The modern swedish atheism is led by Christer Sturmark, chairman of Humanisterna, the swedish humanists. In this essay I study the epistemology of Christer Sturmark to find out on what basis he makes his assumptions about knowledge, faith, belief and his view that scientism is the only way to reach real knowledge. I present a closer historical look at the research about and philosophy of epistemology in general and then I analyze Christer Sturmarks book "Tro och Vetande 3.0 - Upplysning i det 21:a århundradet" and compare the views presented in that book to historical and contemporary philopsohers and religous scholars to extract the epistemology of Christer Sturmark, as it is presented in his book. To gain a more thorough understanding of his epistemolgy, I then compare his view to the swedish churchs´view of God as omnipotent. Finally I present a conclusion about the nature of Christer Sturmarks epistemology, if it is logically consistent and how it relates to the way humans can organize their understanding of the world.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis examines the function of music within different theories of nationalism and the appropriation of folk music within the genre of min’ge. Min’ge, a term in Chinese which directly translates to “folk songs”, has generally been defined as oral musical traditions. However, due to the increased politicization of popular music since the 1930s, the nature folk music has fundamentally changed, reflecting its new significance within Chinese nationalism. Through the years, min’ge has become more useful to promoting the goals of the state than representing the musical traditions of the many different ethnic groups in China. This transformation has established min’ge as an important extension of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) cultural policy, and the manipulation of folk music has asserted the CCP’s cultural hegemony. Ultimately, this cultural hegemony has important implications on Han-minority relations and highlights certain dynamics within Chinese nationalism. Despite its limited and distorted representation of minorities, however, the popularization of min’ge has also inspired minority musicians to reclaim their identities through music. Therefore, this paper explores both the cooptation and contestation of state-promoted identities through the medium of popular folk music.

Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 1-34 (3d group)). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 京漢鐵路修築的倡議與鐵路總公司的成立 --- p.7 / Chapter 第一節 --- 甲午戰爭前劉銘傳、張之洞築路建議的失敗 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節 --- 盛宣懷與鐵路總公司 --- p.24 / Chapter 第二章 --- 盧漢鐵路借款 --- p.45 / Chapter 第一節 --- 張之洞、盛宣懷與美、英財團的活動 --- p.45 / Chapter 第二節 --- 比利時借款的一波三折 --- p.55 / Chapter 第三章 --- 盧漢鐵路的修築 --- p.83 / Chapter 第一節 --- 準備階段與築路初期所遇之困難 --- p.83 / Chapter 第二節 --- 工程的進展與完成 --- p.110 / Chapter 第四章 --- 京漢鐵路的支线 --- p.124 / Chapter 第一節 --- 正太鐵路 --- p.125 / Chapter 第二節 --- 道清鐵路 --- p.142 / Chapter 第三節 --- 汴泈鐵路 --- p.153 / Chapter 第五章 --- 京漢鐵路的贖回 --- p.160 / Chapter 第一節 --- 贖路運動的背景及盛宣懷的先見 --- p.160 / Chapter 第二節 --- 陳璧、梁士詒的籌集贖款 --- p.170 / Chapter 第三節 --- 英法匯豐、匯理贖路借款 --- p.179 / Chapter 第六章 --- 京漢鐵路業務成績的檢討 --- p.197 / Chapter 第一節 --- 京漢路業務成績之優良表現 --- p.197 / Chapter 第二節 --- 京漢路業務成績優良的原因 --- p.218 / Chapter 第七章 --- 京漢鐵路對中國鐵路事業的影响 --- p.239 / Chapter 第一節 --- 鐵路總公司之成立 --- p.239 / Chapter 第二節 --- 路權爭奪戰的導火线 --- p.254 / Chapter 第三節 --- 漢路與粤漢鐵路贖回運動 --- p.286 / Chapter 第八章 --- 京漢路與中國煤礦資源的開發 --- p.320 / Chapter 第一節 --- 京漢路沿线煤礦的開發 --- p.327 / Chapter 第二節 --- 鐵路沿線煤礦發展所受之限制 --- p.353 / Chapter 第三節 --- 山西煤礦開發的失敗 --- p.393 / Chapter 第九章 --- 華北農村經濟變化與京漢鐵路之關係 --- p.425 / Chapter 第一節 --- 定縣高陽土布業的興起 --- p.426 / Chapter 第二節 --- 許昌種菸事業的發達 --- p.467 / Chapter 第三節 --- 華北農村其他方面的轉變 --- p.479 / Chapter 第十章 --- 京漢鐵路的其他影響 --- p.506 / Chapter 第一節 --- 金融事業的發展與京漢鐵路的關係 --- p.506 / Chapter 第二節 --- 京漢鐵路與漢陽鐵廠 --- p.528 / Chapter 第三節 --- 京漢路與監運的變化 --- p.540 / 結論 --- p.558 / 清季京漢鐵路大事年表 --- p.569 / 參考書目 --- p.588

蒙古與中國因為擁有不同的自然條件與生產方式，所以生產型態也有所 差 。位於北方，以遊牧為生產型態的蒙古，受限於自然條件與生產方式 ，對植物性糧食以及生活日用品、生產工具等相當匱乏，必須從南方農業 民族取得這些必需品，所以自古蒙漢關係的發展與變化也與就經濟密不可 分。清朝統一蒙古各部與中國之後，蒙古與中國的政治、經濟市場合而為 一，蒙漢的經濟往來更加密切。由於蒙古與中國的戰爭完全停歇，沒有戰 爭的壓力，漢人開始一改以前的消極被動態勢，不再只安於等待蒙人到京 師或邊口上互市的交換形式，開始積極主動到蒙古地區從事經濟活動。在 農墾上漢人不斷地漢地湧入蒙古，在蒙古定居、耕種，甚至在蒙古形成農 業專區。在商業方面，大量的漢商隨著軍前貿易、隨軍貿易的發展，開始 在蒙古從事商業活動。隨著商業活動的快速發展，漢商很快就在蒙古取得 的優勢，進而帶動了漢人在蒙古的手工業和資源開發不斷地進行與發展， 漢人在蒙古的經濟實力越來越龐大，對蒙古的社會、經濟都開始產生影響 。漢人以其強勢的經濟力量，開始主導蒙古地區經濟的發展動向。隨著漢 人在蒙古經濟勢力的擴張，使得蒙人的經濟利益遭受侵害。經濟利益的爭 奪，使蒙漢關係漸趨緊張，蒙漢衝突、對立的情勢隨之升高。本文即由清 朝統治政策以及當時蒙漢社會狀況談起，然後逐一探討漢人在蒙古的農業 、商業、手工業、資源開發等經濟活動的發展情形。在結構上除了緒論、 結論外，共分為四章。第一章「清朝統治下的蒙古與漢地」，主要是敘述 清朝治蒙、治漢政策以及蒙漢社會經濟不同的發展狀況與生活需求，以點 出漢人在蒙古地區發展的動力與時代背景。第二章「漢族在蒙古的農業活 動」以及第三章「漢族在蒙古的工商業活動」則分別探討漢人在蒙古地區 從事經濟活動的兩大主力--農業與商業，包括其活動內容、方式及發展過 程、影響等整體情形。第四章「漢族在蒙古的經濟網」則是以漢人在蒙古 經濟活動的發展重心地區為架構、台站交通為基礎的商路以及商業城鎮與 農墾區結合而形成的經濟大重鎮。最後則以論述經濟重鎮的特殊經濟型態 、文化風情以及清朝對這些地區所採取的盟旗、廳縣並存的雙套管理方式 為總結。

In this paper, to write, mainly based on Hubei Jingzhou Han Tomb No. 247 of The laws and decrees of the second year"¡Bthe Bamboo Slips of Zhangjiashan in the Eary Han Dynasty Empress Lu years (186BC) promulgated the "The laws and decrees of the second year". And these systems, do in depth. While many of these systems inherited from Qin, but also in the history of the early Han dynasty and the associated changes in state policy, under which such an amendment and gain. In addition to the time of the early Han Dynasty inherited the Qin, " Registration of Residents " and " The System of Granting Homestead ", but also because of the unified emerging empire, no longer need to use Qin "of dollars in the first grant Jue," The System of Granting Homestead, but to set the succession after the system, military medals Jue system has become extremely important to establish the household registration system supporting measures. So, the early Han Dynasty all the people's economic rights and social well-being, they are all related and the title of nobility class. In addition, even the preparation of the results of Wu is not only related to people, security and home management, also affected the litigation system, and even to sit, and even the limits of regional action. A number of related management measures, they must meet for us. Rather special is that the "The laws and decrees of the second year"Lane set a lot of bearing on women's rights law, women enjoy a number of special treatment; even the servants, there are also benefits in the slave girl slave components. "The laws and decrees of the second year" domain inside the official system should not only permit the " Shiwu System " the existence of, and its importance in the history of philology, but also presents the official system, the superiority of the domain. This with the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi ¡E order" than right, more found that "The laws and decrees of the second year".

Along NS trending road cut between &Ccedil / ayyolu and incek, relatively thick tuffite layer of the Han&ccedil / ili formation has been exposed. It is alternating with other lacustrine deposits such as clayey limestone, marl, siltstone and mudstone. These units unconformably overlie the Mesozoic basement limestones of Akbayir formation. The illite rich tuffite consists of glass shards tridymite, biotite, quartz and plagioclase. It has a persistent areal extend and forms the foundation of the residential buildings at several localities. In this thesis, it is aimed to assess the engineering geological properties of the tuffite layer and to investigate its suitability as a foundation material. In order to accomplish this task, field studies and laboratory tests were conducted. Field studies involve detailed site geological observation. Laboratory studies include tests to investigate mechanical, physical and mineralogical properties of the tuffite. v Analyses revealed very weak nature of tuffite with strength values ranging between 0.1 MPa and 1.00 MPa. The tuffite is characterized with very high effective porosity (43.3%) and very low dry and saturated densities (1.19 Mg/m3 and 1.62 Mg/m3, respectively). The slake-durability tests yield medium durability. The durability index of tuffite is rated as very poor. Considering index properties and the durability assessment it is concluded that tuffite serves as a poor foundation material.

Thèse de doctorat : LITTERATURE COMPAREE : Metz : 1999. / 1999METZ008L. 267 ref.

王符乃東漢之政論家，所撰《潛夫論》一書，載述當時政治、經濟、社會風俗等情實，史料至為豐富。范曄《後漢書》中謂其「指訐時短，討謫物情」，既「譏當時得失」，又「觀當時風政」，明白揭示王符《潛夫論》對於研究東漢的史學價值。 本文以《潛夫論》所記載為經，以東漢之政治問題為緯，延伸《潛夫論》所記載之史實，比對其他兩漢史料，將王符《潛夫論》所表達之政治思想作一整體的耙梳。第二章起，乃針對王符及其《潛夫論》作陳述。先簡述王符之生平、經歷、思想淵源，以及《潛夫論》成書與內容。第三章就東漢政治思想源泉，以及政治和社會風氣，討論《潛夫論》所反映之東漢政治問題。第四章乃討論王符之五大政治理論：務本、重法、德化、用賢、實邊。王符的政治理論最大特色在於現實性極強，故本章也就王符《潛夫論》政治理論，及其對於東漢時政、時俗所提出之各項批判與解決之道提出討論。第五章為結論，闡釋《潛夫論》反映政治問題及政治思想所展現之時代價值。 關鍵字：王符、潛夫論、東漢政治 / Wang Fu was a political commentator of East Han Dynasty. His book “Qian Fu Lun” described the politics, economy, and social norms at that time with rich content. Fan Hua suggested in his “Post Han Book” that Wang used criticism to ridicule the gain and loss at that time, and observed the politics, indicating that Wang’s Qian Fu Lun” was important to the study of historiography of East Han. This paper, based on the records in “Qian Fu Lun” and political problems during East Han, extended the historical facts recorded in “Qian Fu Lun” and compared the data with the contents in other two records of Han history, in order to organize the political thoughts expressed in Wang’s “Qian Fu Lun”. Chapter 2 introduces Wang Fu and his “Qian Fu Lun”, including his biography, experience, origin of thoughts, and compilation and contents of “Qian Fu Lun”. Chapter 3 discusses the political problems of East Han reflected in “Qian Fu Lun”, from the perspectives of the origin of political thoughts in East Han, and political and social norms. Chapter 4 presents the five political theories of Wang Fu, which are practicality, emphasis on the laws, advocacy of morals, recruitment of virtuous personnel, and solidifying the borderline. The main characteristic of Wang’s political theories is its realism. Therefore, this chapter also discusses the criticisms and suggestions proposed by Wang in his “Qian Fu Lun” concerning the political situation and social norms during East Han Dynasty. Chapter 5 is the conclusion, and expounds the time values of the political problems and thoughts reflected in “Qian Fu Lun”. Keywords: Wang Fu, Qian Fu Lun, politics in East Han / 摘要 I Abstract II 目錄 III 表目錄 IV 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 文獻探討 2 第貳章 王符生平、思想淵源及著作 5 第一節 王符生平 5 （一）關於生卒年 6 （二）關於生平 9 第二節 王符的思想淵源 15 第三節《潛夫論》撰作時間與內容 19 第參章 東漢初年的政治問題 23 第一節 中央政府的腐敗 23 (一) 外戚宦官交替專權： 23 (二) 統治集團內部殘殺： 30 (三) 吏治腐敗，豪族地主勢力膨脹與農民起義 31 第二節 重利浮奢敗壞社會風氣 34 第三節 赦宥頻繁 40 第四節 東漢中後期邊疆形勢 48 第五節 《潛夫論》之思想背景 53 第肆章 王符《潛夫論》的政治思想及其貢獻 56 第一節 五大政治理論：務本、重法、德化、用賢、實邊 57 第二節 民為邦本，以民為基 76 第三節 選賢舉能，考名責實 83 第四節 重視邊防、禦寇實邊 90 第伍章 結論 101 參考文獻 104

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