Digital microprocessor based relays are currently being utilized for safe, reliable and efficient operation of power systems. The overcurrent protection relay is the most extensively used component to safeguard power systems from the detrimental effects of faults. Wrong settings in overcurrent relay parameters can lead to false tripping or even bypassing fault conditions which can lead to a catastrophe. Therefore it is important to validate the settings of power protection equipment and to confirm its performance when subject to different fault conditions. This paper presents the modeling of an overcurrent relay in SimPowerSystems (\textsc {matlab}/Simulink). The overcurrent relay has the features of instantaneous, time definite and inverse  definite minimum time (IDMT) characteristics. A power system is modeled in SimPowerSystems and this overcurrent relay model is incorporated in the test case. The overall model is then simulated in real-time using Opal-RT's eMEGAsim real-time simulator to analyze the relay's performance when subjected to faults and with different characteristic settings in the relay model. Finally Hardware-in-the-Loop validation of the model is done by using the overcurrent protection feature in Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Relay SEL-487E. The event reports generated by the SEL relays during Hardware-in-the-Loop testing are compared with the results obtained from the standalone testing and software model to validate the model. / <p>QC 20130215</p>

Os medidores de vazão contribuem de forma significante para a otimização industrial onde o deslocamento contínuo de massa é parte integrante do sistema produtivo, sendo, portanto, cruciais para a indústria permitindo assim padronizar produtos e automatizar ações reduzindo a força de trabalho humana e minimizando erros. Este é o caso da produção de palatabilizantes, substâncias produzidas a partir da hidrólise enzimática da proteína animal para conferir aroma e sabor aos alimentos, onde existe um deslocamento continuo de massa com dosagem de fluidos acionadas em várias etapas do processo. Podem-se destacar duas etapas principais: a etapa onde ocorre a dosagem de soluções alcalinas para a hidrólise enzimática e a etapa onde ocorre a acidificação para garantir a segurança microbiológica do produto. No trabalho em questão foi desenvolvido e analisado um medidor de vazão de turbina por sensoriamento via efeito Hall, para determinar a vazão volumétrica de fludos no processo produtivo de palatabilizantes. O sistema utilizado na avaliação do medidor de vazão foi desenvolvido em escala piloto. A calibração do medidor permitiu-se calcular o fator K (coeficiente do medidor) tanto para água, onde o coeficiente foi de 5,5, quanto para palatabilizantes, onde o coeficiente calculado foi de 7. A partir dos dados obtidos pelo medidor de vazão pode-se observar um alto nível de correlação dos dados. O medidor de vazão apresentou-se eficaz para os fluidos testados (água e palatabilizante); e, com uma precisão de ± 2%, mostra-se uma alternativa viável para o processo de produção de palatabilizantes. / Flowmeters contribute significantly to the industrial optimization where mass continuous displacement is an integral part of the production system, is therefore crucial for the industry allowing standardize products and automate actions reducing human labor and minimizing errors. This is the case of the production of flavors, substances produced from the enzymatic hydrolysis of animal protein to impart flavor and aroma to food, where there is a continuous mass displacement with fluids dosage triggered in several process steps. They can point out two main steps: a step where dosing occurs alkaline solutions for enzymatic hydrolysis and acidification stage which takes place to ensure the microbiological safety of the product. At work in question was developed and analyzed a turbine flowmeter for sensing via Hall effect to determine the volumetric flow fludos in the production of palatability process. The system used to assess the flow meter was developed on a pilot scale. The meter calibration allowed to calculate the K factor (the ratio meter) for both water where the ratio was 5.5, and for palatability, where the coefficient was calculated 7. From the data obtained by the flowmeter one can observe a high degree of correlation of the data. The flowmeter is made effective for the tested fluids (water and palatability); and with an accuracy of ± 2%, there is shown a viable alternative for the production of flavors process.

Os medidores de vazão contribuem de forma significante para a otimização industrial onde o deslocamento contínuo de massa é parte integrante do sistema produtivo, sendo, portanto, cruciais para a indústria permitindo assim padronizar produtos e automatizar ações reduzindo a força de trabalho humana e minimizando erros. Este é o caso da produção de palatabilizantes, substâncias produzidas a partir da hidrólise enzimática da proteína animal para conferir aroma e sabor aos alimentos, onde existe um deslocamento continuo de massa com dosagem de fluidos acionadas em várias etapas do processo. Podem-se destacar duas etapas principais: a etapa onde ocorre a dosagem de soluções alcalinas para a hidrólise enzimática e a etapa onde ocorre a acidificação para garantir a segurança microbiológica do produto. No trabalho em questão foi desenvolvido e analisado um medidor de vazão de turbina por sensoriamento via efeito Hall, para determinar a vazão volumétrica de fludos no processo produtivo de palatabilizantes. O sistema utilizado na avaliação do medidor de vazão foi desenvolvido em escala piloto. A calibração do medidor permitiu-se calcular o fator K (coeficiente do medidor) tanto para água, onde o coeficiente foi de 5,5, quanto para palatabilizantes, onde o coeficiente calculado foi de 7. A partir dos dados obtidos pelo medidor de vazão pode-se observar um alto nível de correlação dos dados. O medidor de vazão apresentou-se eficaz para os fluidos testados (água e palatabilizante); e, com uma precisão de ± 2%, mostra-se uma alternativa viável para o processo de produção de palatabilizantes. / Flowmeters contribute significantly to the industrial optimization where mass continuous displacement is an integral part of the production system, is therefore crucial for the industry allowing standardize products and automate actions reducing human labor and minimizing errors. This is the case of the production of flavors, substances produced from the enzymatic hydrolysis of animal protein to impart flavor and aroma to food, where there is a continuous mass displacement with fluids dosage triggered in several process steps. They can point out two main steps: a step where dosing occurs alkaline solutions for enzymatic hydrolysis and acidification stage which takes place to ensure the microbiological safety of the product. At work in question was developed and analyzed a turbine flowmeter for sensing via Hall effect to determine the volumetric flow fludos in the production of palatability process. The system used to assess the flow meter was developed on a pilot scale. The meter calibration allowed to calculate the K factor (the ratio meter) for both water where the ratio was 5.5, and for palatability, where the coefficient was calculated 7. From the data obtained by the flowmeter one can observe a high degree of correlation of the data. The flowmeter is made effective for the tested fluids (water and palatability); and with an accuracy of ± 2%, there is shown a viable alternative for the production of flavors process.

La mondialisation et la déverticalisation des métiers du semi-conducteur a mené cette industrie à sous-traiter certaines étapes de conception et souvent la totalité de la fabrication. Au cours de ces étapes, les circuits intégrés (CIs) sont vulnérables à des altérations malignes : les chevaux de Troie matériels (HTs). Dans les applications sécuritaires, il est important de garantir que les circuits intégrés utilisés ne soient pas altérés par de tels dispositifs. Afin d'offrir un niveau de confiance élevé dans ces circuits, il est nécessaire de développer de nouvelles techniques de test pour détecter les HTs, aussi légers et furtifs soient-ils. Cette thèse étudie les menaces et propose deux approches originales de test post-fabrication pour détecter des HTs implantés après synthèse. La première technique exploite des capteurs de courant incorporés au substrat (BBICS), originalement conçus pour identifier les défauts transitoires dans les CIs. Dans notre cas, ils fournissent une signature numérique obtenue par analyse statistique permettant de détecter tout éventuel HT, même au niveau dopant. La deuxième proposition est une méthode non intrusive pour détecter les HTs dans les circuits asynchrones. Cette technique utilise la plateforme de test du circuit et ne requiert aucun matériel supplémentaire. Elle permet la détection de HTs dont la surface est inférieure à 1% de celle du circuit. Les méthodes et les techniques-,- mises au point dans cette thèse-,- contribuent donc à réduire la vulnérabilité des CIs aux HTs soit par adjonction d'un capteur (BBICS), soit en exploitant les mécanismes de test s'il s'agit de circuits asynchrones. / The world globalization has led the semiconductor industry to outsource design and fabrication phases, making integrated circuits (ICs) potentially more vulnerable to malicious modifications at design or fabrication time: the hardware Trojans (HTs). New efficient testing techniques are thus required to disclose potential slight and stealth HTs, and to ensure trusted devices. This thesis studies possible threats and proposes two new post-silicon testing techniques able to detect HTs implanted after the generation of the IC netlist. The first proposed technique exploits bulk built-in current sensors (BBICS) -- which are originally designed to identify transient faults in ICs -- by using them as testing mechanisms that provide statistically-comparable digital signatures of the devices under test. With only 16 IC samples, the testing technique can detect dopant-level Trojans of zero-area overhead. The second proposition is a non-intrusive technique for detection of gate-level HTs in asynchronous circuits. With this technique, neither additional hardware nor alterations on the original test set-up are required to detect Trojans smaller than 1% of the original circuit. The studies and techniques devised in this thesis contribute to reduce the IC vulnerability to HT, reusing testing mechanisms and keeping security features of original devices.

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Multithreaded processors are now common in the industry as they offer high performance at a low cost. Traditionally, in such processors, the assignation of hardware resources between the multiple threads is done implicitly, by the hardware policies. However, a new class of multithreaded hardware allows the explicit allocation of resources to be controlled or biased by the software. Currently, there is little or no coordination between the allocation of resources done by the hardware and the prioritization of tasks done by the software.This thesis targets to narrow the gap between the software and the hardware, with respect to the hardware resource allocation, by proposing a new explicit resource allocation hardware mechanism and novel schedulers that use the currently available hardware resource allocation mechanisms.It approaches the problem in two different types of computing systems: on the high performance computing domain, we characterize the first processor to present a mechanism that allows the software to bias the allocation hardware resources, the IBM POWER5. In addition, we propose the use of hardware resource allocation as a way to balance high performance computing applications. Finally, we propose two new scheduling mechanisms that are able to transparently and successfully balance applications in real systems using the hardware resource allocation. On the soft real-time domain, we propose a hardware extension to the existing explicit resource allocation hardware and, in addition, two software schedulers that use the explicit allocation hardware to improve the schedulability of tasks in a soft real-time system.In this thesis, we demonstrate that system performance improves by making the software aware of the mechanisms to control the amount of resources given to each running thread. In particular, for the high performance computing domain, we show that it is possible to decrease the execution time of MPI applications biasing the hardware resource assignation between threads. In addition, we show that it is possible to decrease the number of missed deadlines when scheduling tasks in a soft real-time SMT system.

Increased oil prices and environmental issues have increased a need of loweringthe emissions from and the fuel consumption in heavy construction machines. Anatural solution to these issues is a lowered input power through downsizing ofthe engine. This implies a demand on higher transmission efficiency, in order tominimize the intrusion on vehicle performance. More specifically, alternatives tothe conventional torque converter found in heavier applications today, must beinvestigated. One important part of this is the task of controlling the transmissionwithout jeopardising the advantages associated with the torque converter, such asrobustness and controllability.In this thesis, an alternative transmission concept for a backhoe loader is investigated.The studied concept is referred to as a 2-mode Jarchow power-splittransmission, where a mechanical path is added to a hydrostatic transmission inorder to increase transmission efficiency. The concept is evaluated in computerbased simulations as well as in hardware-in-the-loop simulations, where a physicalhydrostatic transmission is exposed for the loads caused by the vehicle duringvarying conditions. The loads are in turn simulated according to developed modelsof the mechanical parts of the vehicle drive line.In total, the investigated concept can be used instead of the torque converterconcept, if the hydrostatic transmission is properly controlled. The results alsoshow that there is a high possibility that the combustion engine in the backhoeloader can be downsized from 64 kW to 55 kW, which would further increase thefuel savings and reduce the emissions.