The purpose of this study is to account for the forces that led to the creation of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), to examine the operation of the Special Drawing Account, to account for the developments inducing monetary reform, and to arrive at conclusions concerning the future of SDRs in the international financial system.

This work consists of three parts. The meaning of the special drawing to establish the future hairdressers creativity is being analyzed in this work. In the introduction of this work the urgency and newness of the theme is being discussed, the pedagogical and cultural meaning is grounded. The understanding of creativity and its psychological and pedagogical aspects are being analyzed, also the works of the authors who analyzed this question are being discussed. Also the creativity, hairdressers occupation its specificity is being discussed here. This question raises the necessity of the discussion of the methods which bring up the creativity. They are analyzed in the work by the aspect of pedagogy and psychology also by the aspect of creative result. Later the very special drawing and its historical development in different development stages of European art is being analyzed in the work, the compositional schemes of men and women historical coiffures and separate elements of the coiffures and their principals of co-ordination are discussed here. It let to analyze the peculiarities in the practice of teaching the special drawing, by marking out its features and differences from the simple drawing. These peculiarities are defined by the point of view of the reaching aims. Also the practical tasks, which are illustrated with the students works of art in the work, to the future hairdressers are presented. The tasks done by the students picturesquely illustrate the... [to full text]

Orientadores: Reginaldo Carmello Corrêa de Moraes, Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_AlineReginaAlves_D.pdf: 1676966 bytes, checksum: 9b80ba551dbb542249598957b198ef13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo analisar os Direitos Especiais de Saque (DES) enquanto possível alternativa à hegemonia do dólar no sistema monetário-financeiro internacional após a crise de 2008. Este ativo foi criado no final de 1969 pelo Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI) e, por ser emitido por uma instituição multilateral, não está vinculado aos interesses nacionais de nenhum país emissor. Logo, seria uma moeda mais estável e capaz de atender aos problemas e necessidades da comunidade internacional. Nesse sentido, embora os DES tenham tido insucesso no passado, seus entusiastas garantem que são a solução mais efetiva às inconstâncias da ordem monetária e financeira ressaltadas pela recessão, já que trariam mais estabilidade, confiança e previsibilidade à emissão de liquidez internacional. No entanto, embora sua importância e funcionalidade sejam enfatizadas, os DES continuarão ocupando um patamar secundário na ordem monetária internacional. Sua posição inferior se deve por desconsiderar a natureza social e estatal da moeda / Abstract: This thesis aims to analyze the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) as a possible alternative to the dollar hegemony in the international monetary and financial system after the crisis of 2008. This asset was created in 1969 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Being issued by a multilateral institution, it is not linked to any national interests. Therefore, it would be a more stable currency, capable of meeting the needs and problems of the international community. In this sense, although it has had failures in the past, SDRs enthusiasts guarantee it is the most effective solution to the inconsistencies of the monetary and financial order, as it would bring more stability, reliability and predictability to the emission of international liquidity. However, although having its importance and functionality emphasized, the SDRs will continue occupying a secondary level in the international monetary order because of its disregard for the social and state related nature of the currency / Doutorado / Ciencia Politica / Doutora em Ciência Política

Cette thèse vise à présenter des éléments nouveaux sur quelques questions clés relatives à l’architecture du système monétaire et financier international permettant d’éclairer les enjeux de son évolution possible au cours des années à venir. Les deux premiers chapitres présentent des éléments empiriques en faveur du « regard nouveau » sur la concurrence entre monnaies internationales. Ils étudient deux dimensions de l’utilisation internationale d’une monnaie, à savoir son rôle comme instrument de financement dans les marchés obligataires internationaux et celui de moyen de paiement des transactions internationales pour un bien homogène comme le pétrole. Le troisième chapitre met en lumière une source d’inertie dans le choix des monnaies internationales autre que les externalités et rendements croissants liées aux effets de réseau qui a attiré jusqu’à présent moins d’attention, à savoir les coûts fixes et les effets d’apprentissage endogènes. Le dernier chapitre identifie le risque d’aléa moral comme canal permettant à l’accumulation de réserves d’avoir des effets inflationnistes. / This dissertation presents new evidence on selected issues relating to the architecture of the international monetary and financial system, which might help shed some light on its potential evolution in the period ahead. The first two chapters of the dissertation provide new evidence in support of the “new view”. They study two different dimensions of international currency use, namely the role of currencies as financing units in the global bond market and their role as means of payment in international transactions in homogenous goods, specifically in the global oil market. The third chapter sheds light on a source of persistence in international currency use besides network externalities and increasing returns which had attracted less attention hitherto, namely sunk costs and endogenous learning effects. The last chapter identifies moral hazard as a channel through which reserve accumulation can have inflationary effects.

布列敦森林機制的成形與運作是基於國際社會對一九三０年代經濟大恐慌所記取的歷史教訓。國際社會要捨棄「以鄰為壑」的歷史錯誤，期以國際協調與合作解決國際經濟秩序不穩定的問題。但是在建立布列敦森林機制的過程中與布列敦森林機制的運作上，顯現出國際政治權力與國家利益才是最重要的考量。美國以其在兩次世界大戰中發展出的國力，主導了布列敦森林機制的設計，將大部分的國家納入此項體系中，並以此體系中的規範、準則來約束所有成員的行為。透過此機制的槓桿運作，美國得以將其在政治上與經濟上的力量發揮到極至，從而維護美國繼續作為霸權國的國家利益。布列敦森林機制成為戰後國際合作的基礎架構，會員國所簽訂的國際貨幣基金協定條款成了體系成員的行為準則。制約條件與監督會員國的經濟政策之權是國際貨幣基金兩項最重要的武器。然而，制約條件所產生的政經效應，卻讓國際貨幣基金倍受批評。影響制約條件成效不彰的原因包含有國際貨幣基金的組織結構因素、國際環境因素與執行制約條件的國家的內部因素。國際社會將所有的責任都歸於國際貨幣基金，實在是隔靴搔癢，同時也無助於解決當今資本全球化所引發的問題。 目　　錄 序言 壹 圖表目錄 參 第一章 緒論 1 第二章 國際貨幣基金之成立 4 第一節 布列敦森林機制的起源 4 第二節 布列敦森林機制前的國際貨幣體系 9 第三節 懷特方案與凱因斯方案 12 第四節 小結 17 第三章 布列敦森林機制的制度分析 21 第一節 國際貨幣基金的制度 21 第二節 國際貨幣基金的組織 26 第三節 美國霸權與布列敦森林機制 34 第四章 國際貨幣基金角色的轉變 50 第一節 國際經濟環境的變遷 50 第二節 國際貨幣基金協定條款的修訂 54 第三節 特別提款權的運作 59 第四節 國際貨幣基金的監督功能 61 第五章 國際貨幣基金的制約條件 67 第一節 什麼是制約條件 67 第二節 制約條件的發展 71 第三節 制約條件與調整政策 76 第四節 制約條件的政經效應 79 第六章 一九八０年代的拉丁美洲債務危機 92 第一節 拉丁美洲債務危機的起源 92 第二節 處理拉丁美洲債務危機的國際行動 96 第三節 處理拉丁美洲債務危機的成效與政經意涵 102 第七章 一九九七年東亞金融危機 111 第一節 東亞金融危機的起源 111 第二節 東亞國家的政治經濟結構 117 第三節 處理東亞金融危機的國際行動 119 第四節 國際貨幣基金穩定方案的檢討 123 第五節 小結 132 第八章 結論 138 參考書目 143 圖表目錄 圖 圖3-1 國際貨幣基金組織結構圖 45 表 表6-1 拉美國家的貿易平衡、經常帳與資本基本轉移 的情況，1977—1987 105 表6-2 接受IMF融資計畫的拉美國家之經濟表現 105 表6-3 接受IMF融資計畫的拉美國家之債務情況 106 表7-1 泰國、印尼與南韓三國外匯存底的變動， （1997年6月—19982月） 112 表7-2 東亞四國的債務情況 114 表7-3 東亞四國的經濟表現，1997—1999 131