La néphropathie aux plantes chinoises (CHN) est une maladie rénale grave qui a été décrite pour la première fois en 1993 chez des patientes ayant suivi un régime amaigrissant à base d’extraits de plantes chinoises (Aristolochia fangchi) contenant des acides aristolochiques (AA). Cette néphropathie se caractérise par une atrophie tubulaire et une fibrose interstitielle aboutissant à l’urémie terminale et se complique fréquemment de cancers des voies urinaires. Au moment d’initier ce travail, il subsistait toujours un large débat quant au rôle étiologique réel des acides aristolochiques dans la genèse de cette maladie. En effet, les gélules à visée amaigrissante contenaient d’autres substances potentiellement néphrotoxiques. Mais surtout, il n’existait aucune preuve expérimentale que les AA pouvaient induire une fibrose rénale interstitielle. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous démontrons que l’injection par voie sous-cutanée d’AA à la dose de 10 mg/Kg/jour à des rats Wistar mâles en déplétion sodée entraîne l’apparition au 35ème jour d’une atrophie tubulaire, d’une fibrose interstitielle et d’une insuffisance rénale, reproduisant ainsi les anomalies caractéristiques de la CHN. Nous avons ensuite montré que la dexfenfluramine, substance anorexigène à action de type sérotoninergique prise concomitamment par les patientes atteintes de CHN, ne potentialise pas la toxicité rénale des AA. Enfin, la stimulation du système rénine angiotensine (SRA) par la déplétion sodée ou l’inhibition de celui-ci par un traitement pharmacologique ne modifie pas la fibrose interstitielle ni l’insuffisance rénale induite par les AA. En conclusion, nous avons réussi à développer un modèle in vivo de fibrose rénale interstitielle induite par les AA. Dès lors nous avons apporté la preuve expérimentale de l’implication des AA dans le développement de la CHN. Ce modèle a permis de démontrer que les autres éléments potentiellement néphrotoxiques contenues dans la cure d’amaigrissement (dexfenfluramine, diurétique, laxatif) n’influençaient pas l’évolution de la fibrose interstitielle, ce qui confirme que la prise isolée d’AA suffit à expliquer le développement de la CHN. Cette confirmation à d’importantes implications en santé publique dans la mesure où des plantes contenant des acides aristolochiques font toujours partie des phytothérapies traditionnelles. De plus, il est apparu que, dans ce modèle, les mécanismes de la fibrose rénale interstitielle pouvaient être largement indépendants du SRA. Enfin, de par sa durée limitée et sa grande reproductibilité, ce modèle constitue un outil expérimental d’avenir pour l’étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques de la fibrose rénale interstitielle en général.

A structure and a function of a monoculture woodland is diferent from the natural woodland condition. This is an influence of a herb layer diversity. The change of the herb layer are mainly distinguishable in the case of tree coniferous monoculture. They are the poorest at all of them viewpoint diverzity. The diversity of the woodland was analysed with an insuffiently consequence. This study get the knowledge about the species composition and the diversity of these monoculture. At the same time get the knowlege about next factores, which change diversity and species composition of stand. As a confirmation of this, coniferous monoculture are numerously and species-compositionally diferent from broadleave monoculture. And more, coniferous trees change the enviroment's condition and the whole biotopes. There are not depend any species of the herb layer at the coniferous monoculture on this studied site of Křivoklátsko.

This diploma thesis deals with the use of herbal garden during teaching at primary school. The thesis include proposals for activities that have appropriate cross-curricular relations. This activities will reinforce the pupils' knowledge in the area of biology, maths, czech language, art and in music. The activities also include worksheets with various instruc- tions and tasks for each point of interest.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELOBARR.pdf: 2249492 bytes, checksum: 375fe81a8a3f01a00dd41b057e7faa9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work aim to propose a comprehension about the peasantry production on the Araucaria Forest region of Parana nowadays, precisely the one known as Faxinal System. The Faxinais peasantry organization consolidated on the half part of the XIXth century, when the economical activity of the mate herb production started to increase on the state. Among this period, several manufacturing industrial units started to appear next to the coast and around the city of Curitiba. Those industries used to obtain from those peasants the mate herb primary manufactured as raw material to feed their production faced to overseas market. Due to this activity crisis, during the dacade of 1930, provoked by the increase of the mate herb production in Argentina, the biggest market for the brazilian mate herb, those faxinais communities started to orginize into several cooperatives. The mate cooperatives on the region lasted till the half of the 80`s, when a new crisis took place, this time provoked by the closure of the uruguaian market. Whe the mate herb production reestarded its productin with significative levels, the mate herb industries decided to realocate their manufacturing plants. This time, together with the raw material on the Center-south of Parana. From this time on, those factories did no obbtained the pimary manufactured mate herb from the peasants anymore, but the green leaf for the total manufacturing inside the industrial process. This way, it was retired from peasantry hands the possibility of the obbtainance of income. With the accsition of the green leaf and not primary manufactured, the mate herb industrial capital finds a possibility of reproduction in peasantry lands through the territory monopolization. This way, distincts spatialities are been created on the Faxinals territory. Through the process of fighting and resistance on their land, the Faxinais do not dissolve and keep reproducting as peasants till nowadays. / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade propor uma compreensão sobre a produção camponesa na região da Floresta com Araucária do Paraná na atualidade, mais precisamente aquela inserida nos moldes do Sistema Faxinal. A organização camponesa dos Faxinais consolidou-se em meados do século XIX, quando a atividade econômica de produção da erva-mate tomou grandes proporções no estado. Neste período surgiram no litoral e nos arredores de Curitiba várias unidades industriais de beneficiamento da erva-mate. Essas indústrias adquiriam desses camponeses a erva-mate primariamente beneficiada como matéria prima para alimentar a sua produção, voltada para o mercado externo. Com a crise dessa atividade, na década de 1930, devido ao aumento da atividade ervateira na Argentina, que era o maior mercado para o mate brasileiro, essas comunidades de Faxinais começaram a se organizar em torno de cooperativas. As cooperativas do mate na região perduraram até meados da década de 1980, quando veio uma nova crise, provocada pelo fechamento do mercado uruguaio. Quando a produção do mate retomou seus níveis significativos, as indústrias ervateiras optaram por uma realocação das suas plantas fabris. Agora junto à matéria prima, no Centro-sul do Paraná. A partir desses momento, as fábricas passaram a adquirir dos camponeses não mais erva-mate beneficiada de forma artesanal em suas comunidades e sim a folha verde para o beneficiamento total dentro do processo industrial. Dessa forma, retirou-se das mãos dos camponeses a possibilidade da obtenção de renda. Com a aquisição da folha verde e não da beneficiada, o capital industrial ervateiro encontra possibilidades de se reproduzir em terras camponesas por meio da monopolização do território. Dessa forma, distintas espacilalidades acabam sendo criadas em território faxinalense. Por meio do processo de luta e resistência na terra, os Faxinais não se dissolvem e continuam se reproduzindo como camponeses até os dias atuais.

The general aim of this thesis was to improve the understanding of the in vivo pharmacokinetics and, in particular, the metabolism of finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor used in the treatment of enlarged prostate glands and male pattern baldness. CYP3A4 has been identified as the major enzyme involved in the sequential metabolism of finasteride to ω-OH finasteride (M1) and ω-COOH finasteride (M3). The consequences of induced and inhibited metabolism on the pharmacokinetics of finasteride and its metabolites were investigated in humans and pigs. Both studies included bile collection. The collected human and pig samples were used for the metabolite identification. As expected, induced metabolism led to reduced plasma exposure of finasteride and inhibited metabolism had the opposite effect. The interactions were investigated in detail and included examination of the biliary pharmacokinetics of finasteride and its metabolites. In pigs, the study included monitoring of the hepatic extraction over time, deconvolution and the development of a semi-physiological model for comparison of the effects on the gut wall and liver metabolism. For M3, the concentration ratios of bile to plasma and the renal clearance indicated that carrier-mediated processes are involved in the biliary and urinary excretion. This was not, however, the case for finasteride. The metabolite, M1, could not be quantified either in humans or pigs. Instead, two other OH metabolites, M1 isomers, were identified in humans. These metabolites were found to undergo glucuronide conjugation. In humans, one glucuronide was identified intact and in pigs, both glucuronides were identified intact in bile and in urine. In addition, a glucuronide of M3 was identified in human bile. In conclusion, advances have been made in the understanding of the pharmacokinetics of finasteride, in particular in relation to the metabolism. Hopefully, the findings of this comprehensive investigation can be applied to other drugs and novel chemical entities.

The object of this thesis was to study plant community structure, especially in relation to vertebrate herbivory, in an altitudinal gradient in the Fennoscandian mountain chain. A sowing experiment in a high alpine Ranunculus glacialis population showed that seeds germinated better in cleared microsites than under established individuals. This is contrasted with a hypothesis that predicts positive plant-plant interactions in high alpine environments. It was concluded that plant-plant interactions in die studied population varied from neutral to negative, whereas no indications for positive interactions were found. An exclosure experiment in a snow-bed showed that a lemming population consumed 33 % of the available graminoids and 66 % of the mosses from August to June during a population peak. The results shows that grazing needs to be considered as a structuring factor in snow-bed vegetation. The vegetation in exclosures in another snow-bed changed from a graminoid-dominated to a herb-dominated plant community during a long-term (six years) experiment No changes of the same magnitude were seen in a tall herb meadow on a lower altitude. Survival of transplanted adult shoots from the tall herb meadow was equally high in the snow-bed as on the meadow, and germination was also high on bare ground in the snow-bed. Grazing seemed to be a more important structuring factor in the snow-bed than in the more productive tall herb meadow. Raising the grazing pressure during one growing season by introducing microtine rodents into enclosures did not cause any large short-term effects on plant community structure in a tall hob meadow or in a snow-bed. Marked shoots showed that some preferred plant species had a high shoot mortality, but biomass for pooled categories of plants was not significantly affected. It was predicted that the tall herb meadow would be more grazing sensitive than die snow-bed, but productivity on the meadow seemed to be sufficiently high for the plants to compensate for the grazing during the growing season. A greenhouse experiment showed that voles, when grazing freely, have the potential to deplete productive field layer vegetation contrary to predictions from plant defence theories. A nitrogen-based defence did not prevent heavy shoot mortality for toxic tall herbs. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu.se

Pollen analysis of a sediment core from Lake SP02, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada provides a ~6300 year record of post-glacial vegetation and climate change. Dominant local and regional taxa identified include Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Artemisia, Salix, and Oxyria. Fossil pollen assemblages, pollen accumulations rates, and variations in sediment organic matter, indicate a period of optimal Holocene warmth between 5300-3900 yr BP, followed by a prolonged period of Neoglacial cooling, as well as a period of relative warmth between 1300-1000 yr BP, interpreted as evidence for the Medieval Warm Period. Variations in pollen abundances and accumulations during the 20th century suggest a response to recent warming that is unprecedented since deglaciation of the Peninsula. Comparisons of the timing and rates of multi-scale climate variations for Melville Peninsula with adjacent sites reveal a potential late Holocene shift in the boundary separating continental and maritime climate regions in the eastern Canadian Arctic.

Pollen analysis of a sediment core from Lake SP02, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada provides a ~6300 year record of post-glacial vegetation and climate change. Dominant local and regional taxa identified include Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Artemisia, Salix, and Oxyria. Fossil pollen assemblages, pollen accumulations rates, and variations in sediment organic matter, indicate a period of optimal Holocene warmth between 5300-3900 yr BP, followed by a prolonged period of Neoglacial cooling, as well as a period of relative warmth between 1300-1000 yr BP, interpreted as evidence for the Medieval Warm Period. Variations in pollen abundances and accumulations during the 20th century suggest a response to recent warming that is unprecedented since deglaciation of the Peninsula. Comparisons of the timing and rates of multi-scale climate variations for Melville Peninsula with adjacent sites reveal a potential late Holocene shift in the boundary separating continental and maritime climate regions in the eastern Canadian Arctic.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Biotechnological applications are useful for adding value to the local medicinal plants and may provide an alternative source of pharmacologically-active compounds thus assisting with the conservation of wild populations. Salvia africana-lutea aromatic herb has long been used in folk medicine by traditional healers in the Western Cape Province (South Africa) for various ailments. As an in vitro conservation strategy, a continuous S. africana-lutea shoot culture was successfully established in solid MS medium containing BA (0.5 mg L-1) and NAA (0.2 mg L-1). The regeneration rate of the S. africana-lutea plants was high which produced approximately 720 plantlets in 20 culture bottles over a four week cycle. The microshoots were rooted in the MS medium without PGRs prior to acclimatisation. A survival rate of 92% was recorded for the greenhouse-acclimatised shoots. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Biotegnologiese toepassings is nuttig vir waarde toevoeging tot inheemse medisinale plante en kan ‘n alternatiewe bron van farmakologies aktiewe verbindings verskaf wat bydrae tot die bewaring van populasies in die natuur. Die aromatiese krui Salvia. Africana-lutea is reeds vir ‘n lang tydperk in volks medisyne deur tradisionele geneesheers in die Wes Kaap provinsie (Suid Afrika) vir ‘n verskeidenheid kwale gebruik. ‘n Kontinu S. africana-lutea lootkultuur in soliede Murashige en Skoog (1962) (MS) media wat BA (0.5 mg L-1) en NAA (0.2 mg L-1) bevat, is suksesvol as ‘n in vitro konservasie strategie ontwikkel. Die regenerasie tempo van die S. africana-lutea plante was hoog en het ongeveer 720 plante in 20 kultuur bottels tydens ‘n vier week siklus gelewer. Die mikrolote is op plant groei reguleerder vrye MS media gewortel voordat plante geaklimatiseer is. ’n Oorlewingstempo van 92% is vir die glashuis geaklimatiseerde lote waargeneem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:53:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Nascimento Moraes Monteiro.pdf: 621105 bytes, checksum: 18de4ef14328874b3985d6471aa06448 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / Phytotherapy is often used for parasitic diseases controlling in several animal species. This study aimed to evaluate the infective larvae (L3) of Ancylostoma spp. immersed in ethanol extract and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. essential oil in the in vitro test. It was used distilled water (negative control) and albendazole and commercial association of praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate and febantel (positive controls). The ethanol extract of C. ambrosioides L. at concentration of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 8.0%, 10.0%, 12.0 % and 20% had insufficient activity to the larvicidal effect. The essential oil at concentration of 150μL.mL-1 was effective against L3. The formulation of a biscuit manipulated with a concentration of 37,5 μL.g-1 of the C. ambrosioides L essential oil reduced the number of eggs per gram of the dogs feces. Twenty-six adult dogs were divided into three groups for in vivo testing: F1 (biscuit without active ingredient), F2 (biscuit with C. ambrosioides L. active principle), F3 (biscuit with allopathic active ingredient). At the CBC, there were significant differences in F1 for values of red blood cells, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and albumin in serum biochemistry. The F2 showed difference in MCHC and in biochemical the serum protein and globulin. The F3, lymphocytes and monocytes values in the blood count and albumin and globulin were different between M1 and M2. At the parasitological exam F1 remained parasitized, while the F2 reduced significantly the infection and F3 showed negative result in M2. It is concluded that the formulation of a biscuit manipulated with C. ambrosioides L essential oil reduced the Ancylostoma spp. infection in naturally infected dogs / A fitoterapia é frequentemente utilizada no controle das parasitoses de diversas espécies animais. Objetivou-se avaliar as larvas infectantes (L3) de Ancylostoma spp. imersas em extrato etanólico e óleo essencial de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. no teste in vitro. Utilizou-se água destilada (controle negativo) e albendazole e associação comercial de praziquantel, pamoato de pirantel e febantel (controles positivos). O extrato etanólico de C. ambrosioides L. nas concentrações 0,5%, 1,0%, 2,0%, 3,0%, 4,0%, 5,0%, 6,0%, 8,0%, 10,0%, 12,0% e 20% apresentaram insuficiente atividade para o efeito larvicida. O óleo essencial na concentração de 150μL.mL-1 foi eficaz contra L3. A formulação de biscoito manipulado com a concentração de 37,5μL.g-1 do óleo essencial C. ambrosioides L reduziu o número de ovos por grama de fezes dos cães. Vinte e seis cães adultos foram dividos em três grupos para o teste in vivo: F1 (biscoito sem princípio ativo), F2 (biscoito com princípio ativo de C. ambrosioides L.), F3 (biscoito com princípio ativo alopático). No hemograma, houve diferença significativa no F1 para os valores de hemácias, hematócrito e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) e albumina na bioquímica sérica. O F2 apresentou diferença no CHCM e na bioquímica a proteína sérica e globulina. O F3, os valores para linfócitos e monócitos no hemograma e a albumina e globulina foram diferentes entre o M1 e M2. No exame parasitológico o F1 manteve-se parasitado, enquanto o F2 reduziu de forma significativa a infecção e o F3 apresentou resultado negativo no M2. Conclui-se que a formulação de biscoito manipulado com óleo essencial C. ambrosioides L reduziu a infecção de Ancylostoma spp. em cães naturalmente parasitados