritação ocular e nasal, coriza, irritação na garganta, tosse seca, espirros simples, dispneia e cefaleia aumentaram imediatamente após a exposição (p<0,05). Não houve alteração dos valores da espirometria após a exposição (p>0,05). No período de seguimento, os cabeleireiros utilizaram produtos contendo formaldeído 48 vezes (3-192), com tempo de exposição de 45 horas (4,5-225). Após 6 meses da primeira avaliação, houve um aumento adicional na frequência e intensidade da maioria dos sintomas. Mais da metade da amostra referiu apresentar lesões de mucosa nasal. Houve associação entre o tempo de exposição ao formaldeído no seguimento e o aumento da intensidade da irritação nasal (rs=0,309; p=0,050). Não houve mudança nos parâmetros da espirometria no seguimento (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A exposição aguda e crônica ao formaldeído causou efeitos adversos à saúde dos cabeleireiros, porém sem impacto sobre a função pulmonar. A exclusão do formaldeído do ambiente de trabalho pode melhorar a saúde desses trabalhadores. / BACKGROUND: Hairdressers are exposed to a large number of chemicals in the workplace. One of these products is formaldehyde, which causes respiratory irritation, immediate immunological sensitivity, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde and to study the short and long term exposure on symptoms and lung function. METHODS: We studied 41 hairdressers before, immediately after exposure to formaldehyde in the procedure of hair straightening and after 6 months. Data on symptoms were collected and spirometry was performed in the workplace. Concentrations of formaldehyde in the workplace and formic acid in the urine were determined. RESULTS: The mean age was 39 ± 11 years, 70.7% were women and 70.7% were nonsmokers. The procedures lasted between 30 and 90 minutes, 81% were performed with protective equipment. The formaldehyde concentration in the working environment ranged from 0.1 ppm to 5.0 ppm (md=0.4 ppm). The concentration of formic acid in the urine increased after exposure (1.31 ± 0.91 mg/L versus 1.96 ± 0.90 mg/L, p<0.001). There was an association between the formaldehyde concentration in workplace and the levels of formic acid in urine after exposure (rs=0.33, p=0.03). Symptoms were present in 29% of the hairdressers before and in 71% and after exposure to formaldehyde. Lacrimation, nasal and eye irritation, runny nose, sore throat, dry cough, sneezing, dyspnea and headache increased after exposure (p<0.05). There was no change in spirometric values after exposure (p>0.05). During followup the hairdressers used products containing formaldehyde 48 times (3-192) with an estimated exposure time of 45 hours (4.5-225). After 6 months of the first assessment there was a further increase in frequency and intensity of most symptoms. More than half of the sample reported lesions of the nasal mucosa. An association between length of exposure to formaldehyde in the follow-up and increased intensity of nasal irritation was observed (rs=0.309, p=0.050). There was no change in spirometry after 6 months (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short and long term occupational exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde was associated with adverse health effects, with no impact on lung function. The exclusion of the substance of the work environment can improve worker health.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-06T16:30:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Lillian Bolonheis Garcia.pdf: 1279716 bytes, checksum: 8768d7fe8ee39c24d4233b25707ebac5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-12T13:24:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Lillian Bolonheis Garcia.pdf: 1279716 bytes, checksum: 8768d7fe8ee39c24d4233b25707ebac5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T13:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Lillian Bolonheis Garcia.pdf: 1279716 bytes, checksum: 8768d7fe8ee39c24d4233b25707ebac5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Doenças Ocupacionais Respiratórias são doenças que acometem o sistema respiratório e cujo surgimento tem estreita relação com o ambiente de trabalho. Diversas substâncias encontradas nos locais de trabalho podem causar agressões às vias respiratórias. Vários produtos utilizados em salões de beleza são conhecidos por serem alergênicos e potencialmente cancerígenos e estudos apontam para uma associação entre exposição ocupacional a produtos químicos em salões de beleza e agravos respiratórios. Objetivo -Analisar a prevalência de agravos respiratórios em profissionais de salão de beleza da cidade de Cuiabá- MT, no ano de 2013. Métodos – Estudo transversal envolvendo 430 profissionais de salões de beleza localizados no município de Cuiabá-MT e registrados na Junta Comercial do Estado do Mato Grosso. Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizado um questionário e realizado a espirometria para avaliar a função pulmonar dos indivíduos entrevistados. Para a análise dos dados foram realizadas análises descritivas, bivariada e regressão múltipla de Poisson utilizando os programas SPSS e STATA. Resultados – Os profissionais pertenciam em sua maioria ao sexo feminino (86,5%), com idade média de 36,5 anos. A prevalência de alteração da função pulmonar foi de 9,2%, sendo 3,8% classificados como distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo, e a prevalência de sintomáticos respiratórios foi de 88,8%. Foram encontradas associações entre função pulmonar alterada e baixo nível de escolaridade, presença de doença respiratória, tempo de profissão/exposição e a presença de exaustor no ambiente de trabalho. A análise múltipla revelou que a prevalência da função pulmonar alterada é maior naqueles que possuem doença respiratória, baixo nível de escolaridade e maior jornada de trabalho. Conclusões – A prevalência de distúrbios ventilatórios em profissionais de salão de beleza é importante e é maior naqueles que possuem doença respiratória, baixo nível de escolaridade e maior jornada de trabalho. / Occupational Respiratory Diseases are diseases that affect the respiratory system and whose emergence is closely related to the work environment. Several substances found in the workplace can cause aggression to the airways. Various products used in salons are known to be allergenic and potentially carcinogenic, and studies show an association between occupational exposure to chemicals in salons and respiratory diseases exposure. Objective - To analyze the prevalence of respiratory diseases in professional salon city of Cuiabá - MT, in 2013. Methods - A cross-sectional study involving 430 professional beauty salons located in the city of Cuiabá - MT and the Commercial Registry of the State of Mato Grosso. To collect data, a questionnaire was used and performed spirometry to assess lung function of individuals interviewed. For data analysis descriptive analysis, bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression using SPSS and STATA programs were conducted. Results - The Professional belonged mostly female (86.5 %) with a mean age of 36.5 years. The prevalence of pulmonary function changes was 9.2%, with 3.8% classified as obstructive lung disease, and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms was 88.8%. Associations between alteration pulmonary function and low level of education, presence of respiratory disease, length of employment / exposure and the presence of exhaust in the workplace were found. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the prevalence of abnormal pulmonary function is greater in those with respiratory disease, low education levels and higher workday. Conclusions - The prevalence of respiratory disorders in professional salon is important and is greater in those with respiratory disease, low education levels and higher workday.

INTRODUÇÃO: Cabeleireiros estão expostos a um grande número de produtos químicos no ambiente de trabalho. Um destes produtos é o formaldeído, que causa irritação das vias respiratórias, sensibilidade imunológica imediata, mutagênese e carcinogênese. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a exposição de cabeleireiros ao formaldeído e estudar os efeitos agudos e prolongados da exposição sobre os sintomas e a função pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudamos prospectivamente 41 cabeleireiros antes, após a exposição imediata ao formaldeído durante procedimento de alisamento capilar e após 6 meses. Foram coletados dados sobre sintomas e realizada espirometria no ambiente de trabalho. As concentrações de formaldeído no ar e de ácido fórmico na urina foram determinadas. RESULTADOS: A média da idade foi de 39 ± 11 anos, 70,7% eram mulheres e 70,7% eram não tabagistas. Cada procedimento durou de 30 a 90 minutos, 81% foram realizados com equipamentos de proteção. A concentração de formaldeído no ambiente de trabalho variou de 0,1 ppm a 5,0 ppm (md=0,4 ppm). A concentração de ácido fórmico na urina aumentou após a exposição (1,31 ± 0,91 mg/L versus 1,96 ± 0,90 mg/L; p<0,001). Observou-se uma associação entre a concentração de formaldeído no ambiente de trabalho e os níveis de ácido fórmico na urina após a exposição (rs=0,33; p=0,03). Sintomas pré-exposição estiveram presentes em 29% e após exposição ao formaldeído em 71% dos cabeleireiros. Lacrimejamento, irritação ocular e nasal, coriza, irritação na garganta, tosse seca, espirros simples, dispneia e cefaleia aumentaram imediatamente após a exposição (p<0,05). Não houve alteração dos valores da espirometria após a exposição (p>0,05). No período de seguimento, os cabeleireiros utilizaram produtos contendo formaldeído 48 vezes (3-192), com tempo de exposição de 45 horas (4,5-225). Após 6 meses da primeira avaliação, houve um aumento adicional na frequência e intensidade da maioria dos sintomas. Mais da metade da amostra referiu apresentar lesões de mucosa nasal. Houve associação entre o tempo de exposição ao formaldeído no seguimento e o aumento da intensidade da irritação nasal (rs=0,309; p=0,050). Não houve mudança nos parâmetros da espirometria no seguimento (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A exposição aguda e crônica ao formaldeído causou efeitos adversos à saúde dos cabeleireiros, porém sem impacto sobre a função pulmonar. A exclusão do formaldeído do ambiente de trabalho pode melhorar a saúde desses trabalhadores. / BACKGROUND: Hairdressers are exposed to a large number of chemicals in the workplace. One of these products is formaldehyde, which causes respiratory irritation, immediate immunological sensitivity, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde and to study the short and long term exposure on symptoms and lung function. METHODS: We studied 41 hairdressers before, immediately after exposure to formaldehyde in the procedure of hair straightening and after 6 months. Data on symptoms were collected and spirometry was performed in the workplace. Concentrations of formaldehyde in the workplace and formic acid in the urine were determined. RESULTS: The mean age was 39 ± 11 years, 70.7% were women and 70.7% were nonsmokers. The procedures lasted between 30 and 90 minutes, 81% were performed with protective equipment. The formaldehyde concentration in the working environment ranged from 0.1 ppm to 5.0 ppm (md=0.4 ppm). The concentration of formic acid in the urine increased after exposure (1.31 ± 0.91 mg/L versus 1.96 ± 0.90 mg/L, p<0.001). There was an association between the formaldehyde concentration in workplace and the levels of formic acid in urine after exposure (rs=0.33, p=0.03). Symptoms were present in 29% of the hairdressers before and in 71% and after exposure to formaldehyde. Lacrimation, nasal and eye irritation, runny nose, sore throat, dry cough, sneezing, dyspnea and headache increased after exposure (p<0.05). There was no change in spirometric values after exposure (p>0.05). During followup the hairdressers used products containing formaldehyde 48 times (3-192) with an estimated exposure time of 45 hours (4.5-225). After 6 months of the first assessment there was a further increase in frequency and intensity of most symptoms. More than half of the sample reported lesions of the nasal mucosa. An association between length of exposure to formaldehyde in the follow-up and increased intensity of nasal irritation was observed (rs=0.309, p=0.050). There was no change in spirometry after 6 months (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short and long term occupational exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde was associated with adverse health effects, with no impact on lung function. The exclusion of the substance of the work environment can improve worker health.

INTRODUÇÃO: Cabeleireiros estão expostos a um grande número de produtos químicos no ambiente de trabalho. Um destes produtos é o formaldeído, que causa irritação das vias respiratórias, sensibilidade imunológica imediata, mutagênese e carcinogênese. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a exposição de cabeleireiros ao formaldeído e estudar os efeitos agudos e prolongados da exposição sobre os sintomas e a função pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudamos prospectivamente 41 cabeleireiros antes, após a exposição imediata ao formaldeído durante procedimento de alisamento capilar e após 6 meses. Foram coletados dados sobre sintomas e realizada espirometria no ambiente de trabalho. As concentrações de formaldeído no ar e de ácido fórmico na urina foram determinadas. RESULTADOS: A média da idade foi de 39 ± 11 anos, 70,7% eram mulheres e 70,7% eram não tabagistas. Cada procedimento durou de 30 a 90 minutos, 81% foram realizados com equipamentos de proteção. A concentração de formaldeído no ambiente de trabalho variou de 0,1 ppm a 5,0 ppm (md=0,4 ppm). A concentração de ácido fórmico na urina aumentou após a exposição (1,31 ± 0,91 mg/L versus 1,96 ± 0,90 mg/L; p<0,001). Observou-se uma associação entre a concentração de formaldeído no ambiente de trabalho e os níveis de ácido fórmico na urina após a exposição (rs=0,33; p=0,03). Sintomas pré-exposição estiveram presentes em 29% e após exposição ao formaldeído em 71% dos cabeleireiros. Lacrimejamento, irritação ocular e nasal, coriza, irritação na garganta, tosse seca, espirros simples, dispneia e cefaleia aumentaram imediatamente após a exposição (p<0,05). Não houve alteração dos valores da espirometria após a exposição (p>0,05). No período de seguimento, os cabeleireiros utilizaram produtos contendo formaldeído 48 vezes (3-192), com tempo de exposição de 45 horas (4,5-225). Após 6 meses da primeira avaliação, houve um aumento adicional na frequência e intensidade da maioria dos sintomas. Mais da metade da amostra referiu apresentar lesões de mucosa nasal. Houve associação entre o tempo de exposição ao formaldeído no seguimento e o aumento da intensidade da irritação nasal (rs=0,309; p=0,050). Não houve mudança nos parâmetros da espirometria no seguimento (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A exposição aguda e crônica ao formaldeído causou efeitos adversos à saúde dos cabeleireiros, porém sem impacto sobre a função pulmonar. A exclusão do formaldeído do ambiente de trabalho pode melhorar a saúde desses trabalhadores. / BACKGROUND: Hairdressers are exposed to a large number of chemicals in the workplace. One of these products is formaldehyde, which causes respiratory irritation, immediate immunological sensitivity, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde and to study the short and long term exposure on symptoms and lung function. METHODS: We studied 41 hairdressers before, immediately after exposure to formaldehyde in the procedure of hair straightening and after 6 months. Data on symptoms were collected and spirometry was performed in the workplace. Concentrations of formaldehyde in the workplace and formic acid in the urine were determined. RESULTS: The mean age was 39 ± 11 years, 70.7% were women and 70.7% were nonsmokers. The procedures lasted between 30 and 90 minutes, 81% were performed with protective equipment. The formaldehyde concentration in the working environment ranged from 0.1 ppm to 5.0 ppm (md=0.4 ppm). The concentration of formic acid in the urine increased after exposure (1.31 ± 0.91 mg/L versus 1.96 ± 0.90 mg/L, p<0.001). There was an association between the formaldehyde concentration in workplace and the levels of formic acid in urine after exposure (rs=0.33, p=0.03). Symptoms were present in 29% of the hairdressers before and in 71% and after exposure to formaldehyde. Lacrimation, nasal and eye irritation, runny nose, sore throat, dry cough, sneezing, dyspnea and headache increased after exposure (p<0.05). There was no change in spirometric values after exposure (p>0.05). During followup the hairdressers used products containing formaldehyde 48 times (3-192) with an estimated exposure time of 45 hours (4.5-225). After 6 months of the first assessment there was a further increase in frequency and intensity of most symptoms. More than half of the sample reported lesions of the nasal mucosa. An association between length of exposure to formaldehyde in the follow-up and increased intensity of nasal irritation was observed (rs=0.309, p=0.050). There was no change in spirometry after 6 months (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short and long term occupational exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde was associated with adverse health effects, with no impact on lung function. The exclusion of the substance of the work environment can improve worker health.

Magister Artium - MA / Migration has become very prominent in South Africa, and unlike most countries on the continent, it is an extremely prominent destinations for migrants. The country attracts migrants because there is a common perception that there are better economic opportunities, jobs and living conditions within South Africa. Countries like Zimbabwe, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, Senegal, Mozambique and Nigeria are statistically high ranking in migrants entering South Africa on a daily basis (Stats SA, 2011). Most forced migration research seeks to explain the behaviour, impact, and challenges faced by the displaced with the intention of influencing agencies and governments to develop more effective responses to address the challenges. As a case study focusing on women, gender and migration at the micro-level, this study deals with the gendered and classed experiences and struggles of women migrants working as hairdressers in street salons in Bellville, Cape Town. The study explores how women who are socially marked as “other” in terms of gender, class, space, identity and nationality navigate an environment in which social worth and belonging is constantly defined by physical appearance and the environment in which the body is physically located. Through a feminist qualitative research method, the study focuses mainly on women’s experiences through interviews and participant observation. The research is therefore deeply grounded and rooted in feminist theoretical perspective and feminist methodological approaches in order to understand women’s lives and gender roles, their body politics and working lives. One of the major findings of this study is that the lack of a gendered analysis of migration has perpetuated stereotypes about who “migrants” are, what access they can have in a foreign country, in what ways they are considered “other”, and, most importantly, how they respond to their experiences of “othering” and political marginalization. It is argued that migration has been constantly changing: many contemporary migrant women are driven by adventure, desire and spirit, and not by famine, war, spouses and poverty. This study therefore develops recommendations for future researchers and policy makers in considering gender and the dynamic changes surrounding migration.

<p>Hair care is a hygienic treatment and is supervised by the Local Environment and Public Health Committee in the municipality. According to the Swedish Environmental Code, hairdressers as all practitioners are required to take measurements to protect the environment and public health. In hygienic treatments hazards may arise from inadequate hygiene practice which spread infection. Hazards may also arise from the use of hair care products such as permanent wave solutions, bleaches and hair dyes. Some hair dye components are known to cause contact allergy, mostly in hair dressers who are exposed professionally but also in some cases in consumers. Bleaches increase the risk of occupational asthma in hairdressers. Some studies have shown an increased risk of cancer in hairdressers and possibly also in consumers. The use of cosmetic and hygienic products also affects the environment. Some components, e.g. surfactants, are hazardous to aquatic organisms, even though the contribution from hair care products is relatively small. Some hairdressers perform ear piercing. All activities that penetrate the skin involve a risk of infection. There is also a risk of developing a nickel allergy if the earrings are not nickel free. In Sweden, due to recently changed legislation, hairdressers no longer need to notify the Local Environment and Public Health Committee before starting a practice. The changes also mean that the rules about documentation of the measurements practitioners need to take to protect public health are less clear. The changes have made the supervision of hairdressers harder for the Local Environment and Public Health Committee.</p>

Hair care is a hygienic treatment and is supervised by the Local Environment and Public Health Committee in the municipality. According to the Swedish Environmental Code, hairdressers as all practitioners are required to take measurements to protect the environment and public health. In hygienic treatments hazards may arise from inadequate hygiene practice which spread infection. Hazards may also arise from the use of hair care products such as permanent wave solutions, bleaches and hair dyes. Some hair dye components are known to cause contact allergy, mostly in hair dressers who are exposed professionally but also in some cases in consumers. Bleaches increase the risk of occupational asthma in hairdressers. Some studies have shown an increased risk of cancer in hairdressers and possibly also in consumers. The use of cosmetic and hygienic products also affects the environment. Some components, e.g. surfactants, are hazardous to aquatic organisms, even though the contribution from hair care products is relatively small. Some hairdressers perform ear piercing. All activities that penetrate the skin involve a risk of infection. There is also a risk of developing a nickel allergy if the earrings are not nickel free. In Sweden, due to recently changed legislation, hairdressers no longer need to notify the Local Environment and Public Health Committee before starting a practice. The changes also mean that the rules about documentation of the measurements practitioners need to take to protect public health are less clear. The changes have made the supervision of hairdressers harder for the Local Environment and Public Health Committee.