A drenagem ácida proveniente de atividades mineiras ocorre em diferentes áreas da Bacia Carbonífera de Santa Catarina. As atividades de mineração de carvão deixaram um legado de mais de 6.700 ha de áreas afetadas em superfície, 15.000 ha de áreas de mineração subterrânea, mais de 800 aberturas de mina e 2.000 km de rios contaminados, que são distribuídos em três bacias hidrográficas. Acidificação do meio ambiente, perda de capacidade de uso do solo e toxicidade ao meio foram os impactos evidenciados e constatados em todas as áreas como sendo os principais riscos ambientais em áreas de passivo pela mineração de carvão. Para identificar quais são as áreas críticas em relação aos impactos identificados, foi definida uma equação de susceptibilidade aos riscos potenciais aplicando-se a metodologia AHP - Analytic Hierarchy Process de acordo com a hierarquia dos indicadores ambientais das áreas, obtendo matrizes cruzadas, com as quais as equações de susceptibilidade foram elaboradas. Os pesos de acordo com as caracteristicas dos resultados serviram para reclassificar os indicadores ambientais e assim a aplicação das equações. Após obtenção da equação e sua aplicação os resultados apontaram que as nove áreas estudadas estão enquadradas em alta e crítica suscetibilidade a risco, logo a metodologia AHP serve para a administração dos riscos em área de passivo ambiental, servindo para avaliação de risco e outras informações para determinar as opções e tomar decisões sobre como reduzir e eliminar riscos. Desta forma, a aplicação do AHP incorpora uma metodologia consistente no processo de escolha de áreas prioritárias para a recuperação ambiental. / Acid drainage from mining activities occurs in different areas of the Santa Catarina Carboniferous Basin. Coal mining activities have left a legacy of more than 6,700 ha of affected surface areas, 15,000 ha of underground mining areas, more than 800 mine openings and 2,000 km of contaminated rivers, which are distributed in three river basins. Acidification of the environment, loss of land use capacity and toxicity to the environment were the evidenced and verified impacts in all areas as the main environmental risks in areas of liabilities for coal mining. In order to identify the critical areas in relation to the identified impacts, a potential risk susceptibility equation was defined by applying the AHP - Analytic Hierarchy Process according to the hierarchy of the environmental indicators of the areas, obtaining cross-matrices, with which the susceptibility equations were elaborated. The weights according to the characteristics of the results served to reclassify the environmental indicators and thus the application of the equations. After obtaining the equation and its application the results indicated that the nine areas studied are framed in high and critical susceptibility to risk, so the AHP methodology is used to manage the risks in the area of environmental liabilities, serving for risk assessment and other information for determine options and make decisions about how to reduce and eliminate risks. In this way, the application of the AHP incorporates a consistent methodology in the process of choosing priority areas for environmental recovery.

A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar o Processo Analítico Hierárquico e demonstrar que sua utilização é válida para a construção da Avaliação de Custos Completos. Também é proposta deste texto apresentar o programa Decision Lens que implementa tal teoria. Outro objetivo desta dissertação é desenvolver e aplicar um método de Avaliação de Custos Completos estimada pelos Envolvidos-Interessados chegando-se até o ranking de recursos energéticos e comparando-o com o ranking da valoração determinística. Para se justificar a validade e viabilidade do Processo Analítico Hierárquico dentro da Avaliação de Custos Completos explica-se a teoria que o embasa. É também desenvolvido um exemplo onde todos os cálculos são feitos manualmente, até se chegar ao ranking de recursos energéticos finais. O mesmo exercício é desenvolvido no programa Decision Lens, comparando-se, assim, o resultado do exemplo manual com o exemplo desenvolvido no programa e validando-o. Para o desenvolvimento e aplicação de um método de Avaliação de Custos Completos valorado pelos Envolvidos-Interessados são realizadas atividades dentro do projeto FAPESP PIR Araçatuba. O processo de construção da árvore de decisão, com os sub-atributos e recursos energéticos considerados e de obtenção de dados da região piloto são conduzidos no decorrer deste trabalho. A inserção destes dados no programa, bem como a apresentação dos resultados com análise de sensibilidade, são feitas e discutidas. Também é conduzida a confecção da tabela de valores e de seus ratings para a Avaliação de Custos Completos estimada deterministicamente com a inserção dos dados e com a apresentação dos resultados. Por fim, é realizada a comparação do resultado das duas Avaliações de Custos Completos, comentando-se as diferenças e similaridades existentes, mostrando que o resultado de uma é compatível com o resultado da outra. / The purpose of this work is to introduce the Analytic Hierarchy Process and to demonstrate that its use in the Full Cost Accounting Evaluation is valid. The Decision Lens software, which implements the theory, is also introduced. Besides, it has been taken into consideration the objective of developing and applying a method of Full Cost Accounting assessed by the Stakeholders, reaching the ranking of energetic resources and comparing it to the deterministic valuation. In order to justify the validity and feasibility of the Analytic Hierarchy Process within the Full Cost Accounting Evaluation environment, the theory on which it is based has been thoroughly and carefully explained. To that effect, an example has been developed, in which all calculations are done manually up to the definition of the final ranking of energetic resources. The same example is also developed using the Decision Lens software, thus comparing both, the manual and the software results, in order to validate the consistency of the software itself. In order to develop and to apply a method of Full Cost Accounting assessed by the Stakeholders, certain activities have been carried out within the FAPESP IRP project in Araçatuba. The process of building the decision tree and obtaining data from the pilot region, considering sub-criteria and energy resources, has been conducted along the execution of this work. The pertinent software data input, as well as the presentation of results along with a sensitivity analysis have been performed and discussed. The determination of the table of values and its ratings for the Full Cost Accounting deterministically valued has been conducted, as well as the pertinent data insertion along with respective results. Finally, the comparison of results of the two Full Cost Accounting have been made. Their differences and similarities have also been commented, proving that results were compatible.

É consenso entre estudiosos e práticos que a Logística desempenha um importante papel na integração da Cadeia de Suprimento dos mercados. Num ambiente cada vez mais competitivo, as organizações procuram práticas de negócios e soluções que possam ajudá-las na busca pelo sucesso. Uma dessas práticas é a terceirização das funções logísticas, através da contratação de empresas especializadas, de forma que as organizações contratantes possam se concentrar no foco do seu negócio, aumentando sua eficiência, melhorando a utilização dos recursos, reduzindo os custos de transporte, reestruturando sua cadeia de suprimentos e aumentando sua lucratividade. Nesse cenário, onde a crescente participação dos prestadores de serviços logísticos (ou, PSLs) torna-se fator estratégico para o crescimento das organizações através de alianças cada vez mais complexas, surge a necessidade de mecanismos de avaliação de desempenho que, efetivamente, reflitam a integração e a flexibilidade dos recursos envolvidos. Assim, o presente estudo se propôs a desenvolver um modelo de avaliação de desempenho de PSLs, através da metodologia da Pesquisa Operacional, apoiado pelo método AHP. A empresa escolhida para a aplicação do modelo foi a MWM International Motores – MIM – e o modelo foi aplicado no processo de transporte nacional que atende o mercado de reposição de peças. Foram avaliados 5 PSLs, através de 3 critérios e 13 atributos, qualitativos e quantitativos. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que a sistemática adotada foi aderente ao ambiente analisado, auxiliando no processo de avaliação e permitindo que a empresa possa estimular seus prestadores de serviços logísticos a melhorar seus processos e o produto destes processos – o próprio serviço prestado, traçando, juntamente com os seus parceiros, um plano de melhoria contínua que vise alcançar resultados melhores para a ambas empresas. / There is consensus among scholars and practitioners that Logistics plays an important role in the integration of the market’s Supply Chain. In an increasingly competitive environment, organizations seek solutions and business practices that can help them in their quest for success. One such practice is the outsourcing of logistics operations through the recruitment of specialized firms, so that the contracting organizations can focus on their business, increasing efficiency, improving resource utilization, reducing transportation costs, restructuring their supply chain and increasing their profitability. In this scenario, where the increasing participation of logistics service providers, known as 3PL (third-party logistics providers) becomes a strategic factor for the growth of organizations through increasingly complex alliances, a need arises for performance evaluation mechanisms that effectively reflect the integration and flexibility of the involved resources. Thus, the present study aims to develop a model to evaluate the performance of 3PLs using the methodology of operational research, supported by the AHP method. The company chosen to implement the model was MWM International Motores (MIM) and the model was applied in the national transport of the spare parts process. There were 5 LSPs evaluated using 3 criteria and 13 attributes, both qualitative and quantitative. The main results showed that the adopted system was considered adherent to the environment, assisting in the evaluation process, and allowing the company to encourage its 3PLs to improve their processes and products - the very service provided, mapping, together with its partners, a plan for continuous improvement aimed at achieving better results for both companies.

Submitted by Isaac Francisco de Souza Dias (isaac.souzadias@ufpe.br) on 2016-02-04T19:18:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao - Josilene Pereira Lima.pdf: 3535384 bytes, checksum: 12a980ebc381ac5abe704176862e6953 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-04T19:18:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao - Josilene Pereira Lima.pdf: 3535384 bytes, checksum: 12a980ebc381ac5abe704176862e6953 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / CAPES / A gestão integrada da zona costeira (do inglês Integrated Coastal Zone Management – ICZM) envolve uma abordagem integrada de elementos naturais e antrópicos e deve ser organizada para minimizar os conflitos e utilizar os recursos de forma sustentável. O gerenciamento costeiro integrado pode ser considerado como um processo administrativo permanente onde as ações tomadas, podem ou não serem eficazes para uma comunidade, um estuário ou a costa de uma nação inteira. A partir da definição sobre ICZM e demais legislações brasileiras foram identificadas algumas possíveis variáveis para fazer parte de um modelo de avaliação da eficácia do gerenciamento costeiro integrado. A avaliação da eficácia foi determinada pela análise multicritério através do método Analytic Hierarchy Process – AHP, considerando níveis hierárquicos distribuídos em critérios sociais, econômicos e ambientais, totalizando 11 variáveis. Os critérios para estabelecer os pesos entre as variáveis, foram estabelecidos através de um questionário aplicado a um especialista em gerenciamento costeiro. A saída deste modelo representa um valor numérico, considerando a variação entre 0,000 e 1,000, onde a medida que a nota aumenta melhores são as condições associadas a gestão costeira integrada. Após desenvolvido o modelo analítico, dados amostrais considerando informações espaciais obtidas por sensoriamento remoto e estatísticas obtidas pelo censo do IBGE (2000 e 2010) foram aplicadas ao município da Ilha de Itamaracá-PE. Os resultados numéricos encontrados para este estudo de caso foram 0,344 e 0,401 para os anos de 2000 e 2010 respectivamente. Para analisar os resultados foram considerados um limiar mínimo e máximo da eficácia do gerenciamento costeiro integrado tendo como referência informações das variáveis encontradas para os municípios pertencentes a zona costeira de Pernambuco onde foram obtidos os valores 0,279 e 0,650 representando a variação mínima e máxima encontrada para este Estado. Por fim uma análise separada de cada variável foi efetuada através da construção de mapas temáticos e comparações de informações numéricas identificando assim, o comportamento individual de cada variável no modelo analítico. Destaca-se que a aplicação do método de avaliação multicritério AHP para este estudo de análise da eficácia do gerenciamento costeiro integrado demonstrou ser uma importante ferramenta para diagnosticar e fornecer subsídios à tomada de decisão em ambientes costeiros. / The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) involves an integrated approach of natural and anthropic elements and it should be organized to minimize conflicts and apply resources in a sustainability way. The integrated coastal management can be considered as a permanent administrative process where the actions taken, may or may not be effective for a community, an estuary or the coast of an entire nation. From the definition of ICZM and other Brazilian laws was identified a number of possible variables to be part of an evaluation model for the effectiveness of integrated coastal zone management. The efficacy was determined by multi-criteria analysis using the method Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP considering hierarchical levels distributed in social, economic and environmental criteria, a total of 11 variables. The criteria for establishing the weights between variables were established through an inquiry requested to a specialist in coastal management. The output of this model is a numerical value, considering the variation between 0.000 and 1.000, with the increasing of this score represents a better condition related to integrate coastal zone management. After the analytical model developed, sample data considering spatial information obtained by remote sensing and statistics obtained by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) census (2000 and 2010) were applied to the municipality of Itamaracá Island - PE. The numerical results for this case study were 0.344 and 0.401 for the years 2000 and 2010 respectively. To analyse the results were considered a minimum and maximum threshold of ICZM effectiveness having as reference information found for the variables considering all Pernambuco coastal zone municipalities, were was obtained 0.279 and 0.650 representing the minimum and maximum variation found for this state. Finally a separate analysis of each variable was performed by building thematic maps and numerical comparisons identifying the behaviour of each variable in the analytical model. It is noteworthy that the application of multi-criteria evaluation method AHP for this study case using ICZM effectiveness has proven to be an important tool to diagnose and provide subsidies to decision making in coastal environments.

Prioritizing software requirements helps to determine which requirements that are most important,and in which order requirements should be developed and tested throughout the development lifecycle. By prioritizing the requirements, software engineers can put focus on a subset of all requirements, and implement these in a particular release. This thesis aims to analyze two ratio scale prioritization techniques in a controlled experiment.The experiment was designed to compare time consumption, scalability, accuracy, ease of use, and ease to learning between the two techniques. All these evaluation parameters are combined together to find out which technique is more suitable to use when prioritizing software requirements. The two techniques investigated in the study presented in this thesis are: Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is based on pair-wise comparisons; and Cumulative Voting (CV) which is based on distributing points between requirements. The results of the experiment indicate that CV is less time consuming than AHP, which makes it more scalable. Further, CV is regarded as easier to use, and easier to learn than AHP. In addition, the results show that CV is more accurate than AHP while measuring the perceived accuracy. However, no conclusions could be made regarding actual accuracy due to misinterpretations by the study participants.

Dentre as várias técnicas de tratamento e disposição dos resíduos sólidos urbanos a disposição em aterros sanitários é a mais usada, devido ao baixo custo e relativa simplicidade operacional. No entanto, a falta de estudos para áreas adequadas é um dos principais fatores limitantes da aplicação desta técnica. É imprescindível o conhecimento dos atributos do meio-físico para avaliar as suas várias interações com o aterro sanitário. Essas interações e a variedade de atributos, dificultam a seleção do local adequado para a instalação do aterro sanitário. Diante disto, há a necessidade de uma metodologia que considere as interações, juntamente com os atributos, e se mostre eficaz na seleção do melhor local para o aterro. Propões-se aqui uma metodologia que considera 14 atributos do meio físico, referentes ao substrato rochoso, materiais inconsolidados, água e feições de relevo. Em vista da variedade de atributos, múltiplas alternativas possíveis e objetivos muitas vezes conflitantes, a serem considerados, foi aplicada a técnica de tomada de decisão denominada processo hierárquico analítico (PHA). O PHA divide um problema complexo em problemas mais simples na forma de uma hierarquia de decisão e, permitiu a obtenção do índice de adequabilidade (I.A.), que representa o valor numérico da adequabilidade de uma determinada áreas para a instalação de aterros sanitários, além de possibilitar a sua hierarquização em relação às áreas adjacentes. Esta metodologia foi aplicada na região de Araraquara, estado de São Paulo, limitada pelo paralelos 21º45\' e 22º00\' sul e meridianos 48º00\' minutos e 48º15\' minutos oeste Gr. O I.A. possibilitou o zoneamento e a classificação de unidades de combinação em favorável, moderada, severa e restritiva para a implantação de um aterro sanitário. A metodologia mostrou-se eficaz e permitiu comparar os 14 atributos de forma numérica, ao introduzir a ) técnica de tomada de decisão através do processo de hierarquia analítica. Desta forma, apresentou as vantagens de diminuir a subjetividade do processo de seleção e ponderar atributos inter-dependentes, direcionados ao objetivo de selecionar áreas para a implantação de um aterro sanitário. / Among several techniques for disposition and treatment of urban solid waste, sanitary landfill is the most employed, by their low cost and relative operational simplicity. However, the lack of research for suitable areas is one of the main problems to the application of this technique. It is necessary to know the attributes of the environment to assess their numerous interactions with the environment sanitary landfill. This interactions and the variety of the attributes becomes diffilcut the selection of the most suitable area to the installation of the sanitary landfill. A methodology to be effiecient in the selection of the best site to this facility, must consider the interactions and the attributes of the environment. This paper proposes a methodology which consider 14 attributes of the environment related to the rocky substrate, unconsolidated materials, water and relief. Because the variety of attributes, multiple possible alternatives and competing objectives to be consider was applied a decision support system (D.S.S.) technical named analytic hierachy process (AHP) which divides a complex problem in simpler ones in the form of a decision hierarchy. The use of AHP reaches the numerical suitability index (SI), of the areas to the installation of a sanitary landfill and becomes possible to hierarchy these areas. This methodology was applied in an area located in the Araraquara region, São Paulo state, limited by the parallels 21º45\' and 22º15\' south and meridians 48º00\' and 48º15\' West gr. The use of the suitability index (SI) permitted the zoning and ranking of the sub-areas and their classification in favorable, moderate, severe and restrictive to the installation of a sanitary landfill. The methodology to compare the 14 attributes in a numerical way by the use of the making decision technique applied to the AHP. By this way had the advantage of less subjectivity of the process of area selection and to weigh inter-dependents attributes, addressed to the objective of to select sites to the sanitary landfill.

Die vorliegende Ausgabe beschäftigt sich mit der innerbetrieblichen Erfassung und Verarbeitung von umweltrelevanten Kosten, den Umweltkostenrechnungssystemen. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, Unternehmen bei der Entscheidung zu unterstützen, welches Umweltkostenrechnungssystem unter Berücksichtigung der unternehmensspezifischen Bedürfnisse und Präferenzen gewählt werden soll. Als Grundlage für die Auswahl werden die verschiedenen Umweltkostenrechnungssysteme kurz vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die Umweltkostenrechnungssysteme klassifiziert. Die Klassifizierung basiert auf den Ausprägungen verschiedener Kriterien, die im Rahmen der Literaturrecherche erfasst und in einer Datenbank gesammelt wurden. Neben den Kriterien zur Klassifizierung wurden auch Merkmale zum Nutzen und Aufwand der Umweltkostenrechnungssysteme in die Datenbank aufgenommen. Diese Kriterien unterstützen die Entscheidung für den Einsatz eines bestimmten Umweltkostenrechnungssystems. Für die Auswahl aus der Vielzahl von Systemen wird ein mehrstufiges Verfahren vorgeschlagen. Zunächst wird eine Vorausauswahl in Abhängigkeit der betrieblichen Umweltpolitik empfohlen. Anschließend werden die verbleibenden Möglichkeiten einer multikriteriellen Analyse auf der Basis des Analytical Hierachy Prozesses unterzogen. Das Ergebnis des Entscheidungsverfahrens ist eine – auf den Präferenzen des Unternehmens beruhende – eindimensionale Skalierung der Umweltkostenrechnungssysteme.

The location of logistics hubs is one of the most crucial success factors for potential economic growth in logistics sector. Since the logistics hub has direct and indirect impacts on different stakeholders including investors, policy makers, infrastructure providers, hub operators, hub users and the community itself, it needs to be considered carefully. Therefore, logistics hubs should be located in such a way that it can provide a better accessibility to three different modes of transportation- road, rail and waterways. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential locations for logistics hubs and to find out the criteria that affect for the selection of location for logistics hubs. A comprehensive literature study reveals the factors that are affecting the selection of location for logistics hubs and the methods to evaluate those locations considering the criteria. Location selection or evaluation is a typical multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem in which performance criteria plays a vital role for the final decision making. Both qualitative and quantitative MCDM methods are applied in this study, where the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is qualitative and the gravity method is quantitative method. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured approach to reach the final decision which is one of the best methods of all MCDM problems, used in recent literature to evaluate the location selection problems. A case study is done for the logistics company, Brinova Fastigheter AB in Sweden. This study is followed by AHP method which is considered with selected factors, i.e. highway accessibility, intermodal capacity, port capacity and land availability. Moreover, this study is conducted by evaluating the four major potential locations in Sweden i.e. Stockholm, Göteborg, Helsingborg and Karlshamn for selecting as a logistics hub. Besides, the location for selecting logistics hubs is evaluated by the gravity method, which is a quantitative method to determine the level of accessibility for the selected locations, considering the flow of goods both inbound and outbound and the transport cost between the locations. The result from the AHP method recommend that Göteborg is the best potential location to establish logistic hub whereas the Gravity model represents that Stockholm has the highest level of accessibility for logistics activity. Therefore the study suggested that both Göteborg and Stockholm are considered to be the best potential locations considering in present situation

Decision making processes of natural resources for sustainable development are very complex processes that contain large amounts of contradicting criteria and alternatives and/or objectives. Hence efficiency of planning and decision making is highly dependent on the structure of the decision problems. In this re-spect Multi Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) is the most widely used method. Particularly GIS-based MCDA using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a well-known method in this respect. However, there are interrelationships and interdependences among problems of the real world. As a result, many spatial problems cannot be structured hierarchally because the importance of the criteria determines the importance of the alternatives, and the importance of the alternatives also determines the importance of the criteria. Analytical Network Process (ANP) based MCDA is a new planning and decision making ap-proach that allows the decision problem to be modeled considering feedbacks and interdependence among criteria. This study critically reviews GIS-based MCDA using the AHP method and the ANP based MCDA method and forwarded recommendations for future works. To attain this, practical decision making processes were used of urban form selection for a sustainable development of the Stockholm region. For this purpose literature was reviewed, separate methodologies were developed, criteria were formulated to be analyzed using GIS and SuperDecision software‟s, and finally reasonable results were achieved and separately presented to critically evaluate both the methods and the outcome. This study showed that GIS has the potential to be an important decision aid tool, that the ANP seems to give more realistic results than the GIS-based MCDA method, and that a compact scenario that over time follows already established polycentric pattern would be the best alternative urban form for a sustainable develop-ment of Greater Stockholm.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第20744号 / 地環博第167号 / 新制||地環||33(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 吉野 章, 教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM