This study focused on induction of somatic embryogenesis of Magnolia spp. and cultivars utilizing leaf and seed (immature and mature) tissues with attempted micropropagation experiments. In a preliminary experiment, direct embryo regeneration was successful in a single leaf tissue of M. ‘Yellow Bird’. After various micropropagation experiments, microshoot proliferation rates decreased. As a result of minimal leaf material, mature seeds were utilized but had contamination issues. Subsequent experiments utilized immature seeds. M. ‘Leonard Messel’ and M. stellata had significantly greater embryo regeneration rates and M. ‘Rosea’, M. stellata, and M. kobus had greater callus induction rates. Woody Plant Medium had significantly greater rates of embryo regeneration as compared to Yellow Poplar medium. Further experimental measures including various collection times of immature seeds are necessary for an efficient regeneration protocol to support potential research utilizing floral-inducing genes to induce rapid breeding cycles for selection of magnolias with diverse floral characteristics.

Studies were conducted to better understand the effect of temperature, photoperiod, cultural practices, and growth regulators on the hardening and dehardening of peach tree wood. Greenhouses were constructed to control temperatures to which peach trees were exposed. It was noted that hardening and dehardening usually followed the temperature fluctuation fairly closely. However, trees exposed to temperatures above 60 F (15. 6 C) became hardy to 0 F (-17. 8 C). A photoperiodic response in regard to an increase or decrease in hardiness was not definitely observed in peach wood. Extended photoperiod did not produce any significant effect on hardiness. Defoliation, bloom date, and fruit set were all the same as the controls. The cultural practices of fall pruning and heavy late summer fertilization with nitrogen did not result in a change in the hardiness level of the trees when compared with the controls. Likewise gibberellic acid spray had no effect. Defoliation produced serious physiological damage when done in mid-August, while defoliation in mid-September was not nearly so damaging, Defoliated trees were less hardy than the controls until mid winter.

No description available.

No description available.

Isozymes of glutathione reductase (GR) have been purified from red spruce. A major isozyme is present throughout the year, while one isozyme is present only during summer in non-hardened needles. A third isozyme is present only during winter in hardened needles. The isozymes present in non-hardened and hardened needles have been designated GR-INH and GR-IH, respectively. The major GR isoform has been designated GR-2NH or GR-H, depending on whether it was purified from nonhardened or hardened needles. GR-2NH and GR-2H have been purified to homogeneity, as judged by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. GR-lNH and GR-IH showed several contaminating proteins in the final preparations. GR-2NH and GR-2H could each be further separated into five charge isomers by isoelectric focussing, and the relative abundance of these charge isomers differs between preparations from non-hardened and hardened needles. GR-1NH and GR-1H differ from GR-2NH and GR-2H with respect to their kinetic, immunological, and physical characteristics. GR-1NH appears different from GR-1H based on chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviour. However, no differences in the temperature dependence of kinetic parameters between either isozyme have been found. The amino-terminal sequences of GR-1H and GR-2H show a high degree of homology with GR's from other organisms. Oligonucleotides derived from the amino-terminal sequences of GR-1H and GR-2H, or from conserved regions within other GR's have been derived and used to amplify cDNA by the polymerase chain reaction. A 500 base pair cDNA, produced with oligonucleotides expected to be specific for GR-1H has been used to transform E.coli. The differences between the isozymes are discussed with respect to temperature adaptation of enzyme function in a species that experiences extreme temperature differences during its life cycle. / Ph. D.

Container grown perennials are a popular product offered by nurseries and greenhouses and included in their production but little research has been reported on proper overwintering techniques for herbaceous perennials and ornamental grasses. In the first experiment rooted liners of Pennisetum alopecuroides, Pennisetum "Hameln" and Pennisetum "Little Bunny," were potted. Treatments included, utilizing two overwintering covers, two fertilizer rates (low or high) and two substrate moisture contents (wet or dry). Covering with either a double layer of Dewitt N-Sulate™ insulation fabric or a double layer of Dewitt N-Sulate™ insulation fabric and a single sheet of 4 mil white polyethylene plastic on top of the insulation fabric, wet substrate treatments, low fertility rates and combinations of both, improved survival and vigor for all three tested Pennisetum species and cultivars. In the second experiment, rooted liners of P. alopecuroides, P. "Hameln" and P. "Little Bunny," were potted. Treatments included, two transplanting times (young or old), two fertilizer rates (low or high) and two substrate moisture contents (wet or dry) at the UHC and Poplar Ridge Nursery (Montross, VA) (PR). Vigor was improved for P. alopecuroides (at PR) and P. "Little Bunny" (at both locations) with the young transplanting time. In the third experiment, older plant material of P. alopecuroides, P. "Hameln" and P. "Little Bunny," were subjected to fertility treatments of no additional fertilizer or top-dressed at a low, medium or high rate . A high fertility rate reduced survival and vigor for P. "Little Bunny." In the fourth experiment rooted liners of Echinacea purpurea "Hot Papaya," Echinacea purpurea "Milkshake," Gaillardia x grandiflora "Gallo Peach," Heuchera x villosa "Pistache," Heuchera x villosa "Brownies," P. alopecuroides, P. "Cassian," P. "Hameln" and P. "Little Bunny," were potted and overwintered at the UHC or Poplar Ridge Nursery (Montross, VA) (PR) or Riverbend Nursery, Inc. (Riner, VA) (RB). Treatments included, utilizing two overwintering covers, two fertilizer rates (low or high) and two substrate moisture contents (wet or dry). Vigor at the UHC, was reduced with the high fertility rate for E. "Hot Papaya" and H. "Brownies." A double layer of Dewitt N-Sulate™ insulation fabric and white polyethylene plastic on top of the cover, in combination with the wet substrate moisture treatment improved vigor of E. "Hot Papaya."A double layer of Dewitt N-Sulate™ insulation fabric in combination with the wet substrate moisture content and the high fertility rate reduced P. "Cassian" vigor. No overwintering cover reduced P. "Hameln" vigor. No overwintering cover and the high fertility rate reduced P. "Little Bunny" vigor. Vigor at PR was improved with the high fertility rate for E. "Milkshake," G. "Gallo Peach" and H. "Brownies." At RB, a double layer of Dewitt N-Sulate™ insulation fabric in combination with the low fertility treatment and no cover in combination with the high fertility treatment reduced vigor for E. "Milkshake" and P. "Little Bunny," respectively. No cover in combination with the wet substrate moisture treatment reduced vigor for G."Gallo Peach." / Master of Science

Introdução: Para minimizar o stress no trabalho e as suas influências na saúde do profissional, bem como todas as suas repercussões negativas no campo profissional, tais como, custos com absenteísmo, acidentes de trabalho, doenças profissionais e a falta de motivação, algumas estratégias são atualmente utilizadas e dentre elas a Personalidade Resistente Hardiness, no qual o indivíduo apresenta características relacionadas ao controle, compromisso e desafio. Objetivos: identificar e determinar o nível de Hardiness e stress em enfermeiros de um hospital público no município de Vitória ES. Método: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, de campo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado junto a 72 enfermeiros de uma instituição hospitalar da esfera federal. Os dados foram coletados por meio dos instrumentos Escala Bianchi de Stress EBS, Escala de Stress Percebido PSS10, Escala de Hardiness HS e Escala de Stress no Trabalho EET. A análise estatística para a caracterização da amostra foi determinada por freqüência relativa (%) e absoluta (N). Para EBS, PSS 10, HS e EET utilizou-se média, mediana, desvio padrão e mínimo e máximo para resumir as informações indicar a variabilidade dos dados. Testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para a análise entre os instrumentos e as variáveis, considerando-se p < 0,05. O teste de Spearman foi usado para as correlações entre os instrumentos. Considerou-se um Alfa de Cronbach com valor maior que 0,40. Com o teste de qui-quadrado selecionou-se variáveis com p-valor < 0,200, compondo os modelos logísticos de cada instrumento. A regressão logística foi realizada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: Os enfermeiros apresentaram nível médio de stress geral (escore de 3,96), sendo os maiores estressores relacionados às atividades de coordenação das atividades da unidade (escore de 4,65) e condições de trabalho para o desempenho das atividades de enfermeiro (escore de 4,15). Com relação à hardiness, houve maior média de pontuação para hardiness subescala controle (média = 20,58) e hardiness subescala compromisso (média = 20,34), sendo a menor média atribuída a hardiness subescala desafio (média = 14,25). As correlações demonstraram que hardiness não foi influenciado pelo EET, PSS ou EBS, que houve uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o nível de stress e hardiness, que hardiness e stress no trabalho não estão relacionados a características pessoais e que hardiness é fator preditor ao stress no trabalho. Conclusão: Hardiness não é uma resposta a todos os conflitos que emergem do trabalho, mas sim uma possibilidade de modificação da percepção do stress, mobilizando estratégias para um melhor enfrentamento das dificuldades que emergem do mundo do trabalho. / Introduction: Some strategies are currently to minimize the stress at work and its influences on the professional health, as well as all its negative repercussions in the professional field, such as: cost of absenteeism, accidents at work, occupational diseases and the lack of motivation. The present study analyzed Hardiness as personality characteristic and composed by control, commitment and challenge. Objectives: identify and determine the level of Hardiness and stress in a public hospital nurses Vitória ES, Brazil. Method: descriptive and exploratory study and quantitative approach. The population was constituted by 72 hospital nurses. The data were collected using Stress Scale by Bianchi EBS, Perceived Stress Scale PSS10, Hardiness Scale HS and Scale of Stress at Work EET. The data was analyzed using absolute frequencie (N) and relative frequncie (%). Media were used to study the scales: EBS, PSS 10, HS and EET. The statistical tests were: Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman, Hosmer-Lemeshow. The level o significance adopted was p<0,05. Logistic regression was performed for variables with p<0,20. Results: The results demonstrated that nurses have in medium level of stress (score 3.96), and stressors were related to activities of coordination in the unit (score 4.65) and working conditions for the performance of nurse activities (score 4.15). Regarding to hardiness, there were highest average score for hardiness subscale control (average = 20.58) and hardiness subscale commitment (average = 20.34), being the smallest average assigned to hardiness subscale challenge (average = 14.25). Hardiness was not influenced by stress or work stress. There was inverse correlation between stress and hardiness. Hardiness and stress were not related to personal characteristics. Hardiness was predictor to work stress. Conclusion: Hardiness is not an answer to all conflicts that emerge from work, but it is a chance of modification in the stress perception, mobilizing strategies for a better confront the difficulties at work world.

Introdução: Para minimizar o stress no trabalho e as suas influências na saúde do profissional, bem como todas as suas repercussões negativas no campo profissional, tais como, custos com absenteísmo, acidentes de trabalho, doenças profissionais e a falta de motivação, algumas estratégias são atualmente utilizadas e dentre elas a Personalidade Resistente Hardiness, no qual o indivíduo apresenta características relacionadas ao controle, compromisso e desafio. Objetivos: identificar e determinar o nível de Hardiness e stress em enfermeiros de um hospital público no município de Vitória ES. Método: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, de campo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado junto a 72 enfermeiros de uma instituição hospitalar da esfera federal. Os dados foram coletados por meio dos instrumentos Escala Bianchi de Stress EBS, Escala de Stress Percebido PSS10, Escala de Hardiness HS e Escala de Stress no Trabalho EET. A análise estatística para a caracterização da amostra foi determinada por freqüência relativa (%) e absoluta (N). Para EBS, PSS 10, HS e EET utilizou-se média, mediana, desvio padrão e mínimo e máximo para resumir as informações indicar a variabilidade dos dados. Testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para a análise entre os instrumentos e as variáveis, considerando-se p < 0,05. O teste de Spearman foi usado para as correlações entre os instrumentos. Considerou-se um Alfa de Cronbach com valor maior que 0,40. Com o teste de qui-quadrado selecionou-se variáveis com p-valor < 0,200, compondo os modelos logísticos de cada instrumento. A regressão logística foi realizada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: Os enfermeiros apresentaram nível médio de stress geral (escore de 3,96), sendo os maiores estressores relacionados às atividades de coordenação das atividades da unidade (escore de 4,65) e condições de trabalho para o desempenho das atividades de enfermeiro (escore de 4,15). Com relação à hardiness, houve maior média de pontuação para hardiness subescala controle (média = 20,58) e hardiness subescala compromisso (média = 20,34), sendo a menor média atribuída a hardiness subescala desafio (média = 14,25). As correlações demonstraram que hardiness não foi influenciado pelo EET, PSS ou EBS, que houve uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o nível de stress e hardiness, que hardiness e stress no trabalho não estão relacionados a características pessoais e que hardiness é fator preditor ao stress no trabalho. Conclusão: Hardiness não é uma resposta a todos os conflitos que emergem do trabalho, mas sim uma possibilidade de modificação da percepção do stress, mobilizando estratégias para um melhor enfrentamento das dificuldades que emergem do mundo do trabalho. / Introduction: Some strategies are currently to minimize the stress at work and its influences on the professional health, as well as all its negative repercussions in the professional field, such as: cost of absenteeism, accidents at work, occupational diseases and the lack of motivation. The present study analyzed Hardiness as personality characteristic and composed by control, commitment and challenge. Objectives: identify and determine the level of Hardiness and stress in a public hospital nurses Vitória ES, Brazil. Method: descriptive and exploratory study and quantitative approach. The population was constituted by 72 hospital nurses. The data were collected using Stress Scale by Bianchi EBS, Perceived Stress Scale PSS10, Hardiness Scale HS and Scale of Stress at Work EET. The data was analyzed using absolute frequencie (N) and relative frequncie (%). Media were used to study the scales: EBS, PSS 10, HS and EET. The statistical tests were: Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman, Hosmer-Lemeshow. The level o significance adopted was p<0,05. Logistic regression was performed for variables with p<0,20. Results: The results demonstrated that nurses have in medium level of stress (score 3.96), and stressors were related to activities of coordination in the unit (score 4.65) and working conditions for the performance of nurse activities (score 4.15). Regarding to hardiness, there were highest average score for hardiness subscale control (average = 20.58) and hardiness subscale commitment (average = 20.34), being the smallest average assigned to hardiness subscale challenge (average = 14.25). Hardiness was not influenced by stress or work stress. There was inverse correlation between stress and hardiness. Hardiness and stress were not related to personal characteristics. Hardiness was predictor to work stress. Conclusion: Hardiness is not an answer to all conflicts that emerge from work, but it is a chance of modification in the stress perception, mobilizing strategies for a better confront the difficulties at work world.

A profissão de bombeiro é considerada uma das profissões mais exigentes. Trata-se de uma profissão de risco pela natureza das suas funções, onde são confrontados, na sua prática diária, com situações limite, muitas vezes envolvendo graves danos pessoais e materiais, em função das quais os recursos emocionais disponíveis são postos à prova de forma dramática. Estas situações, pela sua frequência são eventualmente indutoras de elevados níveis de stress e, quando continuadas, sem estratégias de enfrentamento adequadas, podem levar ao burnout. O presente estudo tem como propósito contribuir para um conhecimento mais aprofundado acerca destes profissionais, com o intuito de avaliar a percepção que tem sobre o stress no trabalho, assim como verificar a existência de hardiness e de quais estratégias de enfrentamento esta população adota para minimizar este stress percebido, na tentativa de não atingirem o burnout. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo, comparativo, de abordagem quali-quantitativa e transversal . A amostra foi composta por 132 bombeiros integrantes de um grupamento do Corpo de Bombeiros localizado em uma cidade da grande São Paulo. Foram utilizados os instrumentos Escala de Stress no Trabalho (EET), Escala de Stress Percebido (PSS-10), Maslach Inventory Burnout (MIB), Hardiness Scale (HS), Inventário de Estratégias de Coping de Folkman e Lazarus e um roteiro de questões semiestruturado para caracterização da população do estudo. Para cada bombeiro foi enviado o Termo de Responsabilidade com todos os dados pertinentes ao estudo, assim como o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido em duas vias, devendo retornar uma das vias juntamente ao restante dos instrumentos, sinalizando a aceitação em participar da pesquisa. A amostra foi predominantemente do sexo masculino (96,9%), com idade média de 37 anos, e com ensino médio completo (59%). Quanto à patente, a maior predominância foi de soldados (57%), em média com 14 anos de trabalho na corporação, e com 11 anos trabalhando no grupamento onde foi realizado o estudo. Os indivíduos apresentaram níveis moderados de stress percebido e stress no trabalho, assim como para todos os domínios de Coping, sendo a estratégia de enfrentamento focada no problema, a mais utilizada pela amostra. Nos três domínios do MIB, o nível alcançado pela amostra também se enquadra como moderado, denotando que esta população não está em burnout. Referente à investigação do Hardiness, os indivíduos apresentaram escores moderados em todos os três domínios, não caracterizando a presença de indivíduos hardy na amostra em questão. Conclui-se que, apesar da inexistência de indivíduos hardy, e mesmo mediante forte demanda psicológica, física e emocional, esta população utiliza estratégias de enfrentamento que evitam o burnout, o que também pode ser explicado pela imensa satisfação em exercerem uma profissão que denota tanta admiração e respeito, sendo este um fator protetor para o stress. / The profession of firefighters is considered one of the most demanding professions. This is a risky profession for their duties, which are confronted in their daily practice, with extreme situations, sometimes involving serious injury or damage, according to which the emotional resources available are put to the test so dramatic. These conditions, by their frequency are eventually induce high levels of stress and when continued without adequate coping strategies can lead to burnout. The present study aims to contribute to a deeper knowledge about these professionals, in order to evaluate the perception that it has on stress at work, as well as check for hardiness and coping strategies which adopts this population to minimize this perceived stress, in an attempt not reach burnout. This is a study of descriptive, comparative, qualitative and quantitative approach and cross. The sample consisted of 132 members of a group from firefighters from the Fire Department located in a city of Sao Paulo. We used the instruments at Work Stress Scale (TSE), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MIB), Hardiness Scale (HS), Coping Strategies Inventory of Folkman and Lazarus, and a script of questions semi-structured to characterize the study population. For each firefighter was sent to the disclaimer with all information pertinent to the study, as well as the Statement of Informed Consent in duplicate and shall return one of the routes along the rest of the instruments, signaling acceptance to participate in the research. A sample was predominantly male (96.9%), mean age 37 years, and completed high school (59%). As for the patent, the highest prevalence was of soldiers (57%), averaging 14 years working in the corporation, and with 11 years working in the group where the study was conducted. The subjects had moderate levels of perceived stress and stress at work, as well as all areas of Coping, and the coping strategy focused on the problem, the most used by the sample. In all three domains of the MIB, the level reached by the sample also fits as a moderate, indicating that this population is not burnout. Referring to the investigation of Hardiness, the subjects had moderate scores in all three areas, not characterizing the presence of individuals \"hardy\" in the sample in question. We conclude that, despite the lack of individuals \"hardy\" and even by strong demand psychological, physical and emotional, this population use coping strategies to prevent burnout, which can also be explained by the immense satisfaction in practicing a profession that denotes admiration and respect, which is a protective factor for stress.

Härdighet för vedartade växter förknippas oftast med zonkartans zonangivelser. Det är dock inte enbart härdighetsiffran som bestämmer om en växt är härdig eller inte. Klimatet på platsen är en avgörande faktor för hur en växt klarar sig eller inte.  Via en enkät tog jag reda på vad odlare i Norr- och Västerbottens län tycker om zonkartan och hur de använder sig av den när de väljer vedartat växtmaterial. Nästan alla odlare ställer sig positiva till zonkartans zonangivelser. De påpekade dock brister med användandet av den då den inte tar hänsyn till växtens proveniens, lokalt klimat eller växters krav på odlingsplats vilket är viktiga faktorer som påverkar härdigheten hos växten. Odlarna efterlyste mer information om växternas krav på sin odlingsplats och hur man skapar ett mikroklimat för just den växten i samband med zonangivelsen för växten.  En växtlista med växter som anges med en lägre zonangivelse än den zon den odlas i har skapats utifrån odlarnas egna erfarenheter. Med hjälp av litteraturstudien och odlarnas åsikter har jag skapat ett förlag på hur en komplettering av zonkartan skulle kunna se ut för att förbättra både kunskapen om det lokala klimatet och utöka växtvalen för odling i Norrland. / The hardiness of a plant is often strongly associated with the recommendations on the climate zone map. However, it is not only the climate zone recommendation that determines whether a plant is cold hardy enough to survive and thrive at a certain location.  By sending a questionnaire to local growers in northernmost Sweden I wanted to investigate how the climate zone map is used and how well it works in the northern part of Sweden. Most growers were positive to the recommendations in the map. However, they pointed out that the climate zone map does not take into account the genetic heritage, the local microclimate and the requirements of the location on which the plant is supposed to grow, which are all very important. Growers mentioned that more information about how to create a good micro climate for a certain plant in a certain zone would be very useful. From the questionnaire I have put together a list of plants that growers in northern Sweden have grown outside the recommendation from the climate zone map. And by using information from the growers together with information from my literature study I have created a suggestion on an updated climate zone map to see if it is possible to raise knowledge and increase plant selection in northernmost Sweden.