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Klimatförändringarna är ett ytterst aktuellt ämne i samhällsdebatten. Runt om i världen debatterar politiker och samhällsvetare om lösningar på detta omfattande problem. Ett högst populärt förslag är att fordon ska drivas på el. Frågan är om dessa elbilar är helt hållbara på ett ekonomiskt och samhälleligt plan. Hur påverkas de människor som framställer de insatsvaror som krävs till västvärldens eldrivna fordon? Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser en ökad efterfrågan på eldrivna fordon i Europa får på den ekonomiska och mänskliga utvecklingen i Demokratiska Republiken (DR) Kongo. Med hjälp av en tidsserieanalys undersöks hur DR Kongos BNI per capita och HDI utvecklats under en 20 årsperiod, mellan 2000-2019, till följd av den ökade efterfrågan på eldrivna fordon i Europa. Resultaten visar att den ökade efterfrågan på eldrivna fordon i Europa har inneburit en ökad ekonomisk utveckling, BNI per capita, i DR Kongo. Samtidigt visar resultaten också att det skett en minskning av den mänskliga utvecklingen, HDI, i landet. Resultaten är statistiskt signifikanta på 1% nivån.

Measures of human development, no matter their specific methodology, have always placed Costa Rica substantially higher than its neighbor, Nicaragua, but no apparent governmental, resource, or historical discrepancy can account for this gap. This thesis uses two case studies to examine this phenomenon from three different theoretical perspectives, and conclude which has the greatest explanatory power to account for the disparity between these two particular governments. Political scientists have noted that parliamentary systems lend themselves to better governance when compared with their presidential countersystems. Shugart and Carey (1992) cite peculiarities within some presidential models which may account for lower rates of human development. Another approach, offered by Tsebelis (2002) produces a more generalized explanation of this phenomenon, while Lawrence Harrison (1985) offers an entirely different, culture-based explanation. This thesis seeks to examine the validity of these claims, using Costa Rica and Nicaragua as case studies. Limiting the thesis to these two presidential governments will highlight the variation that exists within the presidential model, and possibly shed light on the most significant variables.

Governments and leaders across the globe almost universally agree that human trafficking is a modern atrocity that has harshly negative effects for individuals, communities, entire states and the international community. Nevertheless, they are not in agreement on how best to investigate cases and provide aid to victims. Many states lack the resources to effectively create and implement policies. Governments must act to protect their citizens and people within their borders. Policies are necessary to correctly identify victims, investigate accusations, bring cases to trial and prevent vulnerable populations from becoming victimized through awareness. This thesis asserts that there is a link between the development level of a state and its ability to limit the grotesque crimes of trafficking that occur within its borders. Using the United Nation's annual report which details the development ranking of individual states, it is possible to comparatively analyze the ability of these states to comply with international standards established by the United States of America in the protection of victims of human trafficking. Special attention is paid to the challenges that societies face when there are drastic changes to states' economic activity or political stability and how these affect the frequency of trafficking occurrences and a government’s ability to respond.

L’apparition d’inclusions exogènes demeure un problème majeur pour les élaborateurs de titane. Afin d’améliorer la propreté inclusionnaire des lingots élaborés par le procédé de refusion à l’arc sous vide (Vacuum Arc Remelting), une étude numérique et expérimentale a été réalisée. La partie numérique de la thèse consiste à modéliser le comportement d’un défaut hard-α provenant de l’électrode consommable et tombant dans le puits liquide du lingot. Un modèle décrivant le processus de dissolution prédit l’évolution de la taille d’une inclusion durant son séjour dans le puits liquide. La trajectoire est déterminée à l’aide d’un modèle lagrangien tenant compte de la turbulence de l’écoulement en modifiant le coefficient de trainée. Les deux modèles ont été couplés et implémentés dans le logiciel SOLAR, qui simule la croissance d’un lingot VAR.Les résultats mettent en évidence la difficulté d’éliminer une inclusion hard-α avec une seule refusion, principalement à cause de la croissance d’une couche de phase β pendant les premiers moments de l’immersion. Le comportement global du défaut dépend fortement de l’hydrodynamique du puits et des caractéristiques de l’inclusion.Pour étudier la dissolution expérimentalement, des défautssynthétiques (hard-α et HDI) ont été immergés dans un bain de titane liquide chauffé dans un four à bombardement électronique. Les vitesses de dissolution ont été déterminées en mesurant les dimensions des défauts avant et après les expériences et ont été ensuite utilisées pour valider les modèles numériques. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence la grande influence de la température et de la vitesse de l’écoulement sur les cinétiques de dissolution / The presence of exogeneous inclusions has always been a major concern for the titanium industry. To help improve the inclusional cleanliness of VAR (Vacuum Arc Remelting) titanium ingots, a numerical and experimental study was undertaken.The numerical model is capable of predicting the motion and dissolution of a hard-α defect falling from the electrode tip into the ingot melt pool during vacuum arc remelting. It is implemented in SOLAR, a CFD code that simulates the ingot growth and solidification. The dissolution of the inclusion is governed by nitrogen diffusion from the defect towards the surrounding molten metal. A model describing this phenomenon predicts the particle size evolution and the nitrogen profile at each moment. The motion of the spherical particle is tracked using a Lagrangian model and the influence of turbulence is accounted for by a modification of the drag coefficient.Results show that inclusion removal is difficult with a single melt since the growth of a β-phase layer leads to an initial increase in the defect size. The inclusion behaviour is highly dependent on the pool hydrodynamics and on inclusion characteristics.In order to clarify dissolution aspects of these defects and to measure their dissolution kinetics, synthetically processed defects were introduced into molten titanium heated in an electron beam melting furnace. Dissolution rates were calculated by measuring the size of the defects before and after the experiments and the results were used to validate the numerical models. Furthermore, the experiments show that dissolution kinetics highly depend on fluid motion and temperature

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marianna Percinio Moreira Bomfim.pdf: 968431 bytes, checksum: 6d2c5a7a517580ddae8f4ea086db80c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims to introduce the components of the economic theory of well-being proposed by Sen, called capability approach, and to discuss its influence on the human development index (HDI) - an indicator of well being presented in the annual reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).To that effect, firstly the methodological path done by Sen in the elaboration of his approach is presented. To do so, the author retake the thoughts of Adam Smith, analyses the economic theory of well-being and its utilitarian foundations and uses concepts present on Kenneth Arrow s and John Rawls works. Then, the reviews made regard the income and GDP when used as indicators of human development are listed, backing the creation of HDI as an alternative to a less restrictive measure. Besides the concept of human development that supports the indicator, it is presented: the calculation process developed from 1990, some criticisms and suggestions suffered in the last twenty years and the construction of a new HDI in 2010.In conclusion, we discuss the influence of Sen s approach in the UNDP indicator, beyond the limitations of the analyzes of well-being, given that existing tools can not capture all dimensions of human development presented in the theory, inferring that, regard the great progress made on the human condition evaluation due to today, it is still necessary theoretical and technical improvement for a broader understanding of people s well-being / O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar os elementos constitutivos da teoria econômica do bem-estar proposta por Sen, denominada capability approach, e discutir sua possível influência no índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), indicador de bem-estar social apresentado nos relatórios anuais do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). Com esse objetivo, apresenta-se inicialmente o percurso metodológico feito por Sen para construção de sua abordagem. Para tanto, o autor retoma o pensamento de Adam Smith, analisa a Teoria Econômica do Bem-estar e seus alicerces utilitaristas, e se utiliza de conceitos presentes nos trabalhos de Kenneth Arrow e John Rawls. Em seguida, parte das críticas feitas à renda e ao PIB quando utilizados como indicadores do desenvolvimento humano são elencadas, respaldando a criação do IDH como forma alternativa a uma mensuração menos restrita. Além do conceito de desenvolvimento humano que suporta o indicador, são apresentados: o processo de cálculo inicial, parte das críticas e sugestões sofridas nos últimos vinte anos, e a construção de um novo IDH, em 2010. À guisa de conclusão, é discutida a influência da abordagem seniana no indicador do PNUD, além das limitações das análises de bem-estar, dado que as ferramentas existentes não conseguem captar todas as dimensões do desenvolvimento humano apresentadas na teoria, inferindo-se que apesar do grande progresso na avaliação da condição humana feito até o momento, se faz ainda necessário aprimoramento teórico e grande melhoria técnica para uma compreensão mais ampla do bem-estar das pessoas

Universidade Federal do Cearà / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o aspecto das receitas municipais no cÃlculo do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH).Inicialmente, faz-se uma explanaÃÃo sobre o Ãndice de Gini, mostrando-se a possibilidade concreta de um paÃs crescer economicamente sem necessariamente promover a distribuiÃÃo de renda. Faz-se tambÃm uma conceituaÃÃo sobre o IDH, mostrando-se a forma de cÃlculo e uma anÃlise dos nÃmeros de alguns paÃses, do Brasil, com uma anÃlise mais detalhada dos municÃpios do estado do CearÃ.Em um estudo empÃrico sobre os municÃpios do CearÃ, tendo como base as receitas municipais de 1995 a 1999, utiliza-se um modelo economÃtrico, com o qual conclui-se que o impacto de um choque na receita municipal à sentido com maior intensidade nos municÃpios que tÃm maior IDH e nos anos mais distantes da mediÃÃo do Ãndice, o que permite-se que a melhoria do IDH està relacionada à polÃticas de mÃdio e longo prazo, a fim de que haja um prazo de maturaÃÃo para obtenÃÃo de resultados, devendo ser essa uma das grandes preocupaÃÃes dos governantes pÃblicos. / The objective of this paper is to assess the aspect of the municipal revenues in calculating the Human Development Index (HDI). First, an explanation is given on the Gini Index showing the real possibility for a country to grow economically without necessarily promoting the distribution of income. A judgement is also made on the HDI, showing how to calculate it as well as an analysis of numbers of some countries, of Brazil, including a more detailed analysis of the municipalities in the State of CearÃ. In an empirical study of CearÃâs municipalities, an econometric model is used based on the 1995 to 1999 municipalitiesâ revenues. With that mode we conclude that the impact of a shock in the municipal revenue is more intensely felt in those municipalities that have a higher HDI and in the years farther away from the index measuring. Hence, we can say that the improvement in the HDI is related to medium and long-term policies so that there is a maturation period to obtain results and this should be a concern of the public rulers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T14:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrenoVG_DISSERT.pdf: 1039311 bytes, checksum: b2670aa9b2582a2a42ecdbbd6a04c718 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / The exploration and production of oil in Brazil evolved forcefully since the year 1997, the year in which there was a relaxation of the oil monopoly, which made possible that such activity was the object of granting strangers to Public Administration . Such flexibility caused an enormous growth in the oil sector, since there were several interested in prospecting for oil in national soil. It happens that in return, the dealer had to pay the state a monthly amount calculated upon a percentage (between 5% and 10%) of the production of oil or natural gas, called royalty. Allied to this, installation of the exploration and production of oil in a particular local industry carries significant social and environmental damage, such as depletion of non-renewable resource, deforestation for infrastructure, territorial consolidation. Thus, the research problem of this study arises: the use of the values passed as royalties should be linked to the negative impacts that cause the production of oil, such as repairing the environment or future generations by compensating resource depletion ? In this sense, this paper analyzes the trends of the contribution of funds from the Royalties in the Municipalities Planning Acu / Mossley brought social development for such localities. For this, we will review progress on the Human Development Index - HDI in these municipalities before and after the significant contribution of royalties, and perform a detailed study on the town of Mossoró / RN, which passes through a cooling of the oil industry / A exploração e produção do petróleo no Brasil evoluiu de forma contundente desde o ano de 1997, ano em que houve a flexibilização do monopólio do petróleo, fato que possibilitou que tal atividade fosse objeto de concessão a terceiros estranhos à Administração Pública. Essa flexibilização ocasionou um enorme crescimento no setor petrolífero, visto que surgiram vários interessados na prospecção de petróleo em solo nacional. Ocorre que em contrapartida, o concessionário havia de pagar mensalmente ao Estado um valor calculado em cima de um percentual (entre 5% e 10%) da produção do petróleo ou gás natural, chamado de royalty. Aliado a isso, instalação da indústria de exploração e produção de petróleo em determinado local acarreta significativos danos sociais e ambientais, tais como: esgotamento de recurso não renovável, desmatamento para instalação de infraestrutura, adensamento territorial. Assim, surge o problema de pesquisa do presente trabalho: a utilização dos valores repassados a título de royalties deve ser vinculada aos impactos negativos que causa a produção do petróleo, como por exemplo, reparando o meio ambiente ou compensando as futuras gerações pelo esgotamento do recurso? Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho analisou se a evolução do aporte de recursos oriundos dos Royalties nos Municípios do Território Açu/Mossoró trouxe desenvolvimento social para tais localidades. Para isso, se analisará a evolução do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano IDH em tais municípios, antes e depois do aporte significativo dos royalties, além de realizar um detalhado estudo sobre a cidade de Mossoró/RN, que passa por um arrefecimento da indústria petrolífera

The area of ASEAN countries and the subsequent role of regionalisation were being analysed in this thesis whilst employing the HDI, mortality rate up to 5 years, life expectancy at birth, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, and FDI as the crucial indicators. The study aims to examine the ASEAN countries and its aggregation within both the economic and social spheres. A 10-year period (2006-2016) had been inquired so that the development of each indicator may be examined. And therefore, results of beta convergence could be displayed in a correlation diagrams. The convergence trend has mirrored in five indicators. The only indicator, however, to be diverging has been represented by the unemployment rate. The findings of beta convergence suggest that, in comparison with economic indicators, social indicators tend to converge in a more significant manner in the ASEAN countries.

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a double stranded RNA retrovirus. According to the World Health Organization more than 30 million individuals were estimated to have HIV by the end of 2020, about 60% of which are in the African region. Pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) can be defined as the resistant virus strains transmitted at the time of infection or acquired during previous exposure to ARV. This study asses the effect of drivers in PDR. Method: This study was conducted with data extracted from published, publicly available data bases and reports by international organizations. The main sources were United Nation data bases and published reports from World Health Organization.  Inferential statistics were used to assess the PDR to anti-retroviral drugs. A linear regression model was used to investigate the association between PDR and previous exposure to anti-retrovirals and anti-retroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis, national health expenditure, human development index, and drug stock-out for different classes of anti-retroviral drugs.   Results: The result indicated that NNRTI drug resistance was most common, and seven out of 29 countries had PDR to all four drug classes. The human development index was positively associated with INSTI and PI PDR (p<0.05), while NNRTI and NRTI were mainly positively associated with previous exposure to anti-retrovirals. Conclusion: This study assessed the impact of socio-economics determinants (human development index and national health expenditure), drug logistic determinants (stock-out), and patients’ determinants (adherence and previous exposure to any kind of anti-retrovirals) on PDR. For expensive drug classes (PI and INSTI) the resistance was positively associated with human development index. Previous exposure to anti-retrovirals was associated with increased resistance in NNRTI and NRTI.