Bakgrund: I Sverige har naturläkemedel huvudsakligen använts på patienters eget initiativ och utan kontakt med vårdgivare. Många tror att naturmedel inte är mediciner utan säkra och naturliga i tillägg till en hälsosam diet. Precis som konventionella läkemedel kan naturmedel ge upphov till både biverkningar och interaktioner. Det finns få rapporterade biverkningar av godkända naturläkemedel och växtbaserade läkemedel. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka användandet av naturmedel som egenvård, hur vårdgivare och patienter kommunicerar om naturmedel som egenvård samt kunskapen om naturmedel hos vårdpersonal. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på kvantitativa studier. Resultat: Resultatet i denna studie visar på ett varierat användande av naturmedel. Det som framkommer är att det är mer kvinnor och framförallt högutbildade personer som använder det i högre utsträckning. Det är få som väljer att diskutera sin användning av naturmedel med läkare eller annan vårdpersonal. Vårdpersonal frågar å sin sida heller inte om patienter använder sig av naturmedel. Slutsats: Vårdpersonal skattar sin kunskap om naturmedel som låg eller obetydlig men att många ville lära sig mer om naturmedel. För att undvika biverkningar och interaktioner bör användandet av naturmedel uppmärksammas inom vården. / Background: Natural remedies have mostly been used on the initiative of the patient without contact with healthcare staff in Sweden. Many people believe that natural remedies are a safe and natural supplement to healthy living and not a medicine. Just like ordinary drugs, natural remedies can cause side effect and interactions with other medicines. There are few reported adverse effects of herbal medicine and traditional medicine. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the use of natural remedies as a selfcare treatment, to study the communication between healthcare staff and patients and to study the knowledge of natural remedies among healthcare staff. Method: The study is in form of a literature review based on quantitative studies. Results: The result indicates a range of uses of natural remedies. It is predominantly women and especially highly educated people who use natural remedies. Only a few choose to discuss their use of natural remedies with their doctor or healthcare staff. Healthcare staff do not tend to ask the patients about their use of natural remedies. Conclusion: Healthcare staff rate their knowledge about natural remedies as being low or insignificant, but many would like to learn more about them to avoid adverse effect or interactions, the use of natural remedies needs to be highlighted within the health service.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-20T16:33:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Josiene Maria Falcao F dos Santos (1).pdf: 2087523 bytes, checksum: 23bed5eb66670b4484833ce5d9628c6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T16:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josiene Maria Falcao F dos Santos (1).pdf: 2087523 bytes, checksum: 23bed5eb66670b4484833ce5d9628c6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-20 / This study aimed to compare and evaluate the changes in the composition, richness, density and diversity of herbaceous species in a mature forest (about 50 years), a young forest (17 years) and an area of recently abandoned crop field (two years). Hypotheses related to the recognition, potential use, effective use of these herbaceous community within Riachão de Malhada de Pedra and socioeconomic factors serve as predictors of recognition of useful herbs in semiarid environments were also tested. Then two populations (Sida rhombifolia and Bidens bipinatta) who were among the most used within the community for a study on population dynamics have been selected. Initially the floristic sampling was performed for the knowledge of herbaceous flora (300 plots of 1m2, 100 plots in each study area). Later, with the residents of the community of Riachão de Malhada de Pedra, semi-structured interviews and the method interview-checklist in order to test the hypotheses were made. The population dynamics were evaluated monthly for four consecutive years in 200 plots of 1 m2 set within mature and young forests. Regarding the composition and structure of the herbaceous community, regardless of the area, the species with the highest densities were Delilia biflora, Conyza bonariensis, Pilea hyalina, Gomphrena vaga, Acalypha multicaulis and Panicum trichoides. D. biflora, G. vaga and P. hyalina were among the most representative species in mature forests and young. The set of most significant in herbaceous species was formed by the field C. bonariensis, A. multicaulis, Centratherum punctatum, Borreria verticillata and Commelina obliqua. Considering each area, mature, young forest and field, were represented by 62, 63 and 104 species, respectively. There were significant differences in average wealth between all three areas. The density was higher in the field and similar between young and mature forests. The diversity index was significantly different between areas. 24 species were common to all three areas, 16 were unique to mature forest, 14 unique to young forest and 57 of the field area. For recognition and use of herbs within the community, 157 species have been identified, of which only 70 were recognized, 59 were considered potentially useful, and 34 species are effectively utilized. There was a relationship between recognition and use, since the most recognized herbaceous showed the greatest number of uses. Considering the variation in use at the time, there was a higher reporting use during the rainy season compared species use throughout the year. As socioeconomic, age and occupation variables, in this community, it seems is not related to the recognition of herbaceous. The study of population dynamics showed that the age of the forest and temporal rainfall variations can significantly influence the dynamics of Sida rhombifolia and Bidens bipinatta, however, the low explanatory power of the variables (age of the forest, rainfall totals and their interactions), showed that these are not the main responsible for the dynamics, showing there are other variables active in regulating the dynamics of herbaceous plants, which need to be further elucidated. / Este trabalho teve como objetivos comparar e avaliar as alterações na composição, riqueza, densidade e diversidade de espécies herbáceas presentes em uma floresta madura (cerca de 50 anos), uma floresta jovem (17 anos) e uma área de campo de cultivo recentemente abandonado (dois anos). Também foram testadas hipóteses relacionadas ao reconhecimento, potencial de uso, uso efetivo dessas herbáceas dentro da comunidade Riachão de Malhada de Pedra e se fatores socioeconômicos funcionam como preditores do reconhecimento de herbáceas úteis em ambientes semiáridos. Em seguida, foram selecionadas duas populações (Sida rhombifolia e Bidens bipinatta) que estavam entre as mais utilizadas dentro da comunidade para um estudo sobre dinâmica populacional. Inicialmente foi realizada a amostragem florística para o conhecimento da flora herbácea (300 parcelas de 1m2, sendo 100 parcelas em cada área de estudo). Posteriormente, com os moradores da Comunidade de Riachão de Malhada de Pedra, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e aplicação do método checklist-entrevista com o objetivo de testar as hipóteses. A dinâmica das populações foram avaliadas mensalmente durante quatro anos consecutivos em 200 parcelas de 1 m2 estabelecidas no interior das florestas madura e jovem. Com relação a composição e estrutura da comunidade herbácea, independente da área, as espécies que apresentaram as maiores densidades foram Delilia biflora, Conyza bonariensis, Pilea hyalina, Gomphrena vaga, Acalypha multicaulis e Panicum trichoides. D. biflora, G. vaga e P. hyalina também estiveram entre as espécies mais representativas nas florestas madura e jovem. O conjunto de espécies herbáceas mais representativas no campo foi formado por C. bonariensis, A. multicaulis, Centratherum punctatum, Borreria verticillata e Commelina obliqua. Considerando cada área, a floresta madura, jovem e campo, estiveram representadas por 62, 63 e 104 espécies, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa na riqueza média entre todas as três áreas. A densidade foi maior no campo e semelhante entre as florestas jovem e madura. O índice de diversidade foi significativamente diferente entre áreas. 24 espécies foram comuns às três áreas, 16 foram exclusivas da floresta madura, 14 exclusivas da floresta jovem e 57 da área de campo. Para reconhecimento e uso das herbáceas dentro da comunidade, foram consideradas 157 espécies, das quais 70 foram apenas reconhecidas, 59 foram consideradas potencialmente úteis e 34 espécies são efetivamente utilizadas. Houve relação entre reconhecimento e uso, uma vez que as herbáceas mais reconhecidas foram as que apresentaram maior número de usos. Considerando a variação de uso no tempo, houve maior reporte de uso durante a estação chuvosa quando comparada as espécies de uso durante o ano inteiro. Quanto as variáveis socioeconômicas, idade e ocupação, nessa comunidade, parece não está relacionada ao reconhecimento de herbáceas. O estudo de dinâmica de populações mostrou que a idade da floresta e as variações temporais de precipitação podem influenciar significativamente a dinâmica de Sida rhombifolia e Bidens bipinatta, no entanto, o baixo poder de explicação das variáveis analisadas (idade da floresta, totais de precipitação e suas interações), evidenciou que essas não são as principais responsáveis pela dinâmica, mostrando existir outras variáveis atuantes na regulação da dinâmica das herbáceas, as quais precisam ser ainda elucidadas.

Canopy gaps created by falling or the death of one or more trees in the closed canopy forests are a natural part of the temperate forests in temperate zones. There are studies that describe this disturbing mechanism helpful in forest restoration and regeneration of primary virgin forests. Much more frequent in the forests of the Central European country, however, are secondary forests, which originated in the area after the previous human impact in places that were gradually abandoned and successionally overgrown up to the stage of forest communities. And in this type of forest, I tried to capture the effect and impact on vegetation clearings in the undergrowth. The results, presented in this paper come from the area Doupovské mountains, of the military area Hradiště, where there are fragments of pioneer forests established after the displacement of the population in the 50s of the last century. The goal of this thesis was to find out how these canopy gaps affect species composition and diversity of undergrowth pioneer forests and how important are selected environmental conditions on the composition and diversity of undergrowth vegetation. I was able to show that gaps in pioneer forests create an environment for species that normally don't occur under the closed canopy. Light has a significant...

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Jana Puzyrevská Supervisor: PharmDr. Anna Hošťálková, Ph.D. Title of Thesis: Biological activity of plant metabolites XXXIV. Alkaloids from the herb of Glaucium flavum CRANTZ and their impact on human cholinesterases. Key words: Glaucium flavum Crantz, cataline, N-methyllaurotetanine, norchelidonine, protopine, AChE, BuChE. Alzheimer's disease, the most widespread neurodegenerative disease, causes decrease of cognitive functions and dementia. The most effective therapeutic approach is the application of central cholinesterase inhibitors, which alleviate cholinergic deficit in brain and thus improve memory. Currently, intensive investigation of new active compounds including natural substances is carried on. Within the preliminary testing, alkaloid extract from Glaucium flavum Crantz herb showed promising inhibition of human cholinesterases, so it was selected for further examination. The primary alkaloid extract was acquired from dried flowering herb by extraction with ethanol and subsequent liquid extraction at different pH. This extract was treated by preparative thin layer chromatography. The structure of alkaloids was determined by spectrometric methods (MS, NMR) and their optical...

This thesis applied a novel interdisciplinary approach for pharmacovigilance to examine the use of complementary and integrative medicine (CIM), focusing on herbal remedies, to manage pediatric attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The safety and potential risk of herb-drug interactions in ADHD management were first evaluated through an assessment of available information on the safety and efficacy of natural health products (NHPs) commonly used by ADHD patients as a means of identifying knowledge gaps. A clinical questionnaire was administered to caregivers of pediatric patients with ADHD to determine the factors and related outcomes of CIM use, including adverse events. A systematic search was conducted to further identify clinical adverse events involving herbal remedies and ADHD drugs to determine causal links to herb-drug interactions. In vitro analysis of identified herbal remedies was conducted to determine their potential for pharmacokinetic interactions, specifically on carboxylesterase-1 (CES1) mediated metabolism. The presented research builds on otherwise scarce evidence of the safety of herbal remedies for ADHD, particularly with respect to herb-drug interactions and adverse events (AEs) associated with concurrent use of NHPs and ADHD prescription drugs. Beyond studies conducted on the pharmacokinetic safety of herbal remedies through the cytochrome P450 pathways that metabolize some ADHD drugs, including amphetamine, atomoxetine and guanfacine, few data were available for CES1, which metabolizes methylphenidate, the first line of drug used to manage ADHD. The clinical questionnaire revealed that 40% of patients had used CIM and confirmed the use of a variety of CIM. Moreover, the majority of CIM users were also concurrently taking ADHD medication, and eight mild adverse events were self-reported. The systematic search on the adverse event reporting system highlighted a potential NHP-drug interaction between methylphenidate and St. John’s wort, and the overall poor quality of NHP-related adverse event reports. As a follow-up from the adverse event results, various commercial St. John’s wort products showed variable inhibition of recombinant human CES1 in vitro. Although the concentration of marker phytochemicals was not correlated to inhibition, hyperforin showed stronger activity than hypericin and quercetin. The preliminary in vitro investigation revealed that the herbal remedies used by ADHD patients have the potential to interact with CES1 mediated metabolism, with Rhodiola rosea identified as the most potent inhibitor. Further investigation on various commercial products of Rhodiola rosea revealed both reversible and irreversible inhibition of recombinant CES1. However, the inhibition was not dependent on the concentration of marker phytochemicals, and rosarin, rosavin, rosin, and salidroside were not potent inhibitors of recombinant CES1. Moreover, a commercial Rhodiola rosea extract showed concentration-dependent inhibition of human liver microsome meditated metabolism of methylphenidate. Overall, results from this thesis suggest potential risk from use of NHPs concurrently with conventional medicine used to manage ADHD. Improved evidence and pharmacovigilance for the use of NHPs in a pediatric population is warranted.

English abstract This work aims on influence of local coverage of woody layer on understorey herbs. Expansion of woody species into semi-natural grassland ecosystems is accompanied by increase of local coverage of woody layer. This process leads to changes of environmental conditions in understorey, that is followed by extinction of heliophillous herb species. This works deals with this phenomenon on a small spatial scale. The research took place near former village Tocov, situated in an abandoned landscape in Doupovské hory. This locality is typical example of woody species expansion into species rich grassland. Here, 399 phytocoenological relevés were collected. These relevés are ordered into triplets, that make triangles. There are local coverage of woody layer measured for each relevé. Impact of this variable was tested in two sizes of the observation window. Single relevés present microsites, while whole triplets present sites, where variability of local covarage of woody layer, leading to variability in herb layer, could be distinguished. Number of herb species is linearly negatively correlated with local coverage of woody layer on a smaller scale of single relevés. In whole triplets, increase of local coverage of woody layer, during early stages of woody species expansion, doesn't lead to decrease of...

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Various forms of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are increasingly being used in the United States and globally over time. Among CAM, natural products, including herbal medicines, are the most used type. However, the increase in the use of CAM has gone on with minimal or without a corresponding increase in the rate of disclosure of use to the health care providers. The theories of care-seeking behavior and the behavioral model of health services use guided most of the study. Data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed to determine the health factors that affect the nondisclosure of herbal medicine usage by respondents (N = 423) who used herbs as their first choice of CAM therapy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic model. About one quarter of herb users did not disclose their use of herbs to the health care provider. Nondisclosures were likely to be associated with herb users who also used homeopathy and those who used herbs to treat diseases that are usually short-term. The nondisclosure rate of the use of CAM, including herbal therapy, remains a recurring concern. As part of the practical implications, the study creates and supports the awareness of health factors associated with CAM and herbal medicine use nondisclosure issues that inform health professionals about mitigating the problem and improving health practice and medical consultations.