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The Qing conquest of 'Xinjiang' ('New Dominion' or 'New Territory') in 1759 proved to be a watershed development in the complex and often ambiguous relation between China and the amorphous Xiyu or 'Western Regions' that had lay 'beyond the pale' of Han Chinese civilisation since the Han (206 BCE-220 CE) and Tang (618-907) dynasties. The Qing destruction of the Mongol Zunghar state in the process of conquering 'Xinjiang' brought to a close the era of the dominance of the steppe nomadic-pastoralist world of Inner Asia over sedentary and agricultural China that had existed since at least 300 BCE with the expansion of the Xiongnu. Immediately following the conquest, as chapter two shall demonstrate, the over-arching goal of Qing rule in the region was to segregate Xinjiang from the Chinese regions of the empire. Yet, at the beginning of the 21st century the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) maintains that the 'Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region' (XUAR) is, and has been throughout recorded history, an 'integral' province of China. This thesis is thus focused on the evolution of the Chinese state's perception of Xinjiang as a dependent appendage in the late 18th century to that of an 'integral' province at the beginning of the 21st century. As such there are two key questions that are the focus of the thesis. First, how - by what processes, means and strategies - did Xinjiang arrive at its contemporary position as a province of the PRC? Second, how has this process impacted on China's 'foreign policy' along its western continental frontiers since the Qing conquest? The thesis is therefore not simply focused upon a discrete period or aspect of the historical development of China's interactions with Xinjiang, but rather an encompassing exploration of the processes that have resulted in China's contemporary dominance in the region. Two encompassing and related themes flow from these questions regarding the Chinese state's response to the dilemmas posed by the rule of Xinjiang. The first stems from the recognition that the present government of China's claims to the 'Chinese-ness' of Xinjiang are more than simply a statement of fact or an attempted legitimisation of current political realities. The statement that Xinjiang is an 'integral' province of the PRC, although indeed a statement of contemporary political reality, is also a profound statement of intent by the Chinese state. It is in fact one manifestation of an over-arching theme of integration and assimilation within the state's perceptions of Xinjiang across the 1759-2004 period. The second theme stems from the question as to how the processes associated with the first theme of integration and assimilation impacted upon the Chinese state's conception of its relation to those regions beyond its orbit. Xinjiang throughout most of Chinese history has been perceived as a 'frontier' region from which non-Chinese influences have entered and at times threatened the North China plain 'heartland' of Han civilisation. This is essentially a theme of confrontation between or opposition of 'external' to Chinese influences. The relationship between these two themes across the 1759-2004 period has been one of 'permanent provocation' whereby their interaction has produced mutual continuity and contestation. The Chinese state's goal of integration, and the concrete strategies and techniques employed in Xinjiang to attain it, have required the continued operation and vitality of opposing tendencies and dynamics. This process has provided (and continues to provide) both impetus and legitimation, in the perception of the state, for the exercise of state power in Xinjiang. Yet, as will become evident in the proceeding chapters, this interaction has not developed along a constant trajectory. Rather, the process has been characterised by fluctuations in the state's commitment to the goal of integration and in its ability to implement appropriate strategies with which to achieve integration. The thesis will thus argue that from the early 19th century onward the goal of integration became embedded in the state's perception of the 'correct' relation between itself and Xinjiang. Moreover, across the 1759-2004 period the notion of integration has evolved to become both the end and means of state action in Xinjiang.

With the obvious evolution and acceleration of smart grid, it is crucial for its success to rely on a solid transmission protocol among its peripherals due to its real time streaming. TCP is the well known traditional transport protocol used for a reliable transmission, and is a major player for smart grid. However, it lacks a fault tolerance transmission method that overcomes potential failures which may mitigate smart grid progress and in its turn decrease its reliability. We propose that smart grid operators utilize SCTP as the principle transport protocol for their smart grid communications, by using the two very significant characteristics offered by SCTP multi-homing and multi-streaming respectively. Thus, we argue that they can override two major obstacles caused by TCP Head of Line Blocking (HLB) and the inability of handling automatically two or more paths to a final destination. Although SCTP resembles TCP in many aspects, SCTP can definitely play a dominant role in many current and future applications due to its key features that do not exist in TCP. We have used ns2.34 simulator as the tool whom we relied on to investigate whether or not smart grid may benefit over TCP by the two SCTP features, and have analyzed the output of simulated results by using other analytical tools. As we obtain results, we argue that smart grid operators should rely on SCTP as a feasible transmission protocol instead of TCP.

In response to changeful environment in twenty-first century, organizations are constantly reviewed to improve the operation of government efficiency; while there are still having examples of mismanagement been exposed by citizens or media, which have already disappointed people for such careless errors. It is better to impute this phenomenon on the concepts of leadership and management have been reached the turning point, which needs more effective leading ways and managing techniques to react, rather than blaming leaders for lacking of leadership ability. Han Feizi, which integrates principles of Legalism, has been noted for containing the most complete and significant politics ancient codes in China. The thoughts of Han Fei are famous for substantial effects and also useful tools to consolidate monarchal status and prosper country. Using humanity as bases, Han Fei generates his philosophy, which are using laws (ªk, Fǎ) to rule a country, power(¶Õ, Shì) to officiate laws, and techniques (³N, Shù) to strengthen power. These concepts are related to each other and indispensable for one another. Hence, Han Fei's philosophy has positive meaning for constructing an effective system toward leadership management, which may provide some views and methods for present managing problems in administrative organizations. This research aims at exploring leading efficiencies of directors' in administrative organizations through their cognitions for Han Fei's philosophy and relationships between self-perception and leading efficiency. This research utilizes Questionnaire survey methods and takes directors of administrative organizations in Taiwan as objects. 400 questionnaires are dispatched to the objects by handing in person, sending e-mails or posting, and 252 returned validly. The collected information are used to test and verify each hypothesis by information pretest, validity analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, difference analysis and regression. According to the analyzed results, the seven aspects of Han Fei's philosophy, cognition of laws, cognition of techniques, cognition of power, self-perception of laws, self-perception of techniques, self-perception of power, and self-perception of rewards and punishment, all show highly positive affects toward leading efficiency. This outcome proofs the higher identification with Han Fei's philosophy, the higher leading efficiency. By Standardized Regression Coefficients, £] coefficients of aspects in Han Fei's philosophy are positive, which means these aspects make remarkable forecasts for leading efficiency. The results in this research provide not only suggestions in leadership management for directors in administrative organizations but also hints for follow-up researches in Han Fei's philosophy. Hope that this research could bring the leadership managements of directors' into full play and enhance the leading efficiencies of administrative organizations.

Abstract This study focuses on the employees¡¦ cognition of organizational change and job satisfaction at the Voice of Han (V.O.H), a radio broadcasting system belonging to the National Defense Ministry of R.O.C..The V.O.H is the only radio broadcasting system that can broadcast on air by 4-net (FM, AM, China Net 1 & Net 2) at the same time, among the radio broadcasting systems here in Taiwan. Belonging to the National Defense Ministry, it has experienced ¡§Streamlining Plans¡¨ and ¡§Progressive Plans¡¨, policies that are advocated for streamlining the human resources in the military. Those policies must drastically impact the development of the V.O.H one way or another. On the other hand, the cognitive attitudes and job-satisfaction degree of employees at the V.O.H play vital roles in its future development. This study adopts all the employees of the V.O.H as the population, through case study approach, analyzing the impacts that the V.O.H is facing and the responding strategy through those causes of the National Defense White Paper 2006, and the V.O.H.¡¦s adjustment of the organizational structure, to name a few. Sampling from all the employees, this study adopts several statistic methods to analyze their cognitive attitudes towards organizational change and job satisfaction, exploring the connections between variables of ¡§Cognition on Organizational Change¡¨ and ¡§Job Satisfaction¡¨. The findings of this study suggest as follows: 1. It appears obvious diversity on the ¡§Cognition on Organizational Change¡¨ and ¡§Tendency to Quit¡¨ between military and civilian employees; the former predict more risks and impacts, while the latter more tendency to quit. As for ¡§Job Satisfaction¡¨, there¡¦s little diversity. 2. ¡§Cognition on Organizational Change¡¨ obviously influences ¡§Job Satisfaction¡¨ a lot, with 17.3% out of those correspondents. In the Cognition on Organizational Change, the dimension ¡§role burden¡¨ influences job satisfaction most. 3. ¡§Job Satisfaction¡¨ obviously influences ¡§Tendency to Quit¡¨ a lot, with 37.1% out of those correspondents. In the Job Satisfaction, the dimensions such as ¡§job itself¡¨ and ¡§promotion possibility¡¨ clearly predict the tendency to quit. After the organizational change, the employees¡¦ dissatisfaction with promotion possibility is highly connected with their tendency to quit. 4. ¡§Tendency to quit¡¨ obviously influences ¡§Cognition on Organizational Change¡¨ a lot, with 13.9% out of those correspondents, which means the more the employees are dissatisfied with the organizational change, the more they bear the tendency to quit. This study explores, based on the theory, the interactions among theoretical variables, reinforcing or re-verifying the applicability and value of academic theory. By analyzing those questionnaires responded by the employees, the managerial level not only can realize what the employees, military or civilian, need or think, but also can map out strategies and action plans for the future revolution. Furthermore, through this study, the policy-makers might find out the different reactions between military and civilian employees who encounter such organizational change, which would make the policy-makers realize what they should focus on in facilitating those employees in different attributes. This study does suggest and contribute constructive directions in managing the state-run media.

The theme of the thesis is the influence of the urban development activities on the historic commercial areas. Hence, the thesis focuses on the evaluation of these factors which cause alterations and transformations within the area and aims to propose compatible solutions against the problems in order to achieve the sustainability of the historic texture within the commercial area. In this thesis, Yeni Galle Pazari Hani,, one of the 16th century Ottoman Hans in the Hanlar District of Bursa, is studied together with its immediate surrounding. In order to define necessities and requirements of a transformed historic commercial area, it is aimed to conduct research, analysis, and decision stages concerning the studied area. For this purpose, the values, the problems and the potentials of the study area are defined and alternative conservation solutions are proposed. It is also aimed to present the principles and decisions on the preservation and rehabilitation of the study area, called as &amp / #8216 / Yeni Galle Pazari Hani and its immediate surrounding&amp / #8217 / , in environmental scale. Therefore, the main aim of the thesis is to determine the principles and the tools of an urban conservation project within the context of environmental scale and to re-gain the unity of Yeni Galle Pazari Hani as much as possible by integrating it into the current atmosphere of Hanlar District in Bursa together with the traditional texture surrounding it. In this study, the insufficiency observed in preparatory stages of most of current restoration projects was emphasized. Hence, before intervention of such kind of traditional areas, it is aimed to take care of documentation, to make a comprehensive study on unobserved parts of traditional texture such as archeological excavation, and to form a worksheet containing principles and decisions for future studies that would be done under various disciplines. The proposal for the case of Yeni Galle Pazari Hani is significant as being composed of documentation, observation and decision parts of a proper intervention, although it can be accepted as an incomplete project, since being the first step of a comprehensive restoration project for the study area. In conclusion, this study exemplifies the documentation and the evaluation of the transformation in a historic commercial area and the suggestion to solve the general problems among the Historical Commercial Center of the cities by taking decisions on conservation and rehabilitation for the sustainability of the study area.

With the obvious evolution and acceleration of smart grid, it is crucial for its success to rely on a solid transmission protocol among its peripherals due to its real time streaming. TCP is the well known traditional transport protocol used for a reliable transmission, and is a major player for smart grid. However, it lacks a fault tolerance transmission method that overcomes potential failures which may mitigate smart grid progress and in its turn decrease its reliability. We propose that smart grid operators utilize SCTP as the principle transport protocol for their smart grid communications, by using the two very significant characteristics offered by SCTP multi-homing and multi-streaming respectively. Thus, we argue that they can override two major obstacles caused by TCP Head of Line Blocking (HLB) and the inability of handling automatically two or more paths to a final destination. Although SCTP resembles TCP in many aspects, SCTP can definitely play a dominant role in many current and future applications due to its key features that do not exist in TCP. We have used ns2.34 simulator as the tool whom we relied on to investigate whether or not smart grid may benefit over TCP by the two SCTP features, and have analyzed the output of simulated results by using other analytical tools. As we obtain results, we argue that smart grid operators should rely on SCTP as a feasible transmission protocol instead of TCP.

The subject of this thesis is the restoration project of Zazadin Han, which is a 13th century Seljukid caravanserai near Konya. Following a brief description of the building, the values of the building and the aim of study are discussed in the introduction chapter. It is followed by the methodology of the study, detailed description of the building, analysis about the structural, material and construction features of the Han, historical study about the building type and the building itself, respectively. The restitution chapter is based on the information gathered in the previous parts. In the last chapter, a restoration project is proposed for Zazadin han.

Thèse 3e cycle--Lettres--Paris VII, 1982. / Bibliogr. p. 295-308 . Index.

Thesis (M. Sc.(Urb. Plan.))--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 125-130).