Clusters de alta tecnologia são vistos como importantes centros de inovação e produção em uma economia atual global e interconectada. Observa-se um maior interesse da comunidade acadêmica pela relação entre o desenvolvimento de clusters de alta tecnologia em economias emergentes e suas conexões globais através da ‘circulação de talentos entre os clusters’ (em inglês, IBC). IBC representa, tipicamente, a difusão e transferência de tecnologias, conhecimentos e práticas através de redes individuais entre clusters emergentes e clusters já estabelecidos, os quais estão globalmente interconectados através dos laços destas redes. O foco deste estudo está no papel controverso da IBC no estímulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters maiores/em crescimento versus clusters menores/nascentes. Este estudo tem como objetivo propor formas de governança da IBC para conduzir estes processos nos seus diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O contexto empírico investigado está baseado em (a) dois casos consolidados da literatura: as conexões de Bangalore (IN) - Vale do Silício e Hsinchu (TW) - Vale do Silício; e, (b) dois casos originais: as conexões de Daedeok Innopolis (KR) – EUA e Vale dos Sinos (BR) – Coreia. O método de pesquisa utilizado é qualitativo com a aplicação de 26 entrevistas em profundidade como fonte principal de evidência. Com base nos casos estudados, é possível argumentar que os clusters maiores/em crescimento se beneficiam de uma IBC orgânica, estimulada pelas dinâmicas e forças do mercado, enquanto os clusters menores/nascentes dependem de um esforço coordenado devido à falta de atratividade inicial para empresas e indivíduos. Além disto, com vistas à eficácia da IBC no estimulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters, também se pode argumentar que a intervenção nas dinâmicas da IBC se reduz ao longo da evolução dos clusters, passando de um esforço coordenado nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento do cluster para um processo orgânico da IBC guiado pelo mercado em estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento. Este estudo tem implicações importantes no entendimento da conectividade de clusters, do papel da governança para o crescimento e melhoria de clusters e das estratégias efetivas de catch-up para economias emergentes. / High-tech clusters are important hubs of innovation and production in an increasingly interconnected global economy. There has been an increasing interest from scholars in the embeddedness of local cluster development, in particular of high-tech industries in emergent economies, and global connectivity, in particular in the dynamics and role of inter-cluster brain circulation (IBC). IBC denotes knowledge, technology and practice diffusion and translation through individual networks between emergent and typically more established clusters that are globally interconnected through these network ties. Of particular interest to this study is the controversial role of IBC in stimulating the growth and upgrading of larger/growing versus smaller/nascent clusters. Using the lens of network governance, this study aims to propose forms of IBC governance for steering these processes. The empirical context of investigation is composed of (a) two prior studies of IBC in the cases of Bangalore (IN) - Silicon Valley and Hsinchu (TW) - Silicon Valley connections and (b) two original empirical cases examining the Sinos Valley (BR) - Korea connection and Daedeok Innopolis (KR) - US connection. A qualitative research method strategy is employed in these two original cases using 26 in-depth interviews across both cases as a source of evidence. Based on the studied cases, it is possible to argue that for larger-scale growing clusters, IBC-growth dynamics may unfold as an ‘organic process’ through self-reinforcing market forces, whereas small-scale embryonic clusters depend on a ‘coordinated effort’ of this process because they lack initial market attractiveness for both individuals and firms. Further, focusing on the effectiveness of IBC in steering the growth and upgrading of clusters, it can also be argued that IBC governance changes through a gradual decreasing in the intervention to stimulate IBC, from a ‘coordinated effort’ in the early stage to a spontaneous increase in the marketdriven process of IBC as an ‘organic process’ in the mature stage of cluster development. This study has important implications for understanding cluster connectivity, the role of governance in cluster growth and upgrading, and the effective catch-up strategies of emerging economies.

Clusters de alta tecnologia são vistos como importantes centros de inovação e produção em uma economia atual global e interconectada. Observa-se um maior interesse da comunidade acadêmica pela relação entre o desenvolvimento de clusters de alta tecnologia em economias emergentes e suas conexões globais através da ‘circulação de talentos entre os clusters’ (em inglês, IBC). IBC representa, tipicamente, a difusão e transferência de tecnologias, conhecimentos e práticas através de redes individuais entre clusters emergentes e clusters já estabelecidos, os quais estão globalmente interconectados através dos laços destas redes. O foco deste estudo está no papel controverso da IBC no estímulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters maiores/em crescimento versus clusters menores/nascentes. Este estudo tem como objetivo propor formas de governança da IBC para conduzir estes processos nos seus diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O contexto empírico investigado está baseado em (a) dois casos consolidados da literatura: as conexões de Bangalore (IN) - Vale do Silício e Hsinchu (TW) - Vale do Silício; e, (b) dois casos originais: as conexões de Daedeok Innopolis (KR) – EUA e Vale dos Sinos (BR) – Coreia. O método de pesquisa utilizado é qualitativo com a aplicação de 26 entrevistas em profundidade como fonte principal de evidência. Com base nos casos estudados, é possível argumentar que os clusters maiores/em crescimento se beneficiam de uma IBC orgânica, estimulada pelas dinâmicas e forças do mercado, enquanto os clusters menores/nascentes dependem de um esforço coordenado devido à falta de atratividade inicial para empresas e indivíduos. Além disto, com vistas à eficácia da IBC no estimulo ao crescimento e melhoria de clusters, também se pode argumentar que a intervenção nas dinâmicas da IBC se reduz ao longo da evolução dos clusters, passando de um esforço coordenado nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento do cluster para um processo orgânico da IBC guiado pelo mercado em estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento. Este estudo tem implicações importantes no entendimento da conectividade de clusters, do papel da governança para o crescimento e melhoria de clusters e das estratégias efetivas de catch-up para economias emergentes. / High-tech clusters are important hubs of innovation and production in an increasingly interconnected global economy. There has been an increasing interest from scholars in the embeddedness of local cluster development, in particular of high-tech industries in emergent economies, and global connectivity, in particular in the dynamics and role of inter-cluster brain circulation (IBC). IBC denotes knowledge, technology and practice diffusion and translation through individual networks between emergent and typically more established clusters that are globally interconnected through these network ties. Of particular interest to this study is the controversial role of IBC in stimulating the growth and upgrading of larger/growing versus smaller/nascent clusters. Using the lens of network governance, this study aims to propose forms of IBC governance for steering these processes. The empirical context of investigation is composed of (a) two prior studies of IBC in the cases of Bangalore (IN) - Silicon Valley and Hsinchu (TW) - Silicon Valley connections and (b) two original empirical cases examining the Sinos Valley (BR) - Korea connection and Daedeok Innopolis (KR) - US connection. A qualitative research method strategy is employed in these two original cases using 26 in-depth interviews across both cases as a source of evidence. Based on the studied cases, it is possible to argue that for larger-scale growing clusters, IBC-growth dynamics may unfold as an ‘organic process’ through self-reinforcing market forces, whereas small-scale embryonic clusters depend on a ‘coordinated effort’ of this process because they lack initial market attractiveness for both individuals and firms. Further, focusing on the effectiveness of IBC in steering the growth and upgrading of clusters, it can also be argued that IBC governance changes through a gradual decreasing in the intervention to stimulate IBC, from a ‘coordinated effort’ in the early stage to a spontaneous increase in the marketdriven process of IBC as an ‘organic process’ in the mature stage of cluster development. This study has important implications for understanding cluster connectivity, the role of governance in cluster growth and upgrading, and the effective catch-up strategies of emerging economies.

Abstract At present, collaborative strategies are an important part of developing the capabilities to be able to compete in the 21st Century since knowledge or innovations cannot develop entirely within a single firm. Collaboration provides invaluable resources that a firm cannot create through knowledge transfer mechanisms. The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to enhance understanding of knowledge transfer in requirements engineering in the context of collaborative product development. The research is qualitative by nature and utilises the case study methodology. Data collection was conducted through interviews and surveys with informants in high-tech enterprises. The results indicate that collaboration in product development is very important and acts as a means of obtaining external resources, especially knowledge. However, collaboration is not an easy practice; it involves many challenges. In order to improve the practice of collaboration, it is necessary to manage and leverage the transfer of knowledge. According to the results, in order to increase the effectiveness of knowledge transfer over enterprise interfaces, each knowledge type needs to be transferred through the suitable transfer channel at the right time. The results also indicate that the individual relationships among buyers and suppliers are an essential element for long-term collaboration and common platforms or tools need to be developed to support collaborative product development over enterprise interfaces. / Tiivistelmä Kiristyvän kilpailun tilanteessa yritykset etsivät keinoja tehostaakseen toimintaansa. Yksi keino tähän on yhteistyökumppanina toimivien yritysten hyödyntäminen tuotekehityksessä. Yhteistyökumppanien hyödyntämisellä yritykset pyrkivät muun muassa tukemaan innovatiivisuutta ja täydentämään tuotekehityksessä tarvittavia kyvykkyyksiä. Tähän pyritään hankkimalla lisää resursseja, erityisesti tietämystä ja osaamista, jota yrityksellä ei itsellään ole tai joka on ulkoistettu aiemmin. Tässä väitöskirjassa perehdytään yritysyhteistyötä hyödyntävään tuotekehitystoimintaan ja tutkimuksen tavoitteena on lisätä ymmärrystä osaamisen siirrosta erityisesti vaatimusten hallinnan prosessissa. Tämä väitöskirjatyö on laadullinen tapaustutkimus. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto on hankittu haastatteluilla ja kyselyillä korkeanteknologian yrityksistä. Tutkimustulosten mukaan yritysten välinen yhteistyö tuotekehityksessä on merkittävässä roolissa moderneissa yrityksissä. Tällöin voidaan puhua ulkopuolisten resurssien, erityisesti ulkoisen osaamisen hyödyntämisestä tuotekehityksessä. Tulosten mukaan on kuitenkin huomioitava, että yritysyhteistyö on varsin monimutkaista ja haastavaa toteuttaa. Yritysten tulee paremmin johtaa osaamisen siirtoa yhteistyökumppaneiden välillä ja panostaa osaamisen siirtoon liittyviin toimintatapoihin ja työkaluihin. Yritysten välisen osaamisen siirron tehokkuuden lisäämiseksi tulee huomioida, että erityyppinen osaaminen tulee siirtää sille ominaisen kanavan kautta juuri oikeaan aikaan. Tulosten mukaan yrityksissä toimivien henkilöiden väliset suhteet ovat keskeisessä roolissa pitkän aikavälin yritysyhteistyölle. Tukeakseen paremmin yritysyhteistyötä tuotekehityksessä yritysten tulisi kehittää yhteisiä alustoja tai työkaluja osaamisen siirtoon.

研究目的-中國從1989年就開始實行火炬計畫並投資了大量的資金在高新技術產業，在過去的三十年間，中國的經濟發展也快速地成長，本研究旨在透過中國高新技術產業的統計資料來估計其創新對企業生產績效之影響。 研究方法-本研究使用來自中國國家統計局的全國企業專利資料與全國企業績效資料並結合兩者為一資料庫，運用Olley and Pakes 生產力模型來估計生產力，最後利用追蹤資料的迴歸模型來進行創新對企業生產績效的實證研究。 發現-本研究把企業不分類別的專利總數當成依變數與企業績效如產出、生產力、出口等自變數進行追蹤資料的迴歸分析後，其呈現正向且顯著的關係。進一步把專利總數分成發明專利數、實用新型專利數與設計專利數三類依變數並與企業績效如產出、生產力、出口等自變數進行追蹤資料的迴歸分析後，其均呈現正向且顯著的關係。此外，本研究亦發現企業進出市場行為會反向的影響專利數與企業績效之間的關係。 價值-過去有關於創新與企業績效的研究通常都是以整體製造業的規模來進行分析並提供一個總體的估計，因此本研究針對中國製造業中的高新技術產業進行分析以提供對於中國的火炬計畫成效更詳盡的評估，並對未來有關高新技術產業的研究提供初步的研究方向。 / Purpose – China has started a Torch program and invested huge amount of money in high-tech industries since 1989. During last three decades, China’s economy also rapidly grows. According to above conditions, this study aims to create a reliable estimation for confirming the relationship between innovation and firm performance from the evidence of China’s high-tech industries. Design/Methodology/Approach – By building a sample composed of the patent stock and firm-level performance data from China’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), we apply Olley and Pakes method to estimate the productivity and use the regression model for panel data to do the empirical study. Findings – Both the total patent stock and the patent stock of three different categories maintain a positive and significant relationship toward firm performance such as output, productivity and exports. On the other hand, the finding also implies a negative effect of firm dynamics on the relationship between patent stock and firm performance. Value – The researches related to innovation and firm performance in the past are usually conducted with the sample of whole manufacturing industries’ data and report an overall estimation. However, this study focuses on high-tech industries to provide a more detailed evaluation for China’s innovative efforts of Torch program and carves out a direction for future research on high-tech industries.

The Master´s thesis deals with specifics of personal leadership or management in companies with advanced technologies, called high-tech. Using questionnaire investigation in addition to structured interview is analyzed situation in personal area in the high-tech company . Theoretical part defines high-tech sector, describes activities and purpose of personal unit and modern conception of development of human resources. Below is entertained about influence of corporate culture on the strategy of human ressource development. Furthermore there are mentioned elements of leadership including theory of generation and diversity management. Practical part involves analytical and recommendation part, including variants

The Innovation Hub project is a strategic partnership between the Gauteng Provincial Government's Blue IQ initiative, and SERA, the Southern Education and Research Alliance, a partnership between the University of Pretoria and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. The site for the proposed development forms part of the Agricultural Research Farm of the University of Pretoria and calls for a synergy between urban development, architecture, and the natural surrounding. The Naledi 3D Virtual Reality factory forms part of numerous companies involved in cutting edge technology which is to be associated with the development. In this computer age, which can be compared to the industrial era in terms of the revolutionisation of our daily lives, architecture has to respond. Buildings need to be designed to ensure the productive interaction between man, machine and the natural environment. Copyright 2003, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bergh, FS 2003, Hyperlink : the Naledi 3D virtual reality factory, MArch(Prof) dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11242003-105302 / > / Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Architecture / unrestricted

The aim of this study was to analyze how high-tech assistive technology in the elderly care are represented in selected Swedish newspapers during the time between August 2018 and March 2020. The initial perspective of this study was to conduct a discourse analysis based on social constructivism. I have investigated what daily newspapers describe to be central needs for the elderly care and for elderly people. I have also looked at what the daily newspapers describe to be important for elderly people during implementation of high-tech assistive technology in the Swedish elderly care. In the study’s result, I concluded the need for autonomy was central for what the daily newspapers described as important for elderly people. The result also showed that the daily newspapers described high-tech assistive technology to be important for the organization, due to shortage of staff and demographic challenges.

Food system is complex and encompasses stakeholders from local, regional, and global level. The activities and outcomes of the food system are associated with environmental, economic, and social impacts. Due to the growing population, and urbanization, along with the fact that global food system contributes up to 30% of anthropogenic GHG emission, one of the main contributors to climate change, a sustainable food system that could meet the food demand in the urban areas is in need. Therefore, high-tech urban agriculture (HTUA) that uses advanced technologies and enables food production in a controlled environment is seen as a promising solution, which remains niche in Sweden. This study adopted the sustainable food system approach and used the theory of multi-level perspective (MLP) on sustainability transitions to explore this technology-driven transition and identify the challenges and opportunities in developing HTUA in Sweden. Through the analysis of five Swedish policy documents and interviews with four HTUA initiatives in Stockholm, three main aspects are identified: 1) external context; 2) policy environment; and 3) communication and influence, which are independent but also interconnected. According to the findings, the global environment and Swedish context, such as climatic condition and Swedish consumption, provide HTUA an opportunity to develop. The findings also suggest that though the characteristics of HTUA initiatives and the priorities within the Swedish policy environment have overlapping traits, the policies are not effectively translated into practice and thus making it challengeable to develop HTUA in the long run. Implementing more strict restrictions and regulations on the external price, providing an easier access to urban space, simplifying the procedure for the financial support, raising public awareness towards HTUA, and bridging the knowledge gap among all stakeholders through collaborations and partnerships are suggested to reduce the risk of initiating HTUA. However, further research is still required to understand the potential of HTUA in the transformation towards a sustainable food system.

Bakgrund: Startupföretag bidrar i dagens samhälle med flertalet innovationer, vilket storföretag kan ta del av genom öppen innovation. När företagen samarbetar med varandra kan parterna tillsammans främja innovation och ta del av ny kunskap. Startupföretag får hjälp med kommersialisering av affärsidén och storföretag kan behålla sin marknadsposition genom användningen av ny teknik. På grund av den stora asymmetrin organisationerna emellan är det av intresse att ge en förklaring för vad som påverkar en affär mellan startupföretag och storföretag, för att möjliggöra fler lyckade samarbeten.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utifrån startupföretags perspektiv undersöka faktorer som påverkar en lyckad affär mellan startupföretag och storföretag inom högteknologiska branscher.  Metod: Studien utfördes med en kvantitativ metod där empirin samlats in med hjälp av enkäter via en tvärsnittsdesign. Vidare har studien utgått från det positivistiska perspektivet där en deduktiv ansats använts. En hierarkisk logistisk regressionsanalys genomfördes för att analysera hur tidigare erfarenhet av storföretag, matchad via stödfunktion, avtalsdesign, förtroende, kommunikation, indirekta värden och direkta värden samvarierar med en lyckad affär mellan storföretag och startupföretag.  Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att ökad omsättning, avtalsdesign, tidigare erfarenhet av kontraktering, stödfunktioner, kostnadseffektivitet och indirekta värden har ett statistiskt signifikant samband med lyckad affär. Ökad omsättning, ett detaljerat avtal, tidigare erfarenhet av kontraktering och matchning via stödfunktion ökar sannolikheten för en lyckad affär. När vikt läggs vid kostnadseffektivitet och indirekta värden minskar sannolikheten att affären blir lyckad. Genom att ta studiens faktorer i beaktning kan både startupföretag och storföretag öka sannolikheten att det blir en lyckad affär. / Background: Startups contribute in today's society with multiple innovations, which large companies can take part of through open innovation. By collaborating, both companies can enhance innovation and take part of new knowledge. Startups receive help with the commercialization of their business idea and large companies can keep their market position through the use of new technology. Due to the large asymmetry between the organisations, it is of interest to create a broader explanation of what affects the deal between startups and large companies, in order to enable more successful collaboration.  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine different factors that affect a successful deal between startups and large companies in high-tech industries from the startup perspective.  Methodology: The study used a quantitative research method where the empirical data has been collected by questionnaires. The study is based on a positivist philosophical standpoint with a deductive approach. A hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze how the factors previous experience with large companies, matched by a support function, contract design, trust, personal chemistry, communication, indirect values and direct values affects the deal between large companies and startups.  Analysis and conclusion: The result of the study shows that increased revenue, contract design, previous experience of contracting, support functions, cost efficiency and indirect values have a statistically significant correlation with a successful deal. Increased revenue, a detailed contract, previous experience of contracting and matched by a support function increases the probability to perform a successful deal. When focus shifts to cost efficiency and indirect values, the probability of the deal being successful decreases. By taking the factors into account, both startups and large companies can increase the probability that it will be a successful deal.

Den personliga integriteten på internet har de senaste decennierna växt fram till att bli en existensiell fråga för många privatpersoner. För att värna om EU medborgarnas integritet och det fria flödet av information upprättade EU, The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 2018. En konsekvens av detta är att företag måste utföra en rad kostsamma aktiviteter för att skydda sina kunders personliga data. Görs detta inte på ett korrekt sätt kan företag räkna med dryga böter. Privacy One har skapat en patenterad säkerhetslösning på Google Markets vid namn Harpoctates för att adressera problemet. Trots att marknaden har ett behov, och det finns en lösning anser företaget det är svårt att hitta kunder. Det är inte ensam, endast 14 % av små och medelstora företag ser digital affärsutveckling som en effektiv lösning, trots att det i många fall är viktigare HUR företag gör affärer, än VAD de gör. Denna studie ska besvara vad som skapar värde i en digital affärsmodell. Baserat på en positivistisk världssyn, induktiv metod och kvalitativ ansats bygger denna uppsats på en fallstudie av Privacy One. I syfte att skapa en repeterbar och skalbar affärsmodell baser sig teorin på företagets värdeskapande faktorer och marknadspositionering. Trots att Privacy One har en produkt i tiden visar resultatet på att företagets fokus är otydligt. Genom att fokusera på en nischad marknad, exempelvis skola kan företaget skapa ett gott renommé och goda kundreferenser. Något som ger skalbarhet då Privacy One kan sälja sin mjukvara utan att först skapa förtroende hos kunden genom utbildning eller kurs i GDPR. Privacy One kan därmed bygga sin marknadsposition, bredda portföljen och expandera till andra verksamhetsområden. Vad betyder det här för andra företag som ämnar ta efter processen att skapa en digital affärsmodell? 1. Analysera vart företaget befinner sig på en normalfördelningskurva i syfte att hitta en startpunkt. 2. Skapa en målbild, en plats på marknaden där företaget kan skaffa sig en dominerande marknadsposition. 3. Formulera företagets värdeskapare baserat på företagets position och målbild. Utveckla en digital affärsmodell för målgruppen.