Poor diet quality is a source of morbidity and mortality within the United States. Previous researchers have examined psychosocial influences on diet; however, the relationship between life chaos, a psychosocial measure, and diet quality was not known. The purpose of this cross-sectional survey study was to use the Life Chaos Scale and the Healthy Eating Index-2010 to collect data on life chaos and diet quality, consistent with the biopsychosocial model of health, from a sample of 103 U.S. adults. Regression analysis was used to construct a predictive model. According to the study results, life chaos was not a significant predictor of diet quality (p = .699), although household income, when added to the model, was a predictor of diet quality (p = .011). Although there was no relationship between life chaos and diet quality, life chaos could be found universally throughout household income levels. Additionally, diet quality had a negative correlation with household income. Life chaos was not a significant predictor of diet quality, while confirming the role of income in diet quality. As inequalities of health and nutrition continue to be better understood through studies such as this, social change efforts can be targeted in an evidence-based way to bring the health benefits of a high quality diet to more Americans starting with greater outreach to low-income individuals.

Magistro darbe nagrinėjamos namų ūkio pajamų pasiskirstymo ir jų nelygybės problemos Lietuvoje. Šį darbą sudaro teorinė ir tiriamoji dalis. Teorinėje darbo dalyje apžvelgiama mokslinė literatūra, leidžianti apibūdinti namų ūkio pajamų pasiskirstymą, pateikiami naudoti statistiniai duomenys ir internetiniai šaltiniai. Darbe išanalizuoti namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymą ir jų nelygybę sąlygojantys veiksniai, išskirtos namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymą ir jų nelygybę sąlygojančios priežastys bei pateiktos namų ūkių pajamų nelygybės problemos. Tiriamojoje darbo dalyje buvo palygintos namų ūkių disponuojamosios pajamos 2004-2008 m., siekiant nustatyti veiksnius, lemiančius didelį pajamų pasiskirstymą bei jų nelygybę. Įvertinus šalies pajamų pasiskirstymą ir jų nelygybę, buvo ieškoma veiksnių, dariusių įtaką namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymo ir jų nelygybės dinamikos skirtumams. Buvo tiriamas namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymas ir jų nelygybė apskrityse, priklausomybė nuo bendros ekonominės situacijos pokyčių. Patvirtintos darbo autorės suformuluotos mokslinio tyrimo hipotezės: 1. Namų ūkių disponuojamųjų pajamų struktūra ir dinamika, lyginant atskiras grupes pagal namų ūkio galvos socialinę-ekonominę grupę, namų ūkio tipą, namų ūkio dydį, namų ūkio galvos amžių ir išsilavinimą, gyvenamą vietą, pasižymi dideliais skirtumais. 2. Ekonomikos augimas yra susijęs su namų ūkių pajamų nelygybe. Pateiktos namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymo ir jų nelygybės mažinimo priemonės, kurios gali padėti išspręsti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master's thesis deals with the household income distribution and inequality issues in Lithuania. This work consists of theoretical and research part. The theoretical part gives an overview of the scientific literature, allowing to describe the distribution of household income, the use of statistical data and online sources. The paper analyzed the distribution of household income inequality and the factors that underlie the isolated household income distribution and inequality and to give reasons for the household income inequalities. The exploratory part of this work has been compared to household disposable income in the period 2004-2008, in order to identify the factors that determine the high and the income distribution inequality. The assessment of the country's income distribution and inequality, and they were looking for factors that did impact on household income inequality in the distribution and dynamics of their differences. It has been studied in household income distribution and inequality in districts dependence on general economic situation changes. Approved by author of the research hypotheses were formulated: 1st Household disposable income structure and dynamics as compared separate groups according to head of household socio-economic group, household type, household size, household head age and education, residence, resulted in significant differences. 2nd Economic growth is linked to household income inequality. Given household income distribution and... [to full text]

Com o aumento no número de pessoas idosas devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida e diminuição das taxas de natalidade, esse trabalho partiu da hipótese de que o idoso, além de apresentar uma forte demanda por cuidados médicos, também têm uma demanda crescente por outros tipos de bens e serviços, como, por exemplo, cosméticos e viagens. Ademais, a importância desse grupo, com sua renda mais estável oriunda dos benefícios da seguridade social e uso de ativos ou bens acumulados, altera de forma significativa a estrutura de consumo da família na qual pertence, criando uma forte relação de interdependência com os filhos e netos. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi analisar, através de alguns determinantes sócio-econômicos, o comportamento de consumo das famílias com idosos chefes e famílias que não apresentavam nenhum indivíduo com mais de 60 anos, nas principais áreas metropolitanas brasileiras, Distrito Federal e Goiânia. A base de dados utilizada corresponde a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 1995/96 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Inicialmente, na revisão de literatura, foram mencionados os principais aspectos demográficos que estão causando o envelhecimento populacional, assim como a importância do idoso na família e algumas considerações sobre as políticas previdenciárias que melhoram a vida dessas pessoas e de seus dependentes. Através da análise de estatística descritiva dos dados, observou-se que a aposentadoria representa a maior parte dos rendimentos dos idosos. No entanto, também existem parcelas significativas da renda que são provenientes do trabalho na condição de empregado e de conta-própria. Constatou-se que os dispêndios com medicamentos, serviços de saúde, despesas pessoais, roupas, alimentação fora de casa, comunicação e transporte, ocupam parcelas substanciais no consumo individual dos idosos e de suas famílias. Observou-se também que a renda mensal per capita de famílias que possuem idosos chefe é de aproximadamente 200 reais a mais do que de famílias que não possuem idoso. Posteriormente, utilizando o modelo lógite, foi possível mostrar que as variáveis: renda per capita familiar, idade, chefe que trabalha, escolaridade do chefe e localização geográfica da família, explicaram satisfatoriamente a probabilidade de consumir das famílias com idosos e famílias sem idosos, para os seguintes agregados de consumo: produtos farmacêuticos, serviços de assistência à saúde, despesas pessoais, fumo e seus derivados, roupas, viagens, lazer, comunicação e transporte. Entre os resultados mais importantes pode-se constatar que: a medida que os indivíduos envelhecem aumenta a demanda por com cuidados médicos; não existem diferenças significativas de consumo entre os chefes idosos e não-idosos que trabalham; quanto maior a escolaridade dos chefes idosos e não-idosos maior é a probabi lidade de consumo da maioria dos bens e serviços analisados; as famílias idosas e não-idosas residentes na área metropolitana de São Paulo apresentam menor probabilidade de dispender com bens e serviços de saúde e maior probabilidade de dispender com comunicação e transporte, com relação as outras áreas de pesquisa da POF. / As the number of elderly people increase, mainly due to life expectancy increases and birthrate decreases, this study supports the hypothesis that the elderly, besides showing a high demand for medical care, also presents an increasing demand for other types of goods and services, such as, cosmetics and travel. Besides, the importance of this group, with a more stable income deriving from pensions of social security and the use of assets or accumulated goods, alters significantly the family consumption structure to which they belong, generating a strong relation of interdependence with their sons and grandchildren. The main goal of this study was to analyze, through some social-economic determinants, the family consumption behavior of families having elderly as the head of the family and families which showed no individual over 60 years old, in the most important metropolitan Brazilian cities, Federal District and Goiânia. The used database corresponds to the Household Budget Survey 1995/96 from IBGE (The Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute). Initially, in the literature review, it was mentioned the main demographic aspects which are causing the population to age, as well as the importance of the elderly in the family and some considerations about the social security policies which have improved the life conditions of these people and their dependents. Through the analysis of descriptive statistics, it was observed that retirement represents a major part of income for the elderly. However, there are also significant income parts coming from formal jobs and self-employment. It was noticed that the expenses on medicines, health assistance, personal expenses, clothing, eating out, communication and transportation, take up important parts of the consumption of the elderly and their families. It was noticed that monthly income per capita from families whose head is the elderly is approximately R$200,00 more than those which do not have an elderly. Later, using the Logit model, it was possible to show the variables: family per capita income, age, head working out of his house, school background of the head of the family, and geographical location of the family, explained satisfactorily the consumption probability of families having elderly and not having elderly, for the following consumption aggregates: pharmaceutical products, health service assistance, personal expenses, cigarette smoking and its derivatives, clothing, traveling, leisure, communication and transportation. Among the most important results it is possible to conclude that: the demand for medical assistance increases, not having significant differences in consumption between elderly heads of families and non-elderly heads of family which work outside of the house, more years in school increases consumption probability for most of the goods and services analyzed. The elderly families and non-elderly residing in the metropolitan area of São Paulo showed smaller probability of spending on goods and health services, higher probability of spending on communication and transportation, compared to the other areas of study of household budget survey 1995/96.

The task of my diploma thesis which I wrote on the topic: The risk of poverty in Czech Republic, is to search for typical factors that can be considered as "risky" due to their impact to households income. The work is mainly focused on analysis of the situation in the Czech republic, compared to other member countries of the European Union. I focused in bigger detail for selected factors, such as the progress of the gross domestic product, inflation, unemployment, health status of population, education, risk of households from the view of the monetar poverty, material deprivation or social exclusion

Social capital is an important predictor of socioeconomic attainment, defined here as household income, but it is less clear how this relationship may vary by socioeconomic status (SES). Coleman's (1988) theory of social capital suggests that context is likely to influence exchanges of capital. Indeed, theory and research suggest that SES may either intensify or compensate for social capital in its relation to socioeconomic attainment. I seek to identify and understand these potential interactions using data from 101,163 participants of the European Social Survey (ESS). Results indicate that while social trust and both absolute and relative social involvement--two common measurements of social capital--predict socioeconomic attainment, the link with relative social involvement was stronger for individuals with lower SES, suggesting a compensation effect. Meanwhile, the link between absolute social involvement and socioeconomic attainment was stronger for those with higher SES, suggesting an intensification effect and highlighting that effects may vary across different measures of social capital. More generally, however, it is clear that SES is a meaningful factor in the value or use of at least some features of social capital.

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate some socio-demographic aspects and implications of youth unemployment in Galeshewe Township. The study makes use of descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret data collected from a random survey of 947 young persons aged between 18 and 35 years old. An individual questionnaire was administered during the interviews. The results indicate that most unemployed youths are between the ages of twenty-five and twenty-nine years and the majority of them are females. About 58.5% of the unemployed youths have completed secondary education, with 8.9% of them having obtained a tertiary diploma or degree. The majority of the youth do not have previous work experience and this handicaps their ability to secure employment. Most of these young people originate from areas outside Galeshewe. The views collected from the unemployed youth point to the need for government to ensure that tertiary education is accessible in the city in order to improve the level of education of the youth. The government also needs to provide more targeted job creation schemes, especially to those who did well at matriculation level, and to also empower the youth through other skills acquisitions as well as training and programmes that are available.</p>

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate some socio-demographic aspects and implications of youth unemployment in Galeshewe Township. The study makes use of descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret data collected from a random survey of 947 young persons aged between 18 and 35 years old. An individual questionnaire was administered during the interviews. The results indicate that most unemployed youths are between the ages of twenty-five and twenty-nine years and the majority of them are females. About 58.5% of the unemployed youths have completed secondary education, with 8.9% of them having obtained a tertiary diploma or degree. The majority of the youth do not have previous work experience and this handicaps their ability to secure employment. Most of these young people originate from areas outside Galeshewe. The views collected from the unemployed youth point to the need for government to ensure that tertiary education is accessible in the city in order to improve the level of education of the youth. The government also needs to provide more targeted job creation schemes, especially to those who did well at matriculation level, and to also empower the youth through other skills acquisitions as well as training and programmes that are available.</p>

Food waste has been proclaimed to be the key issue of concern that has drawn the attention of national and international scientific communities. This is due to changes in food systems and global situations. The issue of food waste is important because a large amount of food is being wasted during the production and distribution of food. One-third of food produced globally is wasted or lost from farm to fork. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the factors that contribute to generation of household food waste. The evaluation was done using face-to-face interviews based on a structured questionnaire and the actual weighing of households’ food wasted was quantified using a weighing kitchen scale. A total of 210 participants were interviewed. Food waste samples were collected from five selected study areas of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM): Atteridgeville Ext 6, 16 and 17, Lyttelton, Montana Park, Olievenhoutbosch Ext 36 and Silver Lakes Golf Estate, in Gauteng province, South Africa. The acquired data was captured into Microsoft Excel, and analysed. The chi-square statistical test was done using SAS statistical software. Out of 210 interviewed participants, 55% of the households had a monthly income of R10 000+ and 45% had a monthly income of less than R10 000. A total of 59% of respondents agreed that they wasted food, while 41% thought they did not waste food at all. The results also show that 35% of households included in the survey in selected areas of the CTMM threw away pap (referred as maize porridge), 26% wasted rice, 25% bread and 14% fruit and vegetables. Households wasted an average total of 6 kg per week per household. This was attributed to over preparation of porridge and rice; buying too much food; falling for special offers; poor storage; food residue, and fruit and vegetables going off. Households with a monthly income of R500 - R5 000 wasted more food than households with an income of more than R5 000. As such, it can be concluded that income has an impact on the amount of food wasted within the selected areas of CTMM. Moreover, analysis of the data confirmed that there is a statistically significant relationship between income level and food waste. The statistical chi-square test was applied and a probability value (p-value) of < 0.0001 was obtained, indicating that the difference between income categories was more than just a random pattern. (Note that any p-value of < 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant, i.e. an indication of an underlying consistent, non-random pattern.) / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Manoel Losada Moreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2015. / O consumo residencial de energia elétrica no Brasil aumentou 64% nos últimos dez anos enquanto o consumo total de energia elétrica no País aumentou 51%. A intensidade elétrica dos domicílios definida, como a razão entre consumo de eletricidade domiciliar e o consumo efetivo das famílias, diminuiu 12% no período estudado, como também diminuiu a tarifa de eletricidade num 18%. Neste trabalho estuda-se o comportamento do consumo de eletricidade residencial em função dos fatores consumo efetivo das famílias, número de domicílios e tarifa de eletricidade. Duas técnicas foram utilizadas para a analise do consumo de eletricidade: a) análise de séries temporais para obter regressões do consumo de eletricidade em função de variáveis explicativas. A validade da regressão foi verificada por meio de testes de raiz unitária e de cointegração; b) técnica de decomposição LMDI ("logarithmic mean weight divisia method"). Os resultados da regressão linear forneceram elasticidades que permitiram avaliar e projetar no longo prazo o consumo de eletricidade. Os valores obtidos para as elasticidades para o período 1985-2013 foram 0,97 para o número de domicílios, 0,35 para consumo efetivo das famílias e - 0,32 para a tarifa. Os resultados mostram que o consumo de eletricidade apresenta mais sensibilidade às variações na variável numero de domicílios, isto é, o crescente aumento do número de residências no país é o responsável principal pelo aumento do consumo de eletricidade residencial. As variáveis explicativas consumo efetivo das famílias e tarifa de eletricidade variaram mais no período analisado que o número de domicílios, que apresenta um crescimento mais uniforme. Confirmou-se que a tarifa é uma possível variável controladora do consumo de eletricidade residencial por afetar indiretamente as preferências e hábitos das famílias. Para ser efetiva na redução de consumo de energia residencial ela deve ter uma taxa de variação maior que a taxa de variação do consumo efetivo das famílias, pois suas elasticidades são muito próximas, mas de sinais contrários. A partir da decomposição pela técnica LMDI, obteve-se a contribuição de cada variável explicativa no consumo de eletricidade, confirmando que a técnica é útil para conhecer e analisar os fatores em que a eletricidade decompõe-se, e não como uma técnica de projeção do consumo de eletricidade. / The residential electricity consumption in Brazil increased 64 % between 2003 and 2013 while the total electricity consumption in the country increased 51 %. The electric intensity of households, defined as the ratio of household consumption of electricity and the final consumption of households fell 12% during the study period, and the electricity tariff fell 18 %. In this work we study the residential electricity consumption behavior in terms of actual final consumption of household, number of households and electricity tariff. Two techniques were used for the analysis of electricity consumption: a) time-series analysis for regressions of electricity consumption in terms of explanatory variables. The validity of the regression was verified by unit root test and cointegration test; b) LMDI decomposition technique ("logarithmic mean weight dividing method"). The results of linear regression provided elasticities that allow us to evaluate and manage the long-term consumption of electricity. The values obtained for the elasticities for the period 1985-2013 were 0.97 for the number of households, 0.35 to actual final consumption of household and -0.32 for the electricity tariff. The results show that electricity consumption has more sensitivity to changes in the variable number of households, that is, the increasing number of households in the country is primarily responsible for the increase in residential electricity consumption. The explanatory variables consumption of household and electricity tariff varied over the analyzed period while the number of households presented a uniform growth. The electricity tariff may be used to manage the residential electricity demand. For reducing residential electricity consumption, its growth rate should be higher than that of the consumer spending because their elasticity¿s are very close, but of opposite signs. From the decomposition by LMDI technique, it obtained the contribution of each explanatory variable in electricity consumption, confirming this technique useful to know and analyze the factors on which electricity decomposes, and not as projection technique electricity consumption.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The objective of this study was to investigate some socio-demographic aspects and implications of youth unemployment in Galeshewe Township. The study makes use of descriptive statistics to analyze and interpret data collected from a random survey of 947 young persons aged between 18 and 35 years old. An individual questionnaire was administered during the interviews. The results indicate that most unemployed youths are between the ages of twenty-five and twenty-nine years and the majority of them are females. About 58.5% of the unemployed youths have completed secondary education, with 8.9% of them having obtained a tertiary diploma or degree. The majority of the youth do not have previous work experience and this handicaps their ability to secure employment. Most of these young people originate from areas outside Galeshewe. The views collected from the unemployed youth point to the need for government to ensure that tertiary education is accessible in the city in order to improve the level of education of the youth. The government also needs to provide more targeted job creation schemes, especially to those who did well at matriculation level, and to also empower the youth through other skills acquisitions as well as training and programmes that are available. / South Africa