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It is a cross-sectional study with quantitative approach aiming to analyze stress, coping strategies, burnout, depression symptoms, and hardiness in medical residents of a Federal University in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. The research protocol comprises a form for individual characterization of subjects, with sociodemographic variables and functional instruments for stress assessment (Scale of Stress at Work), coping (Coping Strategy Inventory), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory), and hardiness (Hardiness Scale). The instrument application was carried out from February 15th to April 30th, 2011. The subjects answered individually after signing the Term of Free and Highlighted Consent. A database was created in Excel (Office 2007) for data organization and storage. The socio-demographic and functional variables and the items which comprise the instruments were statistically analyzed with the software SPSS versão 18.0 and SAS 9,02. The internal consistency of scales, when evaluated by Cronbach s Alpha Coefficient testified reliability for measuring and evaluating the constructs that are proposed with values ranging from 0.78 to 0.92. The population consisted of 112 medical residents, with the prevalence of single males, aged between 26 and 30 years old, childless, living with the family, playing sports, having leisure activity and being pleased with medical residence. In this study, 58.04% of the subjects presented moderate stress, the stressor with highest mean was working for continuous hours and the lowest average was the superior avoiding entrusting .important responsibilities. The coping strategies which comprise Factor of Resolution of Problems were the most used, and the least utilized comprise the Factor Clash. From the subjects, 29.46% showed high emotional exhaustion, high depersonalization, and low professional performance, with a suggestive picture of burnout. Regarding to depressive symptoms, 88.39 % of the residents are within normal limits. From the residents, 23.21 % presented high means in the domains commitment, control and challenge and are considered hardy individuals. A significant high positive correlation was found between stress and emotional exhaustion, moderate with depressive symptoms and significant negative moderate with professional performance, commitment and control. There was no significant correlation between stress and social support, positive reappraisal and problem solving. For the coping there was a high significant positive correlation between social support and responsibility acceptance. For burnout we established significant high positive correlations between emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and high significant negative between professional accomplishment and emotional exhaustion. The Hardiness Domains presented one another positive significant correlations from moderate to low. It is considered that the stress presents itself as a challenge in the work activity of medical residents who use physical and cognitive efforts in order to adjust to the environmental and professional demands, from the assessment of stressors and coping strategies listed. It was confirmed that the hardy individuals present low scores of stress, use coping strategies focused in the problem and have a meaning sense that opposed to burnout and to depressive symptoms. / Trata-se de um estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa, com objetivo de analisar estresse, estratégias de coping, burnout, sintomas depressivos e hardiness em residentes médicos de uma Universidade Federal do interior do Rio Grade do Sul. O protocolo de pesquisa consta de formulário para caracterização individual dos sujeitos, com variáveis sociodemográficas e funcionais e instrumentos para avaliação do estresse (Escala de Estresse no Trabalho), coping (Inventário de Estratégias de Coping), sintomas depressivos (Inventário de Depressão de Beck), burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory) e hardiness (Escala de Hardiness). A aplicação dos instrumentos foi realizada de 15 de fevereiro a 30 de abril de 2011, os sujeitos responderam de forma individual, após assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Para organização e armazenamento dos dados, foi criado um banco de dados, no programa Excel (OFFICE 2007). As variáveis sóciodemográficas, funcionais e os itens que compõem os instrumentos foram analisados estatisticamente com o software SPSS versão 18.0 e SAS 9,02. A consistência interna das escalas, avaliada pelo Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, atestou fidedignidade para medida e avaliação dos constructos a que se propõem, com valores que variaram de 0,78 a 0,92. A população constituiu-se de 112 residentes médicos, com prevalência do sexo masculino, solteiros, na faixa etária entre 26 a 30 anos, sem filhos, residem com a família, praticam esportes, têm atividades de lazer e estão satisfeitos com a residência. Neste estudo, 58,04 % dos sujeitos apresentaram moderado estresse, o estressor de maior média foi trabalhar durante horas seguidas e o de menor média foi o superior evitar incumbir responsabilidades importantes. As estratégias de coping que compõem o Fator Resolução de Problemas foram as mais utilizadas e as menos utilizadas compõem o Fator Confronto. Dos sujeitos, 29,46 % apresentaram alta exaustão emocional, alta despersonalização e baixa realização profissional, com quadro sugestivo de burnout. Quanto aos sintomas depressivos, 88,39 % dos residentes estão dentro da normalidade. Dos residentes, 23,21 % apresentam altas médias nos domínios compromisso, controle e desafio e são considerados indivíduos hardy . Encontrou-se correlação significativa positiva alta entre estresse e exaustão emocional, moderada com sintomas depressivos e significativas negativas moderadas com realização profissional, compromisso e controle. Não houve correlação significativa entre estresse e suporte social, reavaliação positiva e resolução de problemas. Para o coping, houve correlação significativa positiva alta entre suporte social e aceitação de responsabilidade. Para o burnout, estabeleceram-se correlações significativas positivas altas entre exaustão emocional e despersonalização e significativa negativa alta entre realização profissional e exaustão emocional. Os Domínios de Hardiness apresentaram, entre si, correlações significativas positivas de moderada a baixa. Considera-se que o estresse apresenta-se como um desafio na atividade laboral dos residentes médicos, os quais utilizam esforços físicos e cognitivos para adaptarem-se às exigências do ambiente e da profissão, a partir da avaliação dos estressores e das estratégias de enfrentamento elencadas. Confirmou-se que os sujeitos hardy apresentam escores baixos de estresse, utilizam estratégias de coping focadas no problema e possuem um senso de significado que se opõe ao burnout e aos sintomas depressivos.

Orientador: Carlos Alfredo Joly / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_VivianeCamilade_D.pdf: 4448305 bytes, checksum: d5b1fa443a44dd4c9727eafe8ee5a04a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Alchornea triplinervia, Nectandra oppositifolia, Eugenia umbelliflora, Gomidesia schaueriana, Guapira opposita e Guatteria gomeziana são espécies arbóreas típicas das áreas alagadas da Floresta de Restinga do sudeste do Brasil. A fim de determinar os efeitos do alagamento sazonal do solo sazonal na sobrevivência, morfo-anatomia, crescimento e taxa de assimilação de carbono nestas espécies, foram avaliadas as respostas de crescimento, os parâmetros fotossintéticos básicos, a concentração de pigmentos fotossintéticos, as características foliares e as alterações morfo-anatômicas de indivíduos jovens crescendo experimentalmente em condições não alagadas (controle) e alagadas. A. triplinervia, N. oppositifolia, E. umbelliflora e G. schaueriana foram capazes de sobreviver e crescer durante o período de alagamento do solo, embora este crescimento tenha sido reduzido em comparação às plantas não alagadas. Lenticelas hipertrofiadas foram observadas em A. triplinervia e N. oppositifolia e a formação de raízes adventícias somente em A. triplinervia. Nas plantas alagadas de G. opposita e G. gomeziana o crescimento cessou e a sobrevivência foi comprometida, tendo ocorrido a morte de alguns indivíduos a partir da segunda semana de alagamento do solo. A taxa de assimilação de carbono foi reduzida em todas as espécies quando submetidas ao alagamento do solo, em função tanto de fatores estomáticos como não estomáticos, mas apenas G. opposita e G. gomeziana apresentaram valores negativos. Após a drenagem do solo, A. triplinervia e E. umbelliflora foram capazes de recuperar a taxa de assimilação de carbono, mas N. oppositifolia e G. schaueriana continuaram a apresentar valores reduzidos em comparação às plantas que não foram alagadas. Os resultados sugerem que A. triplinervia, N. oppositifolia, E. umbelliflora e G. schaueriana são espécies resistentes ao alagamento do solo e por isso são capazes de sobreviver a longos períodos nesta condição, enquanto que G. opposita e G. gomeziana são espécies sensíveis a tal condição. As respostas observadas neste estudo justificam a ocorrência das espécies estudadas na Floresta de Restinga inundável / Abstract: Alchornea triplinervia, Nectandra oppositifolia, Eugenia umbelliflora, Gomidesia schaueriana, Guapira opposita and Guatteria gomeziana are typical tree species of swampy areas of Restinga Forest in Southeastern Brazil. To elucidate effects of seasonal flooding on survival, morpho-anatomy, growth and carbon assimilation rate in these species, were evaluated growth responses, basic photosynthetic parameters, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, leave characteristics and morpho-anatomical changes of young plants growing experimentally in non-flooded (control) and flooded conditions. A. triplinervia, N. oppositifolia, E. umbelliflora and G. schaueriana were able to survive and grown in flooding conditions, but with reduced performance compared to non-flooded plants. Hypertrophied lenticels were observed in A. triplinervia and N. oppositifolia and adventitious roots only in A. triplinervia. Flooded plants of G. opposita and G. gomeziana ceased growth and survival was compromised, with death of some individuals after the second week of flooding. Carbon assimilation rate was reduced in all species when subjected to waterlogging due to both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations, but only G. opposita and G. gomeziana showed negative values. After soil drainage A. triplinervia and E. umbelliflora were able to recover the carbon assimilation rate, but N. oppositifolia and G. schaueriana continued to show reduced values in relation to non-flooded individuals. Results suggest that A. triplinervia, N. oppositifolia, E. umbelliflora and G. schaueriana are resistant species and therefore able to survive long periods in this condition, while G. opposita and G. gomeziana are species non resistant to flooding. Responses observed in this study explain the occurence of studied species in swampy areas of Restinga Forest / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Benthic invertebrates inhabiting boreal rivers are exposed to very large seasonal variations in their physical environment. The extremes are in winter when the littoral area freezes solid and in spring when water flow increases rapidly. In the North Swedish river Vindelälven, the invertebrates fell into three main categories according to their seasonal lateral distribution. One category of animals was stationary in the littoral zone and let itselt freeze into the ice, adopting a "take it" alternative. The category consisted of many species belonging to several higher taxa. By overwintering in ice, the animals avoided predation for nearly half the year and they were in the productive littoral at the same time as they thawed out from the ice in spring. On the other hand the animals had to withstand sub-zero temperatures. A typical representative for this category of animals was the semivoltine snail Gyraulus acronicus. It is a less mobile species connected to dense stands of macrophytes, which are found only in the littoral zone of the river. Nearly the whole population was found overwintering successfully enclosed in ice. Its shell and epiphragm could serve as mechanical protection when frozen into the ice. G. acronicus was cold-hardy only during late autumn and early winter, but it could stand prolonged sub-zero exposure during the proper time. A second category of animlas avoided being frozen by performing lateral movements to deeper parts of the river, adopting the Vleave it" alternative. No species tested in this category were found cold-hardy. It consisted of mobile species known to utilize sedimentated detritus which was only found in greater amounts in the littoral zone of the river. In springtime, prior to spring flood peak, these species colonized promptly the former frozen zone. This behaviour was most pronounced in several lentie mayfly species. An extreme case of migratory behaviour was found in the mayfly Pararneletus chelifer which not only moved towards the river bank but continued up into small tributaries. The shoreward movements of mayflies both allowed the nymphs to avoid the high current velocities in the central part of the river during spring flood time and to utilize the food resources in the flooded areas. A third category of animals avoided the ice by living stationary in the sublittoral zone, adopting the "never face it" alternative. This category was dominated by filter feeders. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå university, 1982, härtill 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

This study explored the relationship between the personality construct of hardiness and public speaking anxiety. Although hardiness has been widely explored in a variety of anxiety-arousing life events, its relationship with communication anxiety had not been previously studied. Therefore, hardiness, public speaking trait anxiety, and public speaking state anxiety were measured in a course requiring an oral presentation assignment. One hundred fifty students enrolled in a basic speech communication course participated in the study. A statistically significant correlation was revealed between hardiness and trait communication anxiety. Students higher in hardiness reported lower trait communication apprehension in three contexts: 1) meeting, 2) interpersonal, and 3) group. Overall, students did not differ on measures of hardiness and a fourth communication context: public speaking anxiety. Likewise, on measures of hardiness and state public speaking anxiety, students did not differ.

Student Number : 0500547G - PhD thesis - School of Psychology - Faculty of Humanities / This study is aimed at understanding the role of assault severity, personality traits and rape myths in predicting rape victims’ psychological responses and coping styles. Specifically, the study assessed the mediating role of victims’ attribution in predicting psychological impacts of rape victimization and the coping styles. On the basis of theory, it was postulated that the severity of assault (as determined by either the use of physical force and/or the presence of weapons); intrapersonal resources of hardiness; and the acceptance of rape myths would have a direct influence on survivors’ psychological impact and on coping. The thesis provides comprehensive coverage of the prevalence of rape victimization; the trauma and psychological impacts of rape victimization; coping with rape victimization; and the theory on the role of social cognition (appraisal and attribution) in explaining victims’ responses to rape. The theoretical conceptualisation underpinning the study offers a unique integration of this body of knowledge within the South African context. In investigating the research question, two hundred and fifty adult black (African) South African women who had experienced rape in the previous month were interviewed about the event and their subsequent responses. The interviewees were drawn from Xhosa, SePedi and Zulu speaking communities. The study was located within the quantitative research tradition. A structured interview questionnaire was developed. Descriptive statistics were calculated and the emphasis of the analysis was in the area of the Structural Equation Model. The model was successful in terms of explained variance in accounting for the two types of coping; approach and avoidance coping dimensions followed by the psychological impact and attribution. The results showed psychological impact as explained through the symptoms of Hyperarousal, Intrusion and Avoidance had the greatest influence on coping of rape survivors. As hypothesized, the results confirmed that an increase in rape assaults severity resulted into increased levels of psychological distress. The findings indicated that internal styles of self-blame attribution (behavioural and characterological attribution) were prevalent among victims of rape in the present study. Although hardiness (commitment and control) dimensions were not found to significantly influence coping, an orientation of control and commitment amongst survivors was found to significantly influence the attribution styles. Furthermore, the control dimension was found to have a significant influence on victims’ psychological distress. Interestingly, the results revealed that acceptance of rape myths among survivors resulted in a decrease in psychological distress. The findings demonstrate the strength of the current study in the development and testing of theoretically based models of processing rape victimization recovery among rape survivors. The implications of the data are explored.

The postglacial recolonization of northern Europe supposedly originated from Western Europe and the Russian Plain, however, recent molecular and macrofossil-based investigations suggest that the history may be more complex than previously thought. This study aims to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Scots pine from Scandinavia to Russia to re-evaluate its recolonization history, and to examine whether the pattern of spatial genetic diversity has any adaptive significance. Populations ranging from Norway to Russia were sampled and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. The seedlings were freeze tested to provide an average degree of hardiness for every population. Eight hundred and thirty-two seedlings were analyzed, and 6,034 SNPs were recovered in these individuals after stringent filtering. Population structure was investigated using fastStructure and differentiation between populations was estimated with pairwise FST and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to assess the genetic variability. Genetic diversity was measured as observed heterozygosity, H0, in populations, clusters and overall. Two genetic clusters were detected in the samples, one in Norway and Sweden and one in Russia. These clusters are weakly differentiated (FST = 0.01202) with only 0.66 % variation between them. Highest variation was found within populations (98.8 %) and the overall genetic diversity for all populations was high (Ho = 0.2573). The weak differentiation and high diversity are indicative of extensive gene flow between populations in this species. The composition of the clusters across the sampled area suggests a westward recolonization from the Russian Plain into Scandinavia, and a possible local origin of another polymorphism in Norway and Sweden. No clear relationship between cold hardiness and genetic variation was detected. The clinal variation in cold hardiness reflects local adaptation, and the difference between genetic and phenotypic variation is likely due to epigenetic regulation or polygenic inheritance. More extensive genome scan is needed to understand the genetic basis of local adaptation.

The transformative process of personal growth following suffering and challenges, or posttraumatic growth (PTG), is limited in persons with acquired disability. The dimensions of acquired disability, as outlined by the World Health Organization, include impairments in body functions, body structures, and growth restrictions in activities and participation. The 5 domains of PTG include personal strength, new possibilities, relating to other people, appreciation of life, and spiritual change. Using discriminant function analysis, the purpose of this quantitative study was to identify a discriminant analysis of the dimensions of acquired disability on the domains of posttraumatic growth. The first research question focused on investigating the number of statistically significant uncorrelated linear combinations. The second research question reviewed the multivariate profile (or profiles if there is more than one statistically significant function) of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory domains that discriminant the dimensions of acquired disability. A cross-sectional survey design was used to gather data from 161 individuals with acquired disability who were over 18 years of age and were at least 1 year postdiagnosis. Participants were invited to participate using a Facebook page and targeted advertising, as well as personal invitations to online support groups advocating for persons with acquired disability. This study and analysis only found 1 significant pairwise connection between impairment in body structure and growth, activity, and participation with the PTG domain of personal strength. Results may be used to guide the planning and implementation of aftercare programs for individuals diagnosed with an acquired disability to help promote PTG.

Burnout has emerged as a significant and costly issue in the modern workforce. Researchers have not fully explored the role of individual health behaviors and personality in burnout among mental health workers. The knowledge gap addressed in this study was the connection between health behaviors, what mental health workers do to take care of themselves, and hardiness, the characteristic way they perceive and interpret environmental challenges. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of health behaviors and hardiness among mental health workers on the 3 dimensions of burnout as measured by the MBI-HSS: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. The conservation of resources model and the theory of hardiness provided the framework for selecting variables and interpreting the results. An online survey research design was used with a sample of mental health workers from two nonprofit mental health organizations. A total of 223 participants were recruited through invitations sent to their work e-mail addresses. Statistical analysis included 5 stepwise regression analyses run for each of the 3 burnout dimensions. The results indicated that hardiness was the strongest predictor and was retained in the final model for all the burnout measures. Anger/Stress, a health-compromising behavior, was significantly predictive of Emotional Exhaustion in the final model, and age was included in the final model for Depersonalization. These results suggest that mental health workers are better able to maintain their emotional energy and compassion for clients through the cultivation of hardiness and management of stress; the implications will inform the development of training materials focused on stress management and adapting to change.