This thesis is an extension of recent research into the relationships between non-homothetic preferences and patterns of trade. The analysis focuses on the observed shift in consumption towards income-elastic services and, relative to agricultural goods, income-elastic manufactures associated with rising per capita incomes. In turn, the conjecture that we should witness a shift in global production and consequently a shift in trade away from primaries towards manufactured goods as the global economy develops is explored. This hypothesized change in the sectoral composition of global trade implies a change in individual country trade patterns. Specifically, the notion that a countrys exports must respond to a changing global market may help to clarify one of the principle causes of the shift towards manufacturing production among most small, trading economies.

This thesis is an extension of recent research into the relationships between non-homothetic preferences and patterns of trade. The analysis focuses on the observed shift in consumption towards income-elastic services and, relative to agricultural goods, income-elastic manufactures associated with rising per capita incomes. In turn, the conjecture that we should witness a shift in global production and consequently a shift in trade away from primaries towards manufactured goods as the global economy develops is explored. This hypothesized change in the sectoral composition of global trade implies a change in individual country trade patterns. Specifically, the notion that a countrys exports must respond to a changing global market may help to clarify one of the principle causes of the shift towards manufacturing production among most small, trading economies.

This paper tests the relationship between income inequality and trade flows. The model is based upon Helena Bohman and Désirée Nilsson (2007) and Mitra Trindade and Dalgin (2008). This paper will set up gravity model for 50 countries which includes, income distribution, population, average individual income level and GINI variable as distribution of disposable income as an explanatory variables. Results confirm that when income inequality increases in the exporting country, export of necessities increase and export of luxuries decrease. Income distribution also shows expected effect on trade flows in the importing country. When income inequality increases in the importing country, import of necessities decrease and import of luxuries increase.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alexsandra_camara_maciel.pdf: 7431979 bytes, checksum: 0599c4281d6132ee79282b6e5acd0f5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-10-07 / The aim of this research was to analyse the difficulties dealt with by first form students attending the Brazilian high school system, as well as to check to what extent a teaching sequence using the concept of homothetic integrated with Geometric Optics can favour the learning of the concept of similarity. Our preliminary studies lead us to observe that teaching-learning problems of the concept of similarity relate to some aspects linked to configurations, enough necessary conditions and the context. Basing our study on three hypotheses, we have tried to answer the following question: Can a student who has been introduced to the concept of homothetic with Geometric Optics learn significantly the concept of similarity? . To make our hypotheses valid, we have elaborated and applied a teaching sequence, using as a theoretical approach a Teaching Boar of Geometry by Bernard Parsysz and the Register of Representation and Functioning of a figure by Raymond Duval. After the use of the teaching sequence, we have done a post-test and a qualitative and quantitative analysis leading to discussions, aiming at the validity of our hypotheses and the answering of the questions of the research. We have come to the conclusion that our hypotheses seem pertinent: the development of activities based on situations related to the formation of shadows and images in dark chambers linked to the concept of homothetic allowed us to touch on the concept of similarity in a broad way, working with various similarity in a broad way, working with various types of configurations and the sufficient conditions necessary for the existence of similarity between two figures / O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as dificuldades enfrentadas na formação do conceito de semelhança por alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Médio, bem como verificar até que ponto uma seqüência de ensino que utilize o conceito de homotetia, integrado com a Ótica Geométrica, pode favorecer a apreensão do conceito de semelhança. Nossos estudos preliminares nos permitiram verificar que os problemas de ensino-aprendizagem do conceito de semelhança têm relação com aspectos ligados às configurações, às condições necessárias e suficientes e ao contexto. Com base em três hipóteses, procuramos responder à seguinte questão: Uma seqüência de ensino que utilize o conceito de homotetia, integrado com a Ótica Geométrica, proporciona ao aluno uma aprendizagem significativa do conceito de semelhança? . Para validar nossas hipóteses, elaboramos e aplicamos uma seqüência de ensino, empregando como suporte teórico um Quadro de Ensino da Geometria de Bernard Parsysz e o Registro de Representação e Funcionamento de uma Figura de Duval. Após a aplicação da seqüência de ensino, realizamos um pós-teste e uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa levantando algumas discussões com o objetivo de validar nossas hipóteses e responder à questão de pesquisa. Para finalizar, concluímos que as hipóteses parecem pertinentes: o desenvolvimento de atividades baseadas em situações de formação de sombra e de imagem em câmara escura relacionadas ao conceito de homotetia propiciou abordar o conceito de semelhança de forma ampla, trabalhando os tipos variados de configurações e as condições necessárias e suficientes para a existência da semelhança entre duas figuras

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EDM - Silviane Rigolon Luis.pdf: 17965286 bytes, checksum: bdfb61396b23d026c568f6ff49b68f22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-16 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The aim of this research is to investigate how the concept of similar figures can be presented in a significant and motivate way to the students attending the first grade of Brazilian high school system, so that the proof can be an integrant part of this process. We tried to answer the research questions: How is the transition from concrete geometry to space-graphic geometry within the context of similar figures? How does the passing of empirical validations to the deductive occurs in this context? For this, using the Didactic Engineering methodology, we developed a didactic sequence composed by three blocks, in the first and second ones; we worked with empirical validations, using concrete materials in a computerized environment and in the third one with deductive validations using paper and pencil. In our research we used the theoretical presuppositions of Parsysz to the Geometry teaching, where he emphasizes four stages of the development of geometric thought; The Balacheff s ideas about proofs validations processes, are distinguished the pragmatic proofs and the intellectual proof and with the ideas from Freudenthal that proposes for the teaching of the demonstration a local organization. The results of the experimentation aim to evidences of the concrete geometry with the manipulation of many objects stimulated the students in the investigation process and discover regularities that lead them to the idea of similarity concept as well, contributing to the acknowledgement of implicit properties in the figures presented by the dynamism of the Cabri-Géomètre software. Besides, the work done with the empiric validations was important for the students learn the concept of similarity, awakening them to the importance of justify their results and preparing them to the process of deducting validations, given that in this process we can observe an evolution in the structures of the presented proofs / O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar como o conceito de figuras semelhantes pode ser apresentado de maneira significativa e motivadora a alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Médio, de modo que a prova seja parte integrante desse processo. Procuramos responder às questões de pesquisa: Como se dá a transição da geometria concreta para a espaço-gráfica no contexto das figuras semelhantes? Como ocorre a passagem das validações empíricas para as dedutivas nesse contexto? Para isto, por meio da metodologia da Engenharia Didática, desenvolvemos uma seqüência didática formada por três blocos, sendo que no primeiro e segundo trabalhamos com validações empíricas, utilizando materiais concretos e um ambiente informatizado e, no terceiro bloco com validações dedutivas, utilizando o papel e lápis. Empregamos em nossa pesquisa, os pressupostos teóricos de Parsysz para o ensino da Geometria, onde ele destaca quatro etapas do desenvolvimento do pensamento geométrico; as idéias de Balacheff sobre processos de validações de provas, destacando-se as provas pragmáticas e a prova intelectual e com as idéias de Freudenthal que propõe para o ensino da demonstração uma organização local. Os resultados da experimentação apontam indícios que a geometria concreta com a manipulação de vários objetos estimulou os alunos no processo de investigação e a descobrir regularidades que os levassem à idéia do conceito de semelhança, contribuindo assim, no reconhecimento de propriedades implícitas nas figuras dadas pelo dinamismo do software Cabri-Géomètre. Além disso, o trabalho feito com as validações empíricas foi importante para que os alunos se apropriassem do conceito de semelhança, despertando neles a importância de justificar os seus resultados e preparando-os para o processo das validações dedutivas, sendo que neste processo observa-se uma evolução na estrutura das provas apresentadas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexsandra maciel.pdf: 7277601 bytes, checksum: 5ced576fea1dea098f8f54eb81f007dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-10-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this research was to analyse the difficulties dealt with by first form students attending the Brazilian high school system, as well as to check to what extent a teaching sequence using the concept of homothetic integrated with Geometric Optics can favour the learning of the concept of similarity. Our preliminary studies lead us to observe that teaching-learning problems of the concept of similarity relate to some aspects linked to configurations, enough necessary conditions and the context. Basing our study on three hypotheses, we have tried to answer the following question: Can a student who has been introduced to the concept of homothetic with Geometric Optics learn significantly the concept of similarity? . To make our hypotheses valid, we have elaborated and applied a teaching sequence, using as a theoretical approach a Teaching Boar of Geometry by Bernard Parsysz and the Register of Representation and Functioning of a figure by Raymond Duval. After the use of the teaching sequence, we have done a post-test and a qualitative and quantitative analysis leading to discussions, aiming at the validity of our hypotheses and the answering of the questions of the research. We have come to the conclusion that our hypotheses seem pertinent: the development of activities based on situations related to the formation of shadows and images in dark chambers linked to the concept of homothetic allowed us to touch on the concept of similarity in a broad way, working with various similarity in a broad way, working with various types of configurations and the sufficient conditions necessary for the existence of similarity between two figures / O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as dificuldades enfrentadas na formação do conceito de semelhança por alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Médio, bem como verificar até que ponto uma seqüência de ensino que utilize o conceito de homotetia, integrado com a Ótica Geométrica, pode favorecer a apreensão do conceito de semelhança. Nossos estudos preliminares nos permitiram verificar que os problemas de ensinoaprendizagem do conceito de semelhança têm relação com aspectos ligados às configurações, às condições necessárias e suficientes e ao contexto. Com base em três hipóteses, procuramos responder à seguinte questão: Uma seqüência de ensino que utilize o conceito de homotetia, integrado com a Ótica Geométrica, proporciona ao aluno uma aprendizagem significativa do conceito de semelhança? . Para validar nossas hipóteses, elaboramos e aplicamos uma seqüência de ensino, empregando como suporte teórico um Quadro de Ensino da Geometria de Bernard Parsysz e o Registro de Representação e Funcionamento de uma Figura de Duval. Após a aplicação da seqüência de ensino, realizamos um pós-teste e uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa levantando algumas discussões com o objetivo de validar nossas hipóteses e responder à questão de pesquisa. Para finalizar, concluímos que as hipóteses parecem pertinentes: o desenvolvimento de atividades baseadas em situações de formação de sombra e de imagem em câmara escura relacionadas ao conceito de homotetia propiciou abordar o conceito de semelhança de forma ampla, trabalhando os tipos variados de configurações e as condições necessárias e suficientes para a existência da semelhança entre duas figuras

<p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1989</p> / digitalisering@umu

貨幣需求在總體經濟學中一直扮演著重要的角色。同時，貨幣與貨幣性資 產間替代之研究亦是一般貨幣經濟學者關心的課題之一。因為瞭解了這層 關係後，對於如何定義貨幣、貨幣總計數之衡量及貨幣政策的制定等，將 會有所助益。傳統的貨幣需求分析，實質貨幣餘額需求為實質所得( 產 出 )，預期通貨膨脹率與名目利率的函數。但實證結果顯示，使用這些變 數對於貨幣需求的預測或是制定、評估貨幣政策時，並不十分有用。近來 ，許多學者嘗試以符合個體基礎的方式來估計貨幣需求。然而，大部份的 實證結果亦是令人沮喪。本論文將回顧估計貨幣需求的一般化個體─經濟 計量方法，並嘗試使用較新的個體─經濟計量模型─漸近理想化模型( The Asymptotically Id eal Model)來估計台灣地區的貨幣需求。同時也 討論下列問題：ぇ貨幣性資產間的替代性╱互補性。えAIM 與Translog貨 幣需求系統之比較。ぉ效用最大化條件之比較。お一階AIM貨幣需求系統 之動態分析。實證研究的主要結果如下：LTL、HTL貨幣需求系統，不但違 反滿足效用函數彎曲性的必要條件且與需求法則相違背。由一階 AIM貨幣 需求系統估計之彈性值發現，活期儲蓄存款加郵局存簿儲金與活期存款、 郵局劃撥儲金呈現淨互補的關係，印證了交易性存款與儲蓄性存款彼此替 代性不高的現象。就滿足效用最大化條件而言，一階AIM貨幣需求系統滿 足Regular ity條件的情況仍優於LTL、HTL貨幣需求系統。就一階AIM貨幣 性資產成長率之模擬而言，通貨淨額加支票存款之實際與模擬成長率配適 的最佳，其餘次之。

<div>This thesis has three major chapters. Structural estimation of non-homothetic demands is the element that is the most common across the three papers in which structural parameters from the data.<br></div><div><br></div><div><b>First Chapter</b>: Preference structures in applied general equilibrium models are commonly in favor of the family of linear expenditure system (LES) due to the desire for global regularity and applicability, while other emerging preference functions include the constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) forms that are used as sub-utility functions to fulfil regularity conditions with additional flexibilities. Hanoch (1975) introduces indirect, implicit additive relationships—a generalization of the CES—to obtain more flexible demand relationships that are globally regular. These preference relationships unlink substitution effects from income effects in ways that go beyond relaxation of homotheticity, and are more flexible than their direct dual. However, the estimation of these models as demand systems has proven to be challenging, and most published work in this area has focused on estimation approaches that involve approximations or that cannot fully identify parameter values in the preference relationships. Essay one introduces a direct approach which avoids approximations and allows parameters to be identified. We demonstrate the estimation using the readily accessible Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and the confidential World Bank (International Comparison Program) databases, estimating the constant difference of elasticity or CDE directly in a maximum likelihood framework. In doing this, we show that the global regularity conditions stated in Hanoch (1975) can be slightly relaxed, and that the relaxed parametric conditions facilitate estimation. We introduce a normalization scheme that is beneficial for the scaling of the parameter values and which appears to have little impact on the economic performance of the estimated system. We develop a numerical test that justifies the normalization scheme. The series of procedures developed in this paper applied to this empirical example is generalized to solve many other econometric problems of general demand models of the Bergson family and those that are under-identified using reduced-form approaches. </div><div><br></div><div><b>Second Chapter</b>: This paper presents a general equilibrium gravity model of trade based on the constant difference of elasticities of substitution preferences. Hanoch (1975) illustrates these preferences' advantages in terms of parsimony and flexibility. This paper introduces a parsimonious, non-homothetic and globally well-behaved demand model into the gravity model that both separates substitution effects from income effects and has non-constant substitution elasticities. These features of the demand model---together with the structural estimation procedure devised in this paper---allow nesting several prominent theoretical motivations for the gravity model, and exploring the merits of this more general model. They also allow identification of the elasticity of trade costs with respect to distance and asymmetric border coefficients from the elasticity of trade flows with respect to trade costs. Most previous studies cannot separately identify these structural parameters. </div><div><br></div><div><b>Third Chapter</b>: The primary advantage of structural approaches to estimating the gravity model of trade is that they allow a transparent mapping of regression coefficients to structural parameters. Unfortunately, as shown in essay two, existing structural estimation methods are unable to separately identify trade costs and the trade elasticity without incorporating external data. We demonstrate that theoretical structure is alone sufficient for identifying all of the structural parameters of the canonical constant elasticity of substitution (CES) gravity model. We accomplish this by adopting an implicitly indirect representation of utility and estimating structurally using a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints. Our estimate of the elasticity of substitution is much smaller than in much of the rest of the literature, an outcome that we attribute to Pigou's Law, which ties income and substitution elasticities together in demand systems that assume additive preferences. This restriction is undesirable in demand systems, generally, and is a critical weakness for the canonical gravity model, a model that is commonly used to interpret the geographic trade pattern and to infer the welfare gains from trade. We demonstrate a non-homothetic CES model that both achieves identification and relaxes this restriction. Our counterfactual results based on the model suggest that the combination of a lower elasticity and lower trade costs generate a larger welfare change due to border removal compared to the CES model.<br></div>

En la presente investigación, se estudiaron los parámetros representativos que influyen en la resistencia al corte de un suelo granular. El objetivo de este estudio es comprobar que se puede obtener el ángulo de fricción de un suelo granular, a través de una expresión lineal de tres variables, y mediante el uso del método de curvas homotéticas. Son muchas las variables que influyen en la resistencia al corte de un suelo granular. Sin embargo, en esta investigación solo se consideran las variables de dilatancia y el ángulo de fricción, esto debido a la delimitación de variables y parámetros desarrollados en el estudio, lo cual se podría considerar para una futura investigación y para la obtención de una expresión con una mayor cantidad de parámetros de influencia en la resistencia al corte. La resistencia al corte de los suelos granulares depende en gran medida del ángulo de fricción y la dilatancia. De esta manera, se realizó un estudio experimental en muestras de arena con la finalidad de obtener una expresión que permita correlacionar los ángulos de fricción de muestras con granulometría original y muestras elaboradas con el criterio de curvas homotéticas. Luego, se realizaron ensayos de densidad máxima y mínima, y ensayos de corte directo, donde se ensayaron especímenes compactados al 70% de densidad relativa. Finalmente, se obtuvo una expresión basada en el ángulo de fricción y la dilatancia, con un coeficiente de determinación de la ecuación cerca a la unidad, lo cual evidencia un claro ajuste de la expresión. / In the present investigation, representative parameters that influence the shear strength of a granular soil were studied. The objective of this study is to verify that the friction angle of a granular soil can be obtained through a linear expression of three variables, and by using the homothetic curve method. There are many variables that influence the shear strength of a granular soil. However, in this investigation only the variables of dilatancy and the friction angle are considered, this due to the delimitation of variables and parameters developed in the study, which could be considered for future investigation and to obtain an expression with a greater number of parameters of influence in the shear strength. The shear strength of granular soils depends to a great extent on the friction angle and the dilatancy. In this way, an experimental study was realized in sand samples in order to obtain an expression that allows correlating the friction angles of samples with original granulometry and samples made with homothetic curves criterion. Then, maximum and minimum density tests and direct shear tests were realized, where specimens compacted at 70% relative density were tested. Finally, an expression based on the angle of friction and the dilatancy was obtained, with a coefficient of determination of the equation close to unity, which shows a clear fit of the expression. / Tesis