In this thesis, F.A. Hayek's argument is against social justice is given context, discussed, and evaluated. Hayek was one of the leading voices of libertarian ideology in the Twentieth Century. While Road to Serfdom is his most popular work, Hayek's philosophy is most fully expressed in his three volume set, Law, Legislation and Liberty. His thoughts against social justice are found the in the second volume, entitled The Mirage of Social Justice. It is the conclusion of the author that Hayek's argument against social justice, in the form of redistribution, falls short as it depends on a presupposition that an evolutionary moral and legal process will necessarily end in securing a libertarian style of government. The only possible means of salvaging the argument would to accept inherent and inviolable human rights, which Hayek fundamentally rejects as he claims the Kantian tradition.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif d'approfondir la théorie hayékienne du lien social en y explorant la notion d'autorité de la tradition. En recourant à une approche «institutionnaliste-individualiste», nous proposons une interprétation de l'idée, développée par Friedrich Hayek, d'un ordre social spontané. Nous partons du principe qu'un examen de l'ontologie sociale est un incontournable en vue d'appréhender la construction théorique ainsi le projet politique de notre auteur. En ce sens, nous estimons qu'avant même de penser sa théorie évolutionniste, Hayek dresse un portrait de l'individu et de la «société» à partir d'une certaine représentation du bien et du mal. En nous intéressant à la conception hayékienne de la tradition, et plus particulièrement à la «place» et au rôle des institutions qui en sont le véhicule, nous sommes à même de percevoir ce qui fonde cette dichotomie. Hayek reconnaît dans la tradition les traces d'un fonctionnalisme du même ordre que celui animant l'évolution de l'esprit. L'idée d'une évolution corrélative de l'esprit et de la société est ce qui lui permet de reconnaître une certaine direction à l'évolution historique. La tradition est chez Hayek fondamentale parce qu'elle intervient comme le «témoin» de cette évolution; elle est ce cumul d'une certaine forme de connaissance dont les principes abstraits et les règles générales sont ceux du libéralisme. Produit du processus de sélection culturelle où les «bonnes pratiques» sont sélectionnées pour ensuite venir se greffer à elle, la tradition est l'étalon à partir duquel Hayek devient juge de ce qui caractérise une bonne société. Hayek est un penseur du lien social. Il s'intéresse aux conditions liées à la préservation de la «société», c'est-à-dire, à la correspondance entre les deux niveaux de règles que sont l'ordre spontané (abstrait et général) et l'ordre explicite (législatif). Dans ce cadre, nous dirons que les caractères autostimulant, autorégulant et autoperpéruant de la société semblent manifester leurs limites face à l'argument, avancé par Hayek, voulant que l'ordre social soit la condition et le résultat d'une reconnaissance interindividuelle des vertus de la tradition. Dans cette perspective, l'opinion publique jouerait un rôle central en devenant elle-même une condition du fonctionnement de l'ordre social spontané. Pour notre auteur, la pérennité du social passe par la capacité qu'a la société de réaliser la correspondance entre l'ordre spontanément généré et sa transposition en une législation. C'est en reconnaissant l'autorité de la tradition, à travers un processus où il y a imitation, éducation et innovation, que les «bonnes pratiques» peuvent se transmettre et perdurer. L'autorité de la tradition, c'est la reconnaissance implicite et explicite de la tradition comme vecteur d'adaptation au changement. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Hayek, Lien social, Ordre social, Ordre spontané, Autorité, Tradition.

Ce mémoire a pour but de faire ressortir les liens qui unissent la théorie psychologique à la théorie sociale de Friedrich Hayek. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé un tour d'horizon des principaux écrits de l'auteur dans les domaines de la psychologie, de la méthodologie, de la philosophie et de la politique, en excluant les textes d'économie pure. Notre hypothèse stipule que la théorie psychologique de Hayek a exercé une influence marquante sur l'ensemble de son oeuvre, en particulier sur ses théories de l'ordre spontané et de l'évolution culturelle. Cette influence s'est exercée via l'élaboration, dans les années 1950, d'une théorie de la complexité, qui reprenait et généralisait plusieurs thèses de nature psychologique développées dans The Sensory Order. Hayek délaissa alors son approche scientifique polarisée entre science naturelle et science sociale, pour la remplacer par une opposition entre phénomènes simples et complexes. Cette théorie de la complexité fait ressortir les limites d'explication auxquelles est confronté l'être humain: l'esprit ne pourra jamais expliquer son propre fonctionnement dans le détail, ni celui de la société dans son ensemble, en raison de la complexité extrême des relations de causes à effet qui les caractérisent. Il doit par conséquent se contenter de l'explication de principe, c'est-à-dire élaborer des théories qui décrivent les principes généraux de leur fonctionnement desquels on ne peut dériver de prédictions spécifiques. À cause de ces limites, l'homme doit user de sa raison de façon parcimonieuse, c'est-à-dire dans les champs d'application très limités où sa connaissance des circonstances particulières est suffisante. II doit en contrepartie adhérer aux règles de juste conduite dans les champs très étendus où sa connaissance est insuffisante. Issues d'un long processus de sélection évolutive, ces règles incarnent une quantité incommensurable de connaissances, auxquelles quiconque ne pourrait jamais avoir accès directement. Le processus d'avancement civilisationnel dépend de cet usage optimal de la connaissance, directe et indirecte. En accord avec cette thèse, Hayek adopte une approche méthodologique axée sur l'évolutionnisme, qui s'oppose au rationalisme constructiviste. Hayek se détourne ainsi de l'individualisme méthodologique de ses premières années, qui s'opposait aux doctrines collectivistes. En définitive, toutes ces conclusions méthodologiques et épistémologiques ont pour conséquence de limiter nécessairement le champ d'action politique. La doctrine libérale hayékienne est ainsi soutenue par une solide armature inspirée de sa théorie de la complexité, qui elle-même puise ses racines dans sa théorie psychologique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Hayek, Psychologie, Ordre sensoriel, Spontané, Complexité.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1935. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 277-281).

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborg universitet. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [237]-241].

abstract: The present essay addresses the epistemic difficulties involved in achieving consensus with respect to the Hayek-Keynes debate. In particular, it is argued that the debate cannot be settled on the basis of the observable evidence; or, more precisely, that the empirical implications of the theories of Hayek and Keynes are such that, regardless of what is observed, both of the theories can be interpreted as true, or at least, not falsified. Regardless of the evidence, both Hayek and Keynes can be interpreted as right. The underdetermination of theories by evidence is an old and ubiquitous problem in science. The present essay makes explicit the respects in which the empirical evidence underdetermines the choice between the theories of Hayek and Keynes. In particular, it is argued both that there are convenient responses one can offer that protect each theory from what appears to be threatening evidence (i.e., that the choice between the two theories is underdetermined in the holist sense) and that, for particular kinds of evidence, the two theories are empirically equivalent (i.e., with respect to certain kinds of evidence, the choice between the two theories is underdetermined in the contrastive sense). / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Philosophy 2012

La anomia y la decadencia de las ideologías están en la agenda de la discusión pública desde el derrumbe de la URSS, el término de la guerra fría, la caída del Muro de Berlin, y la nueva fase de la internacionalización de la producción y el comercio conocida como globalización. En dicho contexto surge un nuevo referente: el programa de despolitización de las decisiones públicas basada en una sostenida creencia en la capacidad de la ciencia y la técnica – con énfasis en la tecnología de la información – para encontrar puntos de encuentro – dando por sentado que existen – donde antes las posiciones ideológicas producían desencuentros. Es la posición de la tecnocracia, de los ejecutivos del sector público y privado cuyo rol asciende a nuevos niveles donde las decisiones llegan a una complejidad tal que dejan en segundo plano tanto al burócrata como al gerente. Así el disenso que antes se consideraba inherente a los regímenes democráticos, se atribuye a la ignorancia de las teorías que explican el funcionamiento social, y el consenso sería una fase terminal del avance de la ciencia con su aplicación progresiva a las políticas públicas. (son las visiones de D. Bell, Lipset, Van Dijk, Horkheimer, Habermas, Fukuyama).

Orientador: David Dequech Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T05:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angeli_Eduardo_M.pdf: 1084758 bytes, checksum: 22a2b15b72cdab38dfc4c0402e18ca0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo da dissertação é contribuir ao estudo do pensamento econômico e social de Friedrich August von Hayek, focalizando em aspectos institucionais. Parte-se de taxonomia proposta por David Dequech, buscando-se estabelecer com quais tipos de incerteza Hayek lidava e a causa pela qual ele afirmava que a realidade é complexa. A partir desta plataforma é esclarecido o que Hayek entendia por instituição, regra, cultura e outros termos correlatos e, então, de que forma ele pensava que as instituições atuam sobre o comportamento econômico individual. Por fim, vemos o que significam o ¿racionalismo crítico¿ hayekiano e a teoria evolucionária de mudança institucional, pilares da filosofia política liberal de Hayek, em oposição ao que ele chamava de ¿racionalismo construtivista¿ e ¿Darwinismo Social¿ / Abstract: The dissertation aims to contribute to the study of the economic and social thought of Friedrich August von Hayek, focusing on institutional aspects. It starts with a taxonomy of varieties of uncertainty proposed by David Dequech, trying to identify those with which Hayek dealt and why he stated that reality is complex. Based on this, the dissertation examines what Hayek understood by terms such as institutions, rules, culture and the like, and how he thought that institutions act upon individual economic behavior. Finally, it studies the meaning of Hayek¿s ¿critical rationalism¿ and his evolutionary theory of institutional change, foundations of Hayek¿s liberal political philosophy, in opposition to what he called ¿constructivist rationalism¿ and ¿Social Darwinism¿ / Mestrado / Teoria Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as transformações por que passou a teoria econômica no período entre-guerras, relacionando-as às mudanças econômicas e políticas que caracterizam o capitalismo da época. O ponto de partida é o contraste realizado por Karl Polanyi entre os conservadores anos 1920 e os revolucionários anos 1930. Argumenta-se que os conflitos em tomo do restabelecimento e do posterior abandono do padrão-ouro, que representaram a tentativa de restauração do liberalismo econômico e sua subseqüente frustração, foram determinantes nas disputas políticas e teóricas do período. A obra de Friedrich von Hayek é relacionada aos conservadores anos 1920, enquanto a obra de John Maynard Keynes é associada às transformações da década de 1930. São enfatizados os contrastes entre os conceitos de equilíbrio e taxa de juros adotados pelos dois autores. Além disso, argumenta-se que as transformações da teoria econômica não se restringiram a alterações de conceitos e hipóteses, mas envolveram também um deslocamento do papel desempenhado pela teoria na reprodução da sociedade, com a emergência da gestão macroeconômica do capitalismo. / The aim of this work is to analyse the transformation that economics has been through in the interwar years, relating it to the economic and political transformation of the period\'s capitalism. The point of departure is Karl Polanyi\'s contrast between the conservative 1920s and the revolutionary 1930s. It is argued that the conflicts around the reestablishment and the abandonment of the gold-standard, which represented the attempt (and its subsequent frustration) to restore economic liberalism, exercised a great influence on the political and theoretic disputes of the time. Friedrich von Hayek\'s work is related to the conservative 1920s, while John Maynard Keynes\' work is connected with the transformations of the 1930s. The contrasts between the authors\' concepts of equilibrium and interest rate are particularly emphasized. Finally, it is maintained that the transformation of economics was not restricted to changes of concepts and hypotheses, but involved also a transformation of the role fulfilled by this theory in the reproduction of society, with the emergence of the macroeconomic management of capitalism.

Orientador: David Dequech Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T22:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angeli_Eduardo_D.pdf: 1870969 bytes, checksum: 2e7fd01a02cca6a4c31d8db49941dc79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo da tese, constituída de quatro ensaios, é, por um lado, aprofundar o conhecimento acerca da mainline economics, e, por outro, aproximá-la de alguns debates contemporâneos da ciência econômica. Para isso, apresenta e qualifica como heterodoxa e robusta a mainline economics, uma linha de pesquisa existente ao longo da evolução do pensamento econômico que abre mão de um conceito central à ortodoxia, o de equilíbrio, substituindo-o pela análise institucional sob uma perspectiva liberal. Procura argumentar também que a crítica heterodoxa da teoria econômica convencional não deve ser confundida com a crítica do próprio sistema capitalista. Uma vez que os autores associados à mainline economics, em geral, encontram-se no passado da disciplina e à margem de sua corrente ortodoxa, a tese busca, a seguir, justificar a importância do estudo da história do pensamento econômico e da existência do pluralismo de metodologias em economia. Para isso, levanta dois argumentos associados à escola austríaca, um grupo particular dentro da mainline economics: a abordagem de Israel Kirzner para a descoberta de oportunidades no processo de mercado como analogia ao que acontece na relação entre teoria econômica e história do pensamento econômico, e a defesa da liberdade por F. A. Hayek como incentivo à chance de variação e fuga do modo convencional de se fazer ciência econômica. Tendo argumentado a favor da valorização de autores pregressos em economia e pela liberdade de se adotar metodologias distintas da convencional para se avançar em teoria econômica, a tese busca envolver o pensamento de dois autores associados à mainline economics com debates contemporâneos em economia. Assim, procura apreender o papel do individualismo no pensamento econômico e apresentar ao menos uma interpretação distinta da mainstream economics, mas que busca resgatar o pensamento de alguns dos clássicos da disciplina, qual seja, a de James Buchanan. Por fim, propõe-se avaliar o pensamento institucional de Hayek e sua compreensão de conceitos como instituições, regras, cultura e outros correlatos, bem como as relações entre eles, o comportamento humano e o desempenho do grupo social. Avalia também de que maneira se pode entender o liberalismo de Hayek como resultado de suas posições em economia institucional / Abstract: This dissertation is composed by four essays. Its purpose is to improve the comprehension about the mainline economics and to make it closer to some current discussions in economics. In order to achieve such goals, this dissertation presents the mainline economics, an intellectual project that can be found through the history of economic thought. Usually, the mainline economics does not use the conceptualization of equilibrium, at least not in the same sense of conventional economic theory. In this dissertation, there is an explanation of the reason for mainline economics can be heterodox and robust. It is also argued that a critique of orthodox economics should not be taken as a necessary critique of capitalism nor liberalism. Since economists who can be associated to the mainline economics are usually in the history of economics and they are not associated with economic orthodoxy, it is argued that both the history of economic thought and methodological pluralism in economics can be useful for the economic scientific community. In this context, two arguments related to the Austrian School of Economics are here developed: the place of entrepreneur in Kirzner's approach to the market process as an analogy to what is seen in the history of economic thought, and Hayek's arguments for liberty as a defense of freedom of research and the existence of methodological pluralism. It is argued that, under the Austrian point of view, history of economic thought and methodological pluralism might be more appreciated by economists. Afterwards, two connections between mainline economics and current discussions in Economics are proposed. Firstly, the role played by individualism in the economic thought is introduced and an interpretation that is different from the one held by orthodox economics. This reading is introduced by J. M. Buchanan's perspective. He is a mainline economist who has interesting explanations for the role of individualism in Economics. Secondly, Hayek's institutional thought is presented, in order to be compared to some institutional approaches that have been spreading through the social sciences in the last decades. The relation between Hayek's institutionalism, his liberalism and his interpretation of the role played by institutions over individual behavior and social performance is discussed as well / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas