A minimal covering of a graph G with isomorphic copies of graph H is a set {H1, H2, H3, ... , Hn} where Hi is isomorphic to H, the vertex set of Hi is a subset of G, the edge set of G is a subset of the union of Hi's, and the cardinality of the union of Hi's minus G is minimum. Some studies have been made of covering the complete graph in which case an added condition of the edge set of Hi is the subset of the edge set of G for all i which implies no additional restrictions. However, if G is not the complete graph, then this condition may have implications. We will give necessary and sufficient conditions for minimal coverings of complete bipartite graph with 6-cycles, which we call minimal unrestricted coverings. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for minimal coverings of the complete bipartite graph with 6-cycles with the added condition the edge set of Hi is a subset of G for all i, and call these minimal restricted coverings.

The Party Exercise found on countless career guidance websites and popularized by the best-selling, job-hunting book What Color Is Your Parachute (Bolles, 2015) purports to provide an estimate of an individual's Holland's code. This study examines whether this commonly used Party Exercise accurately predicts an individual's Holland's code (Holland, 1997). Undergraduate students (N=473) completed The Party Exercise and then the Self- Directed Search (Holland & Messer, 2013). The results of this study do not support the use of this popular “Party Exercise” as a valid estimate of an individual's Holland code.

A estabilidade da prótese na junção parafusada está diretamente relacionada ao seu grau de adaptação e assentamento bem como à pré-carga que é gerada para unir os componentes. O afrouxamento e/ ou fratura do parafuso do pilar e também a desadaptação rotacional na interface implante/ pilar têm sido relatados como os maiores problemas encontrados em reabilitações unitárias parafusadas, em especial áreas de pré-molares e molares. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a liberdade rotacional (LR) de 20 pilares protéticos tipo UCLA calcináveis (10 totalmente plásticos e 10 com a base usinada em Tilite - Neodent Implante Osteointegrável), fundidos em liga de NiCr e Tilite, respectivamente, sobre 10 implantes de hexágono externo (Hexágono Externo, HE Neodent Implante Osteointegrável) para próteses unitárias e, também o torque de afrouxamento do parafuso do pilar, submetidos à ciclagem mecânica. Um dispositivo foi fabricado para medir os ângulos de liberdade rotacional entre os hexágonos de implante e pilar em três diferentes tempos: antes e após o processo de fundição e depois da ciclagem mecânica. Os grupos foram classificados de acordo com as leituras de LR: (1) pilares novos + implantes novos; (2) pilares fundidos + implantes novos; (3) pilares fundidos + implantes, ambos ciclados; (4) outros pilares novos + implantes ciclados e (5) os mesmos pilares após fundição + implantes ciclados. Foram medidas as distâncias entre os lados e vértices do hexágono externo dos implantes e interno dos pilares. Para a realização da ciclagem mecânica, foi utilizada uma máquina de ensaio cuja carga média aplicada foi de 120 N em sentido axial, com componente oblíquo, a uma freqüência de 101 ciclos por minuto (1,8 Hz), durante 500.000 ciclos. O torque de aperto dos parafusos de fixação foi de 32 N.cm e o de afrouxamento mensurado após fadiga. Atestada a normalidade da amostra aplicou-se o teste t de Student para comparações em par (p<0,05). Os resultados encontrados foram: para LR (em graus): Grupo Tilite (1) 2,930 ± 0,273; (2) 4,506 ± 2,448; (3) 5,126 ± 2,885; (4) 3,229 ± 0,235; (5) 2,813 ± 0,406; Grupo NiCr: (1) 4,684 ± 0,788; (2) 3,21 ± 1,370; (3) 3,818 ± 1,904; (4) 6,029 ± 0,503; (5) 4,421 ± 2,499. A análise estatística revelou que não houve significância entre nenhuma das diferentes leituras de LR tanto para os pilares do grupo NiCr quanto para os do Tilite; todavia, quando a comparação foi feita entre os pilares, houve diferença estatística significativa para as leituras (1) e (4), com maiores valores para os pilares plásticos calcináveis. O destorque para o grupo NiCr foi de 13,26 ± 4,32 N.cm com perda de torque de 41,44% e, para o grupo Tilite de 13,72 ± 7,36 N.cm e perda de torque de 42,88%. Houve expressiva perda de torque para ambos os grupos, porém não houve diferença estatística na comparação entre as ligas. A quantidade de ciclos aplicada não foi suficiente para alterar de forma significativa a LR nos conjuntos implante/ pilar quando avaliados para cada tipo de liga. A aplicação de cargas cíclicas alterou de forma significativa as dimensões dos implantes. / Prosthesis stability is related to misfit and screw joint preload. The screw loosening or fracture and rotational misfit have been related as the major problems in screwed single implant restorations, especially in molar or premolar areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rotational freedom and detorque of 20 UCLA type abutment (10 plastic and 10 machined abutments) cast in NiCr and NiCrTi alloys respectively, over 10 external hexagon implants submitted to mechanical cycling. A device was made to measure the rotational freedom between the implant hexagon and abutment in three different times: before and after the cast procedure and after the mechanical cycling. Groups were classified according the rotational misfit register: (1) new abutments + new implants; (2) cast abutments + new implants; (3) cycled cast abutments + cycled implants; (4) new abutments + cycled implants, and, (5) cast abutments + cycled implants. Measurements were made in the sides and vertices of external hexagon of the implants and internal hexagon of the abutments. Specimens were positioned with 30° of inclination in relation to the vertical axis in an eletromechanical machine for mechanical cycling (5.0x105 cycles) using 120N axial load and 1.8 Hz of frequence. The abutment screws were tightened to a torque of 32N.cm and the detorque measurement was registered after mechanical cycling. The rotational freedom results were: NiCrTi groups - (1) 2.930 ± 0.273; (2) 4.506 ± 2.448; (3) 5.126 ± 2.885; (4) 3.229 ± 0.235; (5) 2.813 ± 0.406; and NiCr groups - (1) 4.684 ± 0.788; (2) 3.21 ± 1.370; (3) 3.818 ± 1.904; (4) 6.029 ± 0.503; (5) 4.421 ± 2.499. Statistical analysis (p<0.05) showed that there is not significance among the different rotational freedom of NiCrTi or NiCr abutments; but there is statistically significant difference between (1) and (4) with higher values to the plastic abutments. Detorque of NiCr group was 13.26±4.32N.cm (-41.44%) and to the NiCrTi group was 13.72±7.36N.cm (-42.88%) but there is not statistically significant difference between the alloys. The mechanical cycling did not statistically influence the rotational freedom in the abutment/implant system when evaluated to each alloy but influenced the implant dimension.

A estabilidade da prótese na junção parafusada está diretamente relacionada ao seu grau de adaptação e assentamento bem como à pré-carga que é gerada para unir os componentes. O afrouxamento e/ ou fratura do parafuso do pilar e também a desadaptação rotacional na interface implante/ pilar têm sido relatados como os maiores problemas encontrados em reabilitações unitárias parafusadas, em especial áreas de pré-molares e molares. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a liberdade rotacional (LR) de 20 pilares protéticos tipo UCLA calcináveis (10 totalmente plásticos e 10 com a base usinada em Tilite - Neodent Implante Osteointegrável), fundidos em liga de NiCr e Tilite, respectivamente, sobre 10 implantes de hexágono externo (Hexágono Externo, HE Neodent Implante Osteointegrável) para próteses unitárias e, também o torque de afrouxamento do parafuso do pilar, submetidos à ciclagem mecânica. Um dispositivo foi fabricado para medir os ângulos de liberdade rotacional entre os hexágonos de implante e pilar em três diferentes tempos: antes e após o processo de fundição e depois da ciclagem mecânica. Os grupos foram classificados de acordo com as leituras de LR: (1) pilares novos + implantes novos; (2) pilares fundidos + implantes novos; (3) pilares fundidos + implantes, ambos ciclados; (4) outros pilares novos + implantes ciclados e (5) os mesmos pilares após fundição + implantes ciclados. Foram medidas as distâncias entre os lados e vértices do hexágono externo dos implantes e interno dos pilares. Para a realização da ciclagem mecânica, foi utilizada uma máquina de ensaio cuja carga média aplicada foi de 120 N em sentido axial, com componente oblíquo, a uma freqüência de 101 ciclos por minuto (1,8 Hz), durante 500.000 ciclos. O torque de aperto dos parafusos de fixação foi de 32 N.cm e o de afrouxamento mensurado após fadiga. Atestada a normalidade da amostra aplicou-se o teste t de Student para comparações em par (p<0,05). Os resultados encontrados foram: para LR (em graus): Grupo Tilite (1) 2,930 ± 0,273; (2) 4,506 ± 2,448; (3) 5,126 ± 2,885; (4) 3,229 ± 0,235; (5) 2,813 ± 0,406; Grupo NiCr: (1) 4,684 ± 0,788; (2) 3,21 ± 1,370; (3) 3,818 ± 1,904; (4) 6,029 ± 0,503; (5) 4,421 ± 2,499. A análise estatística revelou que não houve significância entre nenhuma das diferentes leituras de LR tanto para os pilares do grupo NiCr quanto para os do Tilite; todavia, quando a comparação foi feita entre os pilares, houve diferença estatística significativa para as leituras (1) e (4), com maiores valores para os pilares plásticos calcináveis. O destorque para o grupo NiCr foi de 13,26 ± 4,32 N.cm com perda de torque de 41,44% e, para o grupo Tilite de 13,72 ± 7,36 N.cm e perda de torque de 42,88%. Houve expressiva perda de torque para ambos os grupos, porém não houve diferença estatística na comparação entre as ligas. A quantidade de ciclos aplicada não foi suficiente para alterar de forma significativa a LR nos conjuntos implante/ pilar quando avaliados para cada tipo de liga. A aplicação de cargas cíclicas alterou de forma significativa as dimensões dos implantes. / Prosthesis stability is related to misfit and screw joint preload. The screw loosening or fracture and rotational misfit have been related as the major problems in screwed single implant restorations, especially in molar or premolar areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rotational freedom and detorque of 20 UCLA type abutment (10 plastic and 10 machined abutments) cast in NiCr and NiCrTi alloys respectively, over 10 external hexagon implants submitted to mechanical cycling. A device was made to measure the rotational freedom between the implant hexagon and abutment in three different times: before and after the cast procedure and after the mechanical cycling. Groups were classified according the rotational misfit register: (1) new abutments + new implants; (2) cast abutments + new implants; (3) cycled cast abutments + cycled implants; (4) new abutments + cycled implants, and, (5) cast abutments + cycled implants. Measurements were made in the sides and vertices of external hexagon of the implants and internal hexagon of the abutments. Specimens were positioned with 30° of inclination in relation to the vertical axis in an eletromechanical machine for mechanical cycling (5.0x105 cycles) using 120N axial load and 1.8 Hz of frequence. The abutment screws were tightened to a torque of 32N.cm and the detorque measurement was registered after mechanical cycling. The rotational freedom results were: NiCrTi groups - (1) 2.930 ± 0.273; (2) 4.506 ± 2.448; (3) 5.126 ± 2.885; (4) 3.229 ± 0.235; (5) 2.813 ± 0.406; and NiCr groups - (1) 4.684 ± 0.788; (2) 3.21 ± 1.370; (3) 3.818 ± 1.904; (4) 6.029 ± 0.503; (5) 4.421 ± 2.499. Statistical analysis (p<0.05) showed that there is not significance among the different rotational freedom of NiCrTi or NiCr abutments; but there is statistically significant difference between (1) and (4) with higher values to the plastic abutments. Detorque of NiCr group was 13.26±4.32N.cm (-41.44%) and to the NiCrTi group was 13.72±7.36N.cm (-42.88%) but there is not statistically significant difference between the alloys. The mechanical cycling did not statistically influence the rotational freedom in the abutment/implant system when evaluated to each alloy but influenced the implant dimension.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa grave causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, podendo acometer todos os órgãos, mas em especial os pulmões. Apresenta grande incidência no mundo e ocorre em maior proporção em populações de baixas condições socioeconômicas. A tuberculose continua sendo uma das doenças crônicas mais importantes da história da humanidade, sobretudo nas áreas mais carentes do mundo com grandes repercussões sociais, pois acomete, predominantemente, a população adulta e produtiva. As estratégias de vigilância e controle da tuberculose incluem fundamentalmente o diagnóstico extemporâneo da doença, o tratamento e acompanhamento dos casos confirmados. O diagnóstico precoce constitui um dos principais problemas, pois, atualmente não há disponíveis testes rápidos, adequados e confiáveis para o diagnóstico em condições de campo e ambulatoriais. Diante disto, este trabalho realizou uma análise comparativa entre os testes sorológicos ELISA com antígenos brutos de PPD e de BCG e o teste imunocromatográfico Hexagon TB com o antígeno determinado A60 para o diagnóstico da tuberculose. Devido a características imunogênicas dos antígenos e da composição da prevalência da doença, a reprodutibilidade do ELISA-BCG foi baixa, bem como os parametros sorológicos de sensibilidade (33 por cento) e especificidade (61 por cento), comprometendo assim, a identificação entre pacientes clinicamente sadios e doentes. Os resultados também mostraram que o kit comercial Hexagon TB possui elevada acurácia (87,5 por cento) e é o mais indicado ao diagnóstico da tuberculose, pois identificou melhor os indivíduos com tuberculose e os indivíduos sadios. / Tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it can affect all organs, especially the lungs. It shows a higher incidence in the world and occurs more often in populations of low socioeconomic conditions. Tuberculosis remains one of the most important chronic diseases in human history, especially in more deprived areas of the world with great social impact, since it affects predominantly adult and productive population. Strategies for surveillance and control of tuberculosis include primarily the belated diagnosis of the disease, the treatment and monitoring the confirmed cases. Early diagnosis is a major problem, since there are no rapid, suitable or reliable tests available for diagnosis in field conditions and outpatients. Thus, this study conducted a comparative analysis of the serological ELISA with crude antigens PPD and BCG and Hexagon TB immunochromatographic test with antigen A60 specific for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Due to the characteristics of immunogenic antigens and the composition of the desease's prevalence of the, the reproducibility of the ELISA, was low, as well as serological parameters of sensitivity (33%) and specificity (61%), thus compromising the identification between healthy and sick patients. The results also showed that the commercial kit TB Hexagon has high accuracy (87,5%) and is better suited for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, because it identified better the healthy and the sick individuals.

Das aride Tarim-Becken im Nordwesten Chinas unterliegt Umweltveränderungen, die durch rapide Ausbreitung bewässerter Landwirtschaft sowie Klimawandel angetrieben sind. Während im Oberlauf in den letzten 50 Jahren ein Abflussanstieg beobachtet wurde, haben landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten im Mittel- und Unterlauf zur Wasserknappheit und der drastischen Verkürzung des endorheischen Flusses geführt. Der Abfluss des Tarim, dessen Hauptzufluss der in Kirgistan entspringende Aksu-Fluss darstellt, wird zu einem großen Teil aus Schnee- und Gletscherschmelze in den oberen Gebirgseinzugsgebieten des Tien Shan gespeist. Da die Unterlieger von dem Wasser des Tarim zur Bewässerung in der Landwirtschaft abhängig sind, sind das Wissen über den Beitrag der Gletscherschmelze zum Abfluss sowie das Wissen über mögliche zukünftige Änderungen der Gletschermasse von großer Relevanz. Zahlreiche Studien beschränken sich oftmals nur auf die Betrachtung der Gletscherfläche, deren Änderung jedoch keine direkten Rückschlüsse auf etwaige Massenänderungen zulässt und zudem nur ein indirektes Signal für Klimaänderungen darstellt. Weiterführende Studien, welche zusätzlich Gletschermassenänderungen im Aksu-Einzugsgebiet untersuchen, haben häufig nur lokalen Charakter. Regionale Studien zu Massenänderungen, welche ganze Einzugsgebiete und Gebirgsketten umfassen, finden sich mehrheitlich für die letzte Dekade durch die Verfügbarkeit laseraltimetrischer Höhendaten und gravimetrischer Messungen, wobei letztere durch hohe Unsicherheiten gekennzeichnet sind. Um jedoch Aussagen hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Gletscher treffen zu können, widmet sich die Arbeit insbesondere der Untersuchung von Gletschermassenveränderungen seit den 1970er Jahren unter Verwendung deklassifizierter amerikanischer Satellitenbilddaten, SRTM-Daten sowie SPOT-5-Stereodaten. Zur Ableitung geodätischer Gletschermassenbilanzen wurden Daten der Mapping Camera (MC) des Hexagon-Satelliten aus den Jahren 1973–1976 stereoskopisch ausgewertet und mit Daten der SRTM-Mission aus dem Jahr 2000 und SPOT-5-Stereodaten aus dem Jahr 2009 verglichen. Die Ableitung geodätischer Massenbilanzen aus multi-temporalen Geländemodellen erforderte deren Co-Registrierung auf das als SRTM gewählte Master-Modell. In einem zweistufigen Verfahren wurden Verkippungen über eine globale Trendfläche und horizontale Lagefehler über eine analytische Beziehung zwischen Oberflächenneigung, Orientierung und der entsprechenden Höhendifferenz unter Einbeziehung nicht-glazialer Pixel minimiert. Die Eindringtiefe des SRTM-C-Bands wurde mittels ICESat-Daten mit 2,2 m abgeschätzt und bei der Differenzbildung berücksichtigt. Zur Bereinigung der Differenzbilder zwischen den Geländemodellen wurde ein höhenbasierter Ansatz entwickelt, welcher eine abnehmende Varianz der Höhendifferenzwerte vom Ablations- zum Akkumulationsgebiet annimmt. Dieser Ansatz stellt eine deutlich realistischere Annahme im Vergleich zur oftmals verwendeten Nullannahme dar, welche von keinen Veränderungen in den Akkumulationsgebieten ausgeht. Die Gletscher im Aksu-Einzugsgebiet zeigten im Ergebnis einen Massenverlust von 0,35±0,34 m w.e./a im Zeitraum 1975–1999, was dem globalen Durchschnitt für diese Periode entspricht. In den Jahren 1999 bis 2009 wurde indes eine Abnahme des Massenverlusts (0,23±0,19 m w.e./a) festgestellt, was möglicherweise auf eine Zunahme des Niederschlags in der letzten Dekade zurückzuführen ist. Zudem zeigte sich, dass schuttbedeckte Gletscher, deren Schuttauflage ab einer Dicke von etwa 2 cm einen hemmenden Einfluss auf die Abschmelzrate hat, signifikant an Masse verloren haben bei gleichzeitig nur relativ geringer Flächenabnahme. Insgesamt wies die räumliche Verteilung der Massenänderungen eine starke Heterogenität auf, mit zunehmender Tendenz von Osten nach Westen und von den Innen- zu den Außenbereichen des Zentralen Tien Shan. Zusätzlich konnten zahlreiche, zuvor in der Literatur nicht benannte, surgende Gletscher identifiziert werden. Der durch Eismassenverlust induzierte Anteil am Gesamtabfluss des Aksu wurde im Ergebnis mit circa 20% ermittelt. Neben der Oberflächenneigung sind, in einfachen Modellen zur Eisdickenabschätzung, die basale Scherspannung und der Anteil basalen Gleitens an der Oberflächengeschwindigkeit Haupteinflussfaktoren. Anhand gemessener Eisdicken, fernerkundlich abgeleiteter Gletscherfließgeschwindigkeiten und der Oberflächenneigung, als Näherung der Neigung des Gletscherbetts, konnte ein empirischer Zusammenhang zur Abschätzung des Anteils basalen Gleitens abgeleitet werden. Die Eisdickenabschätzung für die vier größten Gletscher des Zentralen Tien Shan erfolgte im weiteren Verlauf durch Anwendung von Glen’s Fließgesetz, unter Annahme laminaren Fließens. Die Ergebnisse weisen für die betrachteten Gletscher mittlere Dicken von 70 m bis 140 m für deren schuttbedeckte Gletscherzungen auf. Diese Werte liegen teilweise deutlich unter denen bisheriger Studien, welche von einer globalen Scherspannung für den gesamten Gletscher oder einem konstanten Anteil basalen Gleitens ausgehen. Im Vergleich zu vorhandenen Eisdickenmessungen konnte durch die lokale Abschätzung der basalen Geschwindigkeit die mittlere Abweichung von zuvor mehr als 200 m auf etwa 50 m reduziert werden. Durch Einbeziehung der in der Arbeit ermittelten geodätischen Gletschermassenbilanzen wurde der relative Volumenverlust seit den 1970er Jahren mit 6% bis 28% quantifiziert, welcher deutlich unter dem schuttfreier Gletscher innerhalb Hochasiens liegt.

Das aride Tarim-Becken im Nordwesten Chinas unterliegt Umweltveränderungen, die durch rapide Ausbreitung bewässerter Landwirtschaft sowie Klimawandel angetrieben sind. Während im Oberlauf in den letzten 50 Jahren ein Abflussanstieg beobachtet wurde, haben landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten im Mittel- und Unterlauf zur Wasserknappheit und der drastischen Verkürzung des endorheischen Flusses geführt. Der Abfluss des Tarim, dessen Hauptzufluss der in Kirgistan entspringende Aksu-Fluss darstellt, wird zu einem großen Teil aus Schnee- und Gletscherschmelze in den oberen Gebirgseinzugsgebieten des Tien Shan gespeist. Da die Unterlieger von dem Wasser des Tarim zur Bewässerung in der Landwirtschaft abhängig sind, sind das Wissen über den Beitrag der Gletscherschmelze zum Abfluss sowie das Wissen über mögliche zukünftige Änderungen der Gletschermasse von großer Relevanz. Zahlreiche Studien beschränken sich oftmals nur auf die Betrachtung der Gletscherfläche, deren Änderung jedoch keine direkten Rückschlüsse auf etwaige Massenänderungen zulässt und zudem nur ein indirektes Signal für Klimaänderungen darstellt. Weiterführende Studien, welche zusätzlich Gletschermassenänderungen im Aksu-Einzugsgebiet untersuchen, haben häufig nur lokalen Charakter. Regionale Studien zu Massenänderungen, welche ganze Einzugsgebiete und Gebirgsketten umfassen, finden sich mehrheitlich für die letzte Dekade durch die Verfügbarkeit laseraltimetrischer Höhendaten und gravimetrischer Messungen, wobei letztere durch hohe Unsicherheiten gekennzeichnet sind. Um jedoch Aussagen hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Gletscher treffen zu können, widmet sich die Arbeit insbesondere der Untersuchung von Gletschermassenveränderungen seit den 1970er Jahren unter Verwendung deklassifizierter amerikanischer Satellitenbilddaten, SRTM-Daten sowie SPOT-5-Stereodaten. Zur Ableitung geodätischer Gletschermassenbilanzen wurden Daten der Mapping Camera (MC) des Hexagon-Satelliten aus den Jahren 1973–1976 stereoskopisch ausgewertet und mit Daten der SRTM-Mission aus dem Jahr 2000 und SPOT-5-Stereodaten aus dem Jahr 2009 verglichen. Die Ableitung geodätischer Massenbilanzen aus multi-temporalen Geländemodellen erforderte deren Co-Registrierung auf das als SRTM gewählte Master-Modell. In einem zweistufigen Verfahren wurden Verkippungen über eine globale Trendfläche und horizontale Lagefehler über eine analytische Beziehung zwischen Oberflächenneigung, Orientierung und der entsprechenden Höhendifferenz unter Einbeziehung nicht-glazialer Pixel minimiert. Die Eindringtiefe des SRTM-C-Bands wurde mittels ICESat-Daten mit 2,2 m abgeschätzt und bei der Differenzbildung berücksichtigt. Zur Bereinigung der Differenzbilder zwischen den Geländemodellen wurde ein höhenbasierter Ansatz entwickelt, welcher eine abnehmende Varianz der Höhendifferenzwerte vom Ablations- zum Akkumulationsgebiet annimmt. Dieser Ansatz stellt eine deutlich realistischere Annahme im Vergleich zur oftmals verwendeten Nullannahme dar, welche von keinen Veränderungen in den Akkumulationsgebieten ausgeht. Die Gletscher im Aksu-Einzugsgebiet zeigten im Ergebnis einen Massenverlust von 0,35±0,34 m w.e./a im Zeitraum 1975–1999, was dem globalen Durchschnitt für diese Periode entspricht. In den Jahren 1999 bis 2009 wurde indes eine Abnahme des Massenverlusts (0,23±0,19 m w.e./a) festgestellt, was möglicherweise auf eine Zunahme des Niederschlags in der letzten Dekade zurückzuführen ist. Zudem zeigte sich, dass schuttbedeckte Gletscher, deren Schuttauflage ab einer Dicke von etwa 2 cm einen hemmenden Einfluss auf die Abschmelzrate hat, signifikant an Masse verloren haben bei gleichzeitig nur relativ geringer Flächenabnahme. Insgesamt wies die räumliche Verteilung der Massenänderungen eine starke Heterogenität auf, mit zunehmender Tendenz von Osten nach Westen und von den Innen- zu den Außenbereichen des Zentralen Tien Shan. Zusätzlich konnten zahlreiche, zuvor in der Literatur nicht benannte, surgende Gletscher identifiziert werden. Der durch Eismassenverlust induzierte Anteil am Gesamtabfluss des Aksu wurde im Ergebnis mit circa 20% ermittelt. Neben der Oberflächenneigung sind, in einfachen Modellen zur Eisdickenabschätzung, die basale Scherspannung und der Anteil basalen Gleitens an der Oberflächengeschwindigkeit Haupteinflussfaktoren. Anhand gemessener Eisdicken, fernerkundlich abgeleiteter Gletscherfließgeschwindigkeiten und der Oberflächenneigung, als Näherung der Neigung des Gletscherbetts, konnte ein empirischer Zusammenhang zur Abschätzung des Anteils basalen Gleitens abgeleitet werden. Die Eisdickenabschätzung für die vier größten Gletscher des Zentralen Tien Shan erfolgte im weiteren Verlauf durch Anwendung von Glen’s Fließgesetz, unter Annahme laminaren Fließens. Die Ergebnisse weisen für die betrachteten Gletscher mittlere Dicken von 70 m bis 140 m für deren schuttbedeckte Gletscherzungen auf. Diese Werte liegen teilweise deutlich unter denen bisheriger Studien, welche von einer globalen Scherspannung für den gesamten Gletscher oder einem konstanten Anteil basalen Gleitens ausgehen. Im Vergleich zu vorhandenen Eisdickenmessungen konnte durch die lokale Abschätzung der basalen Geschwindigkeit die mittlere Abweichung von zuvor mehr als 200 m auf etwa 50 m reduziert werden. Durch Einbeziehung der in der Arbeit ermittelten geodätischen Gletschermassenbilanzen wurde der relative Volumenverlust seit den 1970er Jahren mit 6% bis 28% quantifiziert, welcher deutlich unter dem schuttfreier Gletscher innerhalb Hochasiens liegt.

The main question of this study was: How and in what way can a multimodal semiotic visual analysis model be developed and used for contributing to the analysis and understanding of the manner in which the Men’s Health (South Africa) magazine – as a case study – represents and constructs masculinities in South Africa? The following three subsidiary research questions were formulated to address this topic: • What is the literature revealing with reference to the media as producers of meaning in relation to masculinity and visual texts? • How and in which way can a semiotic visual analysis multimodal model be developed with the purpose of contributing to the analysis of visual texts? • What is the outcome of the visual analysis multimodal model with reference to the case study about the representation and construction of masculinities in visual texts in MH? The first aim of this research was to establish an overview of masculinities and to explore the visual representation of masculinity with reference to mediation, reality, and ideology in the media. With reference to the media as producers of meaning in relation to masculinity and visual texts, a semiotic visual analysis and social semiotics were used to unpack culture as a site of the production of meanings. The media is one of the main sources from which men receive their entertainment and information about the world. In this sense, the media makes sense of the world. Mass media plays a key role in discourse and constructing the relationships between reality and ideology. During this construction, the media reflects on existing opinions and attitudes in society. A quantitative content analysis and a qualitative semiotic multimodal visual analysis were conducted on 27 visual texts purposively selected from MH to include editions from July 2010 to June 2011. This population covered 12 front covers, 12 editorials and three flip covers. The developed visual multimodal model was tested qualitatively on nine visual texts since these texts included the front covers, flip covers and editorials of the three editions with flip covers. v A second major aim of the study was to establish the way in which a semiotic visual analysis multimodal model needed to be developed and used for analysing visual texts, as well as for analysing the visual texts according to the multimodal model in order to understand how the multimodality and social semiotic resources were applied in MH to represent and construct masculinities. The rationale for the development and design of this model was based on the premise that a basic understanding of semiotics and visual language was needed. Without such an understanding, the vast amounts of visual messages that confront the reader would remain incomprehensible. Consequently, a productive dialogue in relation to visual communication cannot take place. The multimodal model developed in this thesis highlights visual text layout, in conjunction with language-in-use, that does not occur in isolation and that is deeply reliant on other forms of making meaning. The heptagon multimodal model consists of concept maps of the six functions of the designed hexagon model. This multimodality approach includes analysing simultaneously occurring semiotics and their various roles in conjunction with detailed, all-inclusive discourses. In the quantitative content analysis and the qualitative multimodal semiotic analysis, the six components of the developed heptagon model (visual grammar, positioning, typography, colour, modality, and iconography) are illustrated. The quantitative research supported the main research design, i.e. the qualitative multimodal semiotic analysis. It is envisaged that the development and construction of a multimodal semiotic model will make a contribution to the scholarly field of semiotic analysis. By discussing the fluidity of the variations of masculinities and male identities, by giving a brief overview of the role of the media in constructing masculinities, and by focusing on the discourses that took place in MH, the researcher creates an awareness of the inherited patriarchal masculinities by recommending envisioned masculinities to be inclusive as a component of the solution. This approach is illustrated by the use and findings of the multimodal semiotic visual analysis. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et. Phil

The main question of this study was: How and in what way can a multimodal semiotic visual analysis model be developed and used for contributing to the analysis and understanding of the manner in which the Men’s Health (South Africa) magazine – as a case study – represents and constructs masculinities in South Africa? The following three subsidiary research questions were formulated to address this topic: • What is the literature revealing with reference to the media as producers of meaning in relation to masculinity and visual texts? • How and in which way can a semiotic visual analysis multimodal model be developed with the purpose of contributing to the analysis of visual texts? • What is the outcome of the visual analysis multimodal model with reference to the case study about the representation and construction of masculinities in visual texts in MH? The first aim of this research was to establish an overview of masculinities and to explore the visual representation of masculinity with reference to mediation, reality, and ideology in the media. With reference to the media as producers of meaning in relation to masculinity and visual texts, a semiotic visual analysis and social semiotics were used to unpack culture as a site of the production of meanings. The media is one of the main sources from which men receive their entertainment and information about the world. In this sense, the media makes sense of the world. Mass media plays a key role in discourse and constructing the relationships between reality and ideology. During this construction, the media reflects on existing opinions and attitudes in society. A quantitative content analysis and a qualitative semiotic multimodal visual analysis were conducted on 27 visual texts purposively selected from MH to include editions from July 2010 to June 2011. This population covered 12 front covers, 12 editorials and three flip covers. The developed visual multimodal model was tested qualitatively on nine visual texts since these texts included the front covers, flip covers and editorials of the three editions with flip covers. v A second major aim of the study was to establish the way in which a semiotic visual analysis multimodal model needed to be developed and used for analysing visual texts, as well as for analysing the visual texts according to the multimodal model in order to understand how the multimodality and social semiotic resources were applied in MH to represent and construct masculinities. The rationale for the development and design of this model was based on the premise that a basic understanding of semiotics and visual language was needed. Without such an understanding, the vast amounts of visual messages that confront the reader would remain incomprehensible. Consequently, a productive dialogue in relation to visual communication cannot take place. The multimodal model developed in this thesis highlights visual text layout, in conjunction with language-in-use, that does not occur in isolation and that is deeply reliant on other forms of making meaning. The heptagon multimodal model consists of concept maps of the six functions of the designed hexagon model. This multimodality approach includes analysing simultaneously occurring semiotics and their various roles in conjunction with detailed, all-inclusive discourses. In the quantitative content analysis and the qualitative multimodal semiotic analysis, the six components of the developed heptagon model (visual grammar, positioning, typography, colour, modality, and iconography) are illustrated. The quantitative research supported the main research design, i.e. the qualitative multimodal semiotic analysis. It is envisaged that the development and construction of a multimodal semiotic model will make a contribution to the scholarly field of semiotic analysis. By discussing the fluidity of the variations of masculinities and male identities, by giving a brief overview of the role of the media in constructing masculinities, and by focusing on the discourses that took place in MH, the researcher creates an awareness of the inherited patriarchal masculinities by recommending envisioned masculinities to be inclusive as a component of the solution. This approach is illustrated by the use and findings of the multimodal semiotic visual analysis. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et. Phil

The scenario in which this doctoral thesis is developed is Colombia, a country with almost 50 million inhabitants, considered the third country with better environment for business in Latin America. Colombia has an environment con-ducive to business development, but with a low investment in R&D (Research, Development and Innovation). The investment currently has 0.2% of the GDP, and the typology of companies that make up the Colombian business network are in 99,5% of cases Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME's). This is a challenge for the nation that should consist in increasing the competitiveness of companies to improve economic growth in a new peace scenario. To achieve sustainable development in Colombia, it is necessary for companies to establish innovation strategies that allow them to grow not only in the gener-ation of new products and services, but also in the optimization of processes. The development of competencies in the area of human resources oriented to inno-vation and the proposal of new business models should be the axis that motivate the local economies and in this way that they support the social transformation of the regions of the country. Taking into account this scenario, the challenge of Colombian MSME's is the im-plementation of Design management processes that allow them to become inno-vative companies. In this sense, the ability of Design Thinking as a facilitating tool in the development and implementation of innovation in different compa-nies around the world has been demonstrated. This has been possible thanks to the variety of design-based models that have been created in order to support the development of innovation at all levels. In this thesis, it was evidenced that the innovation processes that employ meth-odologies close to the design not only use the Design Thinking, but that the de-sign process and the traditional design also play an important role in the imple-mentation of the innovation in the companies. There are a large number of methodologies and models based on design process-es that can be understood from Design Thinking, an expression first used by the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford University that defines a systemic and integral process based on practices and Methods of design, where creativity is fundamental and innovation is the goal. Its method is based on a deep knowledge of the user, the integration of multidisciplinary profiles, and the solu-tion of the challenges and in the pilot trials of these solutions through proto-types that the same end users test before being produced. After analyzing the following six different models: 1) the Third Hybrid Space, 2) Innovation as a Learning Process, 3) Open Book for Social Innovation, 4) 101 Design Methods, 5) Human-Centered Design, and 6) The Double Diamond, the most suitable was two of them, The Double Diamond and the Open Book for So-cial Innovation, because they work the innovation from the three dimensions of the company: Strategic, Tactical and Operative and each of both from the factors: Innovation, Users, Market and Technology, a qualitative and quantitative analy-sis. At the same time, the set of design methods and methodologies that under the name of Design Practices for Business (PND - Prácticas de Diseño para los Negocios in Spanish) was used as the basis for defining the tools that would be used later in the new model to be created. The Double Hexagon is formulated as a model that, applying the PDN, allows a MSME's to implement innovation as a strategic factor that not only creates an innovation, but also implies that the company becomes an innovative company. / El escenario en el que se desarrolla esta tesis doctoral es Colombia, un país con casi 50 millones de habitantes, considerado el tercer país con mejor ambiente para los negocios en Latinoamérica lo que supone un entorno propicio para el desarrollo empresarial, pero con una baja inversión en I+D+i (Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación). La inversión presenta en la actualidad un 0,2% del PIB sumado a la tipología de empresas que conforman el tejido empresarial colom-biano con un 99,5% de Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (MIPYME). Ello presenta un reto como nación que debería consistir en un aumento de la compe-titividad de las empresas para mejorar el crecimiento económico en un nuevo escenario de paz. Para lograr un desarrollo sostenible en Colombia, es necesario que las empresas establezcan estrategias de innovación que les permita crecer no sólo en la gene-ración de nuevos productos y servicios, sino también en la optimización de los procesos. El desarrollo de competencias en el área de recursos humanos orienta-do a la innovación y la propuesta de nuevos modelos de negocio deben ser los ejes que motiven las economías locales y de esta manera que apoyen la trans-formación social de las regiones del país. Teniendo en cuenta este panorama, el reto de las MIPYPE colombianas es la im-plementación de procesos de gestión de Diseño que les permita transformarse en empresas innovadoras. En este sentido, se ha demostrado la capacidad que tiene el Design Thinking como herramienta de facilitación en el desarrollo e implemen-tación de la innovación en diferentes empresas alrededor del mundo. Esto ha sido posible gracias a la variedad de modelos basados en diseño que se han creado con el fin de apoyar el desarrollo de la innovación a todos los niveles. En esta tesis doctoral se evidenció que los procesos de innovación que emplean metodologías cercanas al diseño no sólo usan el Design Thinking, sino que el pro-ceso de diseño y el diseño tradicional también juegan un papel importante en la implementación de la innovación en las empresas. Existen un gran número de metodologías y modelos basados en procesos de diseño que pueden ser entendidos desde el Design Thinking, una expresión acuña-da por el Hasso Plattner Institute of Design en la Universidad de Stanford que define un proceso sistémico e integral basado en prácticas y métodos de diseño, donde la creatividad es fundamental y la innovación es el objetivo. Su método se basa en un profundo conocimiento del usuario, la integración de perfiles multidisci-plinarios, en la solución de los retos y en el pilotaje de estas soluciones a través de prototipos que prueban los mismos usuarios finales antes de ser producidos. Después de analizar seis modelos diferentes: 1) el Tercer Espacio Híbrido, 2) la Innovación como Proceso de Aprendizaje, 3) el Libro Abierto para la Innovación Social, 4) los 101 Métodos de Diseño, 5) el Human-Centered Design y 6) el Double Diamond desde las tres dimensiones de la empresa: Estratégica, Táctica y Operati-va y cada uno de estas desde los factores: Innovación, Usuarios, Mercado y Tec-nología, se realizó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo que facilitó la selección final de dos de ellos como los más idóneos. Paralelamente se definió de manera global el conjunto de métodos y metodolo-gías de diseño que bajo el nombre Prácticas de Diseño para los Negocios (PND) sirviera de base para definir las herramientas que serían utilizadas posteriormen-te en el nuevo modelo a crear. El Doble hexágono se formula como un modelo que aplicando las PDN, permite que una MIPYME implemente la innovación como un factor estratégico, es decir, que no solo haga innovación, sino que sea una empresa innovadora. / L'escenari en el qual es desenvolupa aquesta tesi doctoral és Colòmbia, un país amb quasi 50 milions d'habitants, considerat el tercer país amb millor ambient per als negocis a Llatinoamèrica el que suposa un entorn propici per al desenvolupament empresarial, però amb una baixa inversió en R+D+i (Recerca, Desenvolupament i Innovació). La inversió presenta en l'actualitat un 0,2% del PIB sumat a la tipologia d'empreses que conformen el teixit empresarial colombià amb un 99,5% de Micro, Xicotetes i Mitges Empreses (MIPIME). Açò presenta un repte com a nació que hauria de consistir en un augment de la competitivitat de les empreses per a millorar el creixement econòmic en un nou escenari de pau. Per a aconseguir un desenvolupament sostenible a Colòmbia, és necessari que les empreses establisquen estratègies d'innovació que els permeta créixer no solament en la generació de nous productes i serveis, sinó també en l'optimització dels processos. El desenvolupament de competències en l'àrea de recursos humans orientat a la innovació i la proposta de nous models de negoci han de ser els eixos que motiven les economies locals i d'aquesta manera que recolzen la transformació social de les regions del país. Tenint en compte aquest panorama, el repte de les MIPIME colombianes és la implementació de processos de gestió de Disseny que els permeta transformar-se en empreses innovadores. En aquest sentit, s'ha demostrat la capacitat que té el Design Thinking com a eina de facilitació en el desenvolupament i implementació de la innovació en diferents empreses al voltant del món. Açò ha sigut possible gràcies a la varietat de models basats en disseny que s'han creat amb la finalitat de recolzar el desenvolupament de la innovació a tots els nivells. En aquesta tesi doctoral es va evidenciar que els processos d'innovació que empren metodologies properes al disseny no solament usen el Design Thinking, sinó que el procés de disseny i el disseny tradicional també juguen un paper important en la implementació de la innovació en les empreses. Existeixen un gran nombre de metodologies i models basats en processos de disseny que poden ser entesos des del Design Thinking, una expressió encunyada pel Hasso Plattner Institute of Design en la Universitat de Stanford que defineix un procés sistemic i integral basat en pràctiques i mètodes de disseny, on la creativitat és fonamental i la innovació és l'objectiu. El seu mètode es basa en un profund coneixement de l'usuari, la integració de perfils multidisciplinaris, en la solució dels reptes i en el pilotatge d'aquestes solucions a través de prototips que proven els mateixos usuaris finals abans de ser produïts. Després d'analitzar sis models diferents: 1) el Tercer Espai Híbrid, 2) la Innovació com a Procés d'Aprenentatge, 3) el Llibre Obert per a la Innovació Social, 4) els 101 Mètodes de Disseny, 5) el Human-Centered Design i 6) el Double Diamond des de les tres dimensions de l'empresa: Estratègica, Tàctica i Operativa i cadascun d'aquestes des dels factors: Innovació, Usuaris, Mercat i Tecnologia, es va realitzar una anàlisi qualitativa i quantitatiu que va facilitar la selecció final de dues d'ells com els més idonis. Paral·lelament es va definir de manera global el conjunt de mètodes i metodologies de disseny que sota el nom Pràctiques de Disseny per als Negocis (PND) servira de base per a definir les eines que serien utilitzades posteriorment en el nou model a crear. El Doble hexàgon es formula com un model que aplicant les PDN, permet que una MIPIME implemente la innovació com un factor estratègic, és a dir, que no solament faça innovació, sinó que siga una empresa innovadora. En el segon hexàgon que correspon a l'Apoderament Col·laboratiu es genera de nou una transferència de coneixement i/o de tecnologia que li permet a la MIPIME continuar amb la seua innovació de manera autònoma. / Jiménez Ibáñez, JE. (2017). Análisis y desarrollo de un modelo de tutorización integral basado en el design thinking orientado a la innovación estratégica en empresas colombianas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90557