M.A. / South Africa is a country characterised by inherent diversity of culture, language and race and is undergoing a process of reconstruction and development. This entails the establishment of a new national identity and socio-political structure based on integration, accommodation of difference and equity of access to the basic necessities for mental, physical, social and spiritual well-being for all its citizens within budgetary and personnel limitations. Mental health care needs and services have been shaped by socio-political and economic factors in the past. Further there has been unequal access to health care, which focused on psychiatric conditions and which provided curative, institutionalised care. Little provision was made for mental health care of children and mentally handicapped persons. A climate of unprecedented change and uncertainty also impacts on the mental health care of South Africans. A vital part of the Reconstruction and Development Programme is the reorientation of health care, which includes mental health, to a comprehensive health care approach with emphasis on primary preventive and promotive health care. An invaluable, economical yet untapped source of manpower to provide primary mental health care is the paraprofessional counsellor. Paraprofessional mental health workers can provide first level mental health care in the form of growth counselling which includes primary preventive and promotive care as well as some secondary and tertiary mental health care. In order to provide safe and effective care, this category of health worker needs to be carefully selected and trained and should work under the supervision of professional mental health care workers. The role of the latter needs to be re-evaluated in the context of South Africa. Effective and efficient care can be facilitated by the use of a simple yet comprehensive model for the selection and training of paraprofessionals and to guide their contribution to mental health care in South Africa. Two theoretical shifts have influenced mental health care. These are the paradigm shift from linear Cartesian-Newtonian thinking to the circular systems epistemology and the movement in psychological theories to ecosystemic theories. These developments have given rise to the bio-psycho-social model which does provide a basis for holistic health care but it excludes the spiritual dimension. This dissertation examines the concept of spirituality and argues for its inclusion in a truly holistic model of human functioning. The Pursuit of Wholeness model is proposed as a simply yet truly holistic tool to effect efficient, economical and ethical mental health care using , paraprofessionals. The model is described in detail and its use by paraprofessional counsellors in a growth counselling situation is discussed. An evaluative study was undertaken to test the use of the Pursuit of Wholeness model by paraprofessionals in three organisations. Results showed that the Pursuit of Wholeness model has the potential to enable paraprofessional counsellors through holistic growth counselling to contribute significantly to mental health care in South Africa.

Le 19ème siècle connaît un renouveau des façons de penser proches du matérialisme. Celles-ci deviennent triomphantes avec Marx, Nietzsche .... Il s'agit d'analyser les causes de ce renouveau et ses conséquences sur les idéologies du 20ème siècle. Ces idéologies misent en œuvre sont prises dans une dualité matérialiste/idéaliste au sein de leurs différentes composantes. A la sortie du second conflit mondial et surtout après la chute des pays socialistes de l'Europe de l'est, cette dualité se recompose en s'adaptant à un champ politique unique et hégémonique. Le capitalisme entretient un rapport très paradoxal au matérialisme dans le même temps il l'appelle de ses vœux car il lui permet de détruire un obstacle : le christianisme social, mais il le dénature également en lui donnant une forme vulgaire d'un matérialisme de possession. Il ne peut pas lui redonner ses lettres de noblesse puisqu'il générerait un retour du politique (le marxisme,...). Or il se présente comme post politique et non idéologique. Dans le discours réemployant la rhétorique marxiste de fin de l'histoire prononcé par Francis Fukuyama, le capitalisme se présente de fait comme un Léviathan face à ce qui a réduit l'homme à l'état de nature : les idéologies « totalitaires ». Il permet également une remontée forte de l'idéalisme dans une dissonance perpétuelle entre morale et pratique. Le matérialisme étant vulgarisé et réduit, il ne porte plus en lui d'éthique et il devient limité à une pulsion d'achat. Le capitalisme, dans son appareil idéologique et sa culture de masse, apparaît comme double perpétuel au réel. / A journey inside history, ideology and psychology with a key, the antagonism between materialism and idealism. A new point of view arise and create a new kind of analysis on our modern times. From Martin Luther to today, we explore differents systems : Nazism, Socialism and Capitalism. We will find, in each system and so in human mind, this heuristic antagonism.

This dissertation grew from an investigation of the farm Doornkloof in Irene, Pretoria. The farm was home to General Jan Smuts and it is here that he wrote his seminal philosophical work “Holism and Evolution” and found his own grass specie Digitaria Smutsii. The theoretical investigation is rooted in the interpretation of Holism, as an architectural theory, which informs the proposed design intervention. This study is informed by an analysis of the area of Irene, its origins and its future growth lead to the development of a holistic framework. This study proposes to inform the future socio-economic and historical importance of the farm as open public space for the citizens of Tshwane and Irene. The research intervention proposes a new architectural programmatic typology that will celebrate the importance of the Bankenveld landscape. The systematic rehabilitation of the grassland landscape will be achieved by introducing small scale interventions. The series of design interventions will rehabilitate the existing historical layers of the site, create new interest in the farm, improve the economic position of the Jan Smuts Foundation (the owners of the farm) and protect the landscape for the future generation users. / Dissertation MArch (Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / unrestricted

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Bakgrund: Svårläkta sår drabbar cirka två procent av Sveriges befolkning och tar stora resurser från vården där personalkostnaden är den största. Svårläkta sår har också en stor negativ påverkan på patientens livskvalitet i form av smärta, bundenhet till omläggningar och social isolering. Att vårda patienter med svårläkta sår är en komplex uppgift som bland annat omfattar sårbedömning, kunskap om bakomliggande faktorer, sårläkningprocessen, uppföljning, dokumentation och ett holistiskt tänkande. För att kunna utföra sitt arbete på ett bra sätt krävs att sjuksköterskan besitter kunskap och erfarenhet inom området svårläkta sår. Syftet: med studien var att sammanställa och beskriva kunskap om sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med svårläkta sår. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvalitativa studier sökta genom systematisk och osystematisk sökning i vetenskapliga databaser. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån bedömningsformuläret Critical Appraisal Skills Programme och innehållet analyserades enligt Thomas och Hardens metod för att slutligen bilda olika teman. Resultat: Tre huvudteman identifierades; det komplexa såret, att möta hinder på vägen samt vård som håller i längden. Utifrån dessa huvudteman framkom nio subteman; nycklarna till en god sårvård, när kunskapen inte räcker till, styrkan i professionen, känslorna går inte att stänga av, arbeta med eller mot organisationen, det är inte alltid lätt i praktiken, allt borde inte ligga i våra händer, den faktiska och den verkliga kostnaden samt att sätta patienten i första rummet. Slutsats: Distriktssköterskans kompetens behöver tas tillvara på och sårvård med tillhörande utbildning behöver få högre prioritering från arbetsledningen gällande stöd, engagemang och tid. Tydliga riktlinjer kring svårläkta sår behövs och en god samverkan både mellan vårdteam och mellan organisation är nödvändig för att kunna se till patientens bästa. / Background: Hard-to-heal wounds affect about two percent of Sweden´s population and take large resources from the healthcare, where staff costs are the largest. Hard-to-heal wounds also have a major impact on the patient´s quality of life in form of pain, attachment to diversions and social isolation. Caring for people with hard-to-heal wounds is a complex task as it includes many different parts such as wound assessment, knowledge of underlying factors, wound healing, follow-up, documentation and holistic thinking. In order to perform their work in a good way, the nurse must possess knowledge and experience in the field of hard-to-heal wounds. The aim: of the study was to compile and describe the knowledge about nurse´s experience of caring for patients with hard-to-heal wounds. Methods: A literature review based on eight qualitative studies searched through systematic and unsystematic search in scientific databases. The articles were quality checked based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme assessment questionnaire and the content was analyzed according to Thomas and Harden´s method to finally form different themes. Results: Three main themes were identified; The complex wound, Encountering obstacles on the way and Sustainable care. Based on these main themes nine subthemes emerged; The keys to good wound care, When knowledge is not enough, The strenght of the profession, The feelings can not be turned off, Work with och against the organization, In practice it is not always easy, Everything should not be in our hands, The actual and the real cost and Put the patient first. Conclusion: The district nurse´s competence needs to be utilized and wound care with associated training needs to be given a higher priority from the management in terms of support, commitment and time. Clear guidelines on hard-to-heal wounds are needed and a good collaboration both between care teams and between organizations is necessary to be able to ensure the patients´ best interest.

Background: Being an artist in the Swedish music industry in 2023 has been found to labor relations involving challenges related to health, hope, creativity and inspiration(Rödblom et al., 2023). Previous studies have also examined the working environment of artists, such as challenging work relationships, how artistic expression demands emotional awareness, and how this may impact the mental health of artists. However, what is the actual experience of health among artists, and why?Purpose and Objectives Summary: Through this investigation, I contribute to filling the existing knowledge gap and mapping how artists perceive health, and the reasons for their experiences in the contemporary music industry.Methodology and data collection: This thesis constitutes a qualitative study with an inductive approach. To structure the research study, I have chosen to adopt Grounded theory, which has involved entering the field with an open mind, collecting information,and subsequently compiling, coding and reflecting upon the data. I have conducted unstructured interviews with three artists and three managers to gain insights into how artists perceive health, and later also discuss why they perceive health in that way.Results: The findings reveal that the artists' experience of health is shaped by various challenges such as establishing a balance between work and leisure, motivation, social media and how artists engage with it, and challenges regarding their health. There is no doubt that they have a passion for their profession and that this is truly what they wish to dedicate their time and efforts to. However, the sacrifice involved in doing so encompasses factors that pose challenges to their overall well-being and health in various ways. The reason why the abovementioned themes have been highlighted in my interpretation, is because the artists experience a certain frustration, wherein they perceive a lack of support, structure, sustainability, and health in the mentioned aspects. This complicates the artists'existence, encompassing everything from the working environment to their personal life.Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that a clearer demarcation between work and leisure would be advantageous for both artists and their managers. Furthermore, the conclusion reveals that the primary motivation of artists, linked to "a calling" or "the questfor meaning," is intimately tied to their identity and positively correlated with the experience of good health and well-being. The results also indicate that artists encounter stress related to the use of social media, and managers propose that increased insight and openness to alternative creative solutions are necessary, a proposition supported by relevant theories. The implementation of these solutions may potentially enhance the health of artists by mitigating the stress associated with social media. Ultimately, the results also concludes that health is a crucial and topical discourse within the music industry, particularly as certain artists do not perceive their health in a satisfactory manner today.

The subject of spirituality is growing in popularity within the field of mental health. A major aspect of our human experience includes striving for meaning, hopefulness and purpose - this process can be understood as a spiritual experience. Another aspect of our shared human experience includes psychological distress and alienation. This is understood in most contemporary mental health literature as mental disorders. In our contemporary era mental health has addressed the latter. Spirituality, as an integral component of human experience, involves tapping into the innate need for integration while paving the way forward towards a transformative experience. The present research explores important interpretive issues related to spirituality and mental health from within a historical perspective. The present research suggests that holistic trends in mental health cohere with contemporary, phenomenologically rooted trends in spirituality. / Christian Spirituality / M.Th. (Christian Spirituality)

The subject of spirituality is growing in popularity within the field of mental health. A major aspect of our human experience includes striving for meaning, hopefulness and purpose - this process can be understood as a spiritual experience. Another aspect of our shared human experience includes psychological distress and alienation. This is understood in most contemporary mental health literature as mental disorders. In our contemporary era mental health has addressed the latter. Spirituality, as an integral component of human experience, involves tapping into the innate need for integration while paving the way forward towards a transformative experience. The present research explores important interpretive issues related to spirituality and mental health from within a historical perspective. The present research suggests that holistic trends in mental health cohere with contemporary, phenomenologically rooted trends in spirituality. / Christian Spirituality / M.Th. (Christian Spirituality)

Title: “Life must run smoothly” – school counsellors understanding of adolescents mental illness   Authors: Malin Evermyr och Lovisa Jonsson   Mentor: Emme-Li Vingare   Keywords: Mental illness, adolescents, counsellors in school, holism, psychosocial work, stress   Aim: The aim of the study is to describe and analyze school Counsellor’s understanding of mental illness among adolescents and the Counsellor's explanation of its development.   Methods: This study is qualitative and the empirical material was collected through loose structured focus group interviews. Three focus groups were used where each contained three school counsellors.   Results: After the focus groups were held, four themes regarding causations to mental health among adolescent emerged. The four themes are as follows; various expressions and possible causes of mental illness, a changed society, parent’s responsibility and lastly, school Counsellor's in the school as an organization. Each theme describes possible causes of mental illness through different levels and systems around the adolescent. In the last theme, it is also provided a description of how schools operate with mental illness and what it is like to work as a counsellor in the school environment.    Analysis: A system theoretical perspective, the cognitive stress theory and previous presented research in the field of adolescent’s mental illness was used when analyzing the result.   Conclusion. From the participants understanding of adolescent’s mental illness, following conclusion can be drawn; counsellors picture mental illness as caused by several intertwined factors. These factors concern both individual and systemic factors which have their starting point in society, families, new technology and the requirements of high-performance in school. / Titel: ”Livet måste gå på räls” – skolkuratorers förståelse av ungas psykiska ohälsa Författare: Malin Evermyr och Lovisa Jonsson Handledare: Emme-Li Vingare Nyckelord: psykisk ohälsa, ungdomar, skolkuratorer, holism, psykosocialt arbete, stress Syfte: Studies syfte är att beskriva och analysera skolkuratorers förståelse av psykisk ohälsa bland unga samt deras förklaringar av dess utveckling. Metod: En kvalitativ metod ligger till grund för studien. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom tre löst strukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer om tre skolkuratorer i varje. Materialet bearbetades och analyserades sedan genom en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Utifrån fokusgrupps-intervjuerna framkom fyra centrala teman om orsaker till psykisk ohälsa bland unga. Dessa benämns i uppsatsen som uttryck och möjliga orsaker till psykisk ohälsa, ett förändrat samhälle, föräldrars ansvar och skolkurator i skolan som organisation. De olika teman som presenteras förklarar alla möjliga orsaker till psykisk ohälsa på olika nivåer och inom olika system som ungdomen ingår i. Det sistnämnda temat handlar stället om hur skolan arbetar med psykisk ohälsa och vad det innebär att vara kurator i den organisationen. Analys: Resultatet analyserades utifrån ett systemteoretiskt perspektiv och genom kognitiv stressteori samt utifrån tidigare presenterad forskning inom området unga och psykisk ohälsa. Slutsats: Utifrån respondenternas uppfattning kring utvecklingen av ungas psykiska ohälsa kan slutsatser av studien visa att kuratorerna framställer en bild av psykisk ohälsa som orsakad av flera samverkande faktorer som gäller både individuella och systematiska faktorer. Faktorerna har sin utgångpunkt i samhället, familj, prestationskrav i skola och den nya teknologin. Unga lyfts som en utsatt grupp vad det gäller psykisk ohälsa och framför allt unga tjejer.

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