Submitted by Marcel Augusto Caparoz (marcel.caparoz@gmail.com) on 2015-09-22T14:39:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel Caparoz - EVOLUÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE RENDA NO BRASIL ENTRE 1977 E 2013.pdf: 2708478 bytes, checksum: d8aba42f57adb15eb1c8f39149d899a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T14:41:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel Caparoz - EVOLUÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE RENDA NO BRASIL ENTRE 1977 E 2013.pdf: 2708478 bytes, checksum: d8aba42f57adb15eb1c8f39149d899a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-22T14:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel Caparoz - EVOLUÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE RENDA NO BRASIL ENTRE 1977 E 2013.pdf: 2708478 bytes, checksum: d8aba42f57adb15eb1c8f39149d899a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / Este trabalho procura analisar a evolução da concentração de renda familiar para o Brasil e seus vinte e sete estados entre os anos de 1977 e 2013 através das informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domicílios (PNAD) do IBGE. Foram consideradas quatro faixas distintas de renda: 1% mais ricos, 10% mais ricos, 10% mais pobres e 50% mais pobres. O resultado do estudo se fundamentou na análise descritiva dos dados, assim como nas informações disponibilizadas pelos testes de componentes não observados e do modelo de mudança de regime de Markov-switching. Em relação às famílias mais ricas do país, foi constatado um movimento divergente entre as duas faixas consideradas neste estudo, sendo registrada uma redução do nível de concentração de renda nas famílias 10% mais ricas, enquanto que as famílias da faixa 1% mais ricas não apresentaram o mesmo movimento, permanecendo praticamente no mesmo patamar ao longo de todo o período analisado. Quando consideradas as famílias mais pobres do país, confirma-se a elevação do nível de apropriação da renda ao longo dos últimos 37 anos de história, embora com grandes indícios que esta trajetória já tenha chegado ao fim. É possível observar, entretanto, que a distribuição dos ganhos recentes não foi uniforme entre as diversas regiões brasileiras, com destaque para o Nordeste, que não registrou elevação consistente da apropriação de renda pelas famílias 10% mais pobres, indicando que os mais pobres da região permanecem em situação vulnerável. / This paper analyses the evolution of household income concentration in Brazil and in its twenty seven states between 1977 and 2013 through the statistics of National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) from IBGE. Three different income brackets were considered: top 1%, top 10%, bottom 10% and bottom 50%. The results of the study were based on descriptive analyses of the data, as well as on information provided by unobservable component tests and Markov-switching regime change model. The analyses of the top 10% household income share revealed a consistent process of decline in the level of concentration in Brazil and its regions; 25 out of 27 Brazilian states were in a low concentration regime in 2013. On the contrary, the top 1% did not show the same results, considering the level of income concentration remained practically the same. The bottom 10% household income analysis reveals an increase in the share of total income in the last 27 years, although there is great evidence that this process has already come to an end. However it is possible to observe that the recent income gains in inequality reduction were uneven in different Brazilian regions, with emphasis being placed in Northeast, where the appropriation of the income by the bottom 50% was not consistent, suggesting that the poorest of the region remain in a vulnerable situation.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-10T00:00:00Z / Esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo examinar a relação entre Consumo de Energia Elétrica e Renda Familiar nos domicílios do município de São Paulo. Investigou-se a utilidade do consumo de energia elétrica como base para um indicador que possibilite a extensão e o refinamento do Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil para estimar o poder de compra da população em geral. A pesquisa dividiu-se em dois níveis de investigação. O primeiro, domiciliar, para o qual foram utilizados três conjuntos de dados oriundos de pesquisas domiciliares (Pesquisa ABRADEE, Pesquisa de Posses e Hábitos do PROCEL, e Pesquisa de Microcrédito da Baixa Renda da FGV-EAESP). O segundo nível, territorial, investigou indicadores de renda, consumo de energia elétrica e classe econômica agregados por áreas de ponderação (conjunto de setores censitários), e utilizou microdados do Censo Demográfico 2000 do município de São Paulo em conjunto com a base de domicílios da AES Eletropaulo. A investigação domiciliar mostrou que não há vantagens na substituição plena da aplicação do Critério Brasil pela coleta de indicadores de consumo de energia elétrica em levantamentos domiciliares. No entanto, o uso combinado do Critério Brasil, do valor da conta de luz e do número de pessoas (ou número de dormitórios) no domicílio apresenta benefícios na classificação da renda (os gráficos de ganhos das árvores de classificação combinadas aproximam-se mais da distribuição real da renda, apesar de o coeficiente de explicação da renda aumentar apenas de 0,577 para 0,582). Além disso, ao contrário do que se especulava, para a baixa renda a associação entre renda e consumo de energia elétrica mostrou-se fraca, apesar de o coeficiente de explicação da renda aumentar de 0,222 para 0,300 quando incorporamos o consumo de energia elétrica e o número de pessoas ao modelo de regressão da renda pelo Critério Brasil. Em nível territorial, as relações entre Renda, Consumo de Energia Elétrica e Classificação Econômica do Critério Brasil mostraram-se muito fortes (os coeficientes de explicação da renda atingiram valores de 0,912 a 0,960), permitindo que medidas de consumo médio de energia elétrica agregadas em áreas de ponderação sejam ótimos indicadores regionais de concentração de renda e classificação econômica dos domicílios para o município de São Paulo. Por serem atuais, disponíveis e de atualização mensal, os indicadores de consumo de energia elétrica, quando disponibilizados pelas empresas de distribuição de energia, podem ser de grande utilidade para empresas de mercado, como subsídio a estratégias que necessitem de informações de classificação, concentração e previsão da renda domiciliar. / The main research objective was to analyze the relationship between household Electricity Consumption and Family Income in the city of São Paulo in order to evaluate the potential benefits of adding electricity consumption to the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria, an index frequently used to estimate a family’s purchasing power. To achieve these goals, statistical models were developed at two different levels of aggregation. The first and most disaggregated level was the household, for which data from three different research studies were combined (ABRADEE Research, PROCEL Possessions and Habits Research, and Microcredit for Low Income Families Research by FGV-EAESP). The second level (the territorial one), with household aggregated at the level of weighted areas (set of census tracts), used income indicators, electric energy consumption and economic classification data from the Demographic Census 2000 of the city of São Paulo and the AES Eletropaulo household databases. The results in household investigation show that energy consumption alone cannot substitute for Brazilian Criteria. However, the combined use of the Brazilian Criteria, the household electricity monthly bill and the number of residents (or number of bedrooms) in the household significantly improves household income estimates, as shown by the results of classification tress model, in which the resulting predicted distribution curve better approximates the real distribution, although coefficient of determination R-squared grows from only 0,577 to 0,582. However, contrary to a priori expectation, among low income household, the level of association between income and electricity consumption was very weak. Nevertheless, household income forecast can be enhanced, with an improvement of the model’s R-squared from 0,222 to 0,300 when the electricity bill and the number of resident are included in a regression model of household income against the Brazilian Criteria. At the weighted area level, the relationship between Income, Electricity Consumption and Brazilian Criteria’s Economic Classification are very strong, with coefficients of determination R-squared ranging from 0,912 to 0,960. This results supports the use of the mean household electricity consumption, at a territorial aggregated level, as an excellent regional indicator of income concentration in the city of São Paulo. As it is an easily available and monthly update information, the electric energy consumption indicators, if made available by energy distribution companies, will be useful for strategy formulation and decision making for which household income classification data are critical.

Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar e testar se os preços das moradias nas cidades de Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo podem ser explicados por um conjunto de indicadores econômicos selecionados, que inclui variáveis sociais e de custos de construção. Modelos de previsão de preços das residências foram construídos por meio da aplicação de análise fatorial seguida de regressão linear por mínimos quadrados ordinários. Estes modelos não cumpriram com todos os pressupostos estatísticos necessários. Alternativamente, para cada uma das cidades, foi obtido um modelo ajustado a partir da regressão das séries em estado estacionário, seguida da aplicação da técnica de omissão de variáveis a partir do modelo completo. Finalmente, por meio da cointegração de Johansen, foi elaborado um modelo que evidencia o comportamento de longo prazo dos índices de preços. Este modelo foi utilizado para analisar o risco de existência de bolhas imobiliárias nas cidades estudadas, que se mostrou menor em São Paulo que no Rio de Janeiro onde, no entanto, pode-se observar um movimento de convergência dos preços reais para a curva de preços de longo prazo, indicando redução gradual no sobrepreço dos imóveis, se mantida a tendência. / This study aimed at exploring and testing whether house prices in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo could be explained by a set of selected economic indexes, which includes social variables and construction costs. Some prediction models were constructed by applying a factor analysis followed by an ordinary least-squares linear regression. However, these models have failed to comply with all the necessary statistical assumptions. Alternatively, for each of the cities, an accurate model was obtained by applying a stepwise regression technique to a set of steady state variables (first, second and third difference). Finally, it was used the Johansen cointegration to develop a model for the long-term behavior of house prices. The model was used to analyze the risk of real estate bubbles in the studied cities, which was shown to be lower in Sao Paulo than in Rio de Janeiro. However, Rio exhibits a convergence trend in real prices to the long-term price curve, indicating gradual reduction in overpricing, if the trend continues.

No description available.

Madagascar est un pays riche en ressources naturelles mais sa population reste pauvre et vit dans un écart de revenus important. Cette étude aborde le thème des "Inégalités de revenus des ménages en milieu rural malgache" afin de pouvoir apporter des éclaircissements à ce phénomène qui, d’une part, ruine la population rurale et, d’autre part, fragilise la stabilité et la performance économique du pays. Focalisée sur une période quinquennale d’observations répétées, la thèse porte sur les données de panel issues de 667 ménages. La thèse retrace le processus de calculs des revenus des paysans et du "seuil d’inégalité". Adoptant les modèles linéaire et non-linéaire, il s’attache aux spécifications et aux estimations des déterminants qui creusent ou réduisent les écarts de revenus des ménages intra-observatoires et entre observatoires de la côte Centre-Est. Les inégalités de revenus des ménages ruraux existent dans la société rurale Betsimisaraka. Elles sont multiformes. Plus de huit ménages sur dix vivent dans la "zone des pauvres inégalitaires". Les paysans de Mahanoro sont les plus pauvres et subissent aussi plus d’inégalités que ceux de Fénérive-Est. En revanche, à l’intérieur de l’observatoire, la situation a légèrement tendance à décroître au fil du temps. Pour une population assez homogène vivant dans une pauvreté alarmante, les inégalités entre ménages pauvres ne sont pas trop élevées. Les résultats des modèles économétriques soutiennent que la bonne production annuelle de riz réduit les écarts de revenus tandis que le sexe féminin et le niveau d’éducation du chef de ménage, la faible superficie rizicole ainsi que l’investissement, le dépôt financier, la thésaurisation, le sans épargne, l’emprunt, les revenus secondaires, le PIB et la crise politique accentuent les inégalités de revenus / Madagascar is a country rich in natural resources, but its population is poor and lives in a significant income gap. This thesis deals with the issue of "household income inequalities in rural areas in Madagascar", in order to clarify this phenomenon which, on the one hand, ruin the rural population and on the other hand, weakens the country's stability and the economic performance. Covering a five-year period of repeated observations, this thesis focuses on data from 667 households, from a balanced panel. The thesis traces the calculation process of farmers’ income and “inequality threshold”. Adopting linear and non-linear models, it endeavors to specify and estimate determinants that increase or reduce the wealth gap within and between observatories of the Central East Coast of Madagascar. Income inequalities of rural households are found in Betsimisaraka rural society. They are multifaceted. More than eight out of ten households live in the “area of unequal poors”. The farmers in Mahanoro are poorer and suffer more inequalities than in Fenerive Est. However, inside the observatory, the situation slightly tends to increase over time. For a rather homogeneous population living in alarming poverty, the inequalities between poor households are not too high. The results of econometric models argue that the good annual production of rice reduces income disparities, whereas the feminine gender and the education level of the household head, the small size of rice area along with the investment, the financial deposit, the hoarding, the "No savings", the debt, the secondary income, the GDP and the political crisis contribute to greater income inequalities.

Malgré de nombreuses études qui soutiennent l'idée que les enfants ayant vécu la rupture de leurs parents rencontrent un plus haut niveau de difficultés affectives et comportementales que les enfants de familles intactes, certaines questions restent à éclaircir. Notamment, les données empiriques existantes ne conduisent pas à des conclusions précises quant au moment exact de l’apparition de ces difficultés. De plus, ce n'est pas clair si ces difficultés sont associées à la séparation en soi, ou à bien d'autres facteurs liés à la séparation. Cette thèse est constituée de deux articles empiriques. Le premier examine l’adaptation de l’enfant avant et après la séparation en fonction du sexe et de l'âge au moment de la séparation. Le second article présente une étude qui a pour objectif de départager l’importance des facteurs parentaux et contextuels et celle de la séparation parentale pour expliquer l’adaptation de l’enfant. Les participants proviennent de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ, 1998-2006). À chaque enquête de l'ÉLDEQ, une entrevue structurée réalisée auprès de la mère a permis d'évaluer les niveaux d’hyperactivité/impulsivité, d’anxiété et d’agressivité physique de l’enfant. Pendant cette entrevue, les mères ont également répondu à des questions sur la qualité de leurs pratiques parentales et sur le revenu du ménage. Finalement, un questionnaire auto-administré à la mère a permis d'évaluer ses propres symptômes de dépression et d'anxiété. La première étude inclus 143 enfants de familles séparées et 1705 enfants de familles intactes. Deux sous-groupes ont été créés selon que l’enfant ait vécu la séparation entre 2 et 4 ans, ou entre 4 et 6 ans. L’adaptation de l'enfant a été évaluée à un temps de mesure avant la séparation et à deux temps de mesure après la séparation. Les résultats de cette première étude démontrent qu’avant la séparation, les enfants de familles intactes et séparées ne se distinguent pas significativement quant à leurs niveaux d’hyperactivité/impulsivité et d’anxiété. Par contre, ces difficultés deviennent significativement plus élevées chez les enfants de familles séparées après la rupture des parents. D’autres parts, le niveau d’agressivité physique est plus élevé chez les enfants de la séparation indépendamment du temps de mesure. Finalement, les différences entre les deux groupes d’enfants ne dépendent pas du sexe ou de l’âge au moment de la séparation. La deuxième étude inclus 358 enfants de 8 ans qui ont vécu la séparation de leurs parents, et 1065 enfants du même âge provenant de familles intactes. Après avoir contrôlé pour le sexe de l’enfant, les résultats ont démontré que lorsqu’on tient compte de la contribution des symptômes maternels de dépression et d'anxiété, de la qualité des pratiques parentales et du revenu du ménage dans l’adaptation de l’enfant, la séparation parentale ne demeurent plus liée aux niveaux d’anxiété et d'agressivité physique de l’enfant. Par contre, la relation entre la séparation parentale et l’hyperactivité/impulsivité de l’enfant demeure significative. Les résultats présentés dans les articles sont discutés ainsi que leurs implications. / Despite the large body of research supporting the idea that children who experience their parents’ separation encounter more emotional and behavioral difficulties than children who grow up in continuously intact homes, several questions remained to be investigated. Specifically, empirical evidence does not lead to clear conclusions regarding the time of onset of the adjustment difficulties experienced by children whose parents separate. Furthermore, it is not clear whether it is the separation per se that leads to these difficulties, or whether other factors can explain this association. The present thesis is made up of two empirical articles. The first examines the role of gender and age at the time of separation in children’s pre- and post-separation adjustment. The second article aims to disentangle the role of parental and contextual factors, and that of parental separation, in predicting child adjustment. Participants were from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD, 1998-2006). At every wave of the QLSCD, a structured interview with the mother allowed to assess children’s levels of hyperactivity/ impulsivity, anxiety, and physical aggression. During this interview, mothers also answered questions regarding the quality of their parenting and their household income. Finally, a self-report questionnaire was administered to mothers in order to assess their own symptoms of depression and anxiety. The first study included 143 children from separated families and 1705 children from intact families. Two categories of children were created according to whether separation occurred between ages 2 and 4, or between ages 4 and 6. Child adjustment variables were assessed at one time point prior to parental separation and at two time points following separation. The results of this first paper demonstrated that prior to separation, children of intact and separated families did not differ significantly with regards to their levels of hyperactivity/impulsivity and anxiety. However, children whose parents separated had significantly higher hyperactivity/impulsivity and anxiety levels after the occurrence of separation. Physical aggression was not further increased following parental separation, but was higher in children who experienced separation, irrespective of time. No gender or age differences were found in children’s pre- and post- separation adjustment. The second study included 358, 8 year-old children who had previously experienced parental separation, and 1065 children of the same age who lived in consistently intact homes since birth. After controlling for child gender, results demonstrated that once the contribution of maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety, parenting quality and household income was accounted for, parental separation was no longer associated with child anxiety and physical aggression. However, the relationship between separation and hyperactivity/impulsivity remained significant over and beyond what was contributed by the other variables. The results presented in the articles are discussed, and their implications are highlighted.

All over the world, the level of poverty is increasing. In South Africa it is mainly concentrated in rural areas and differs significantly from whether considering race, sex, provinces or community areas. This dissertation studies the relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville by determining the impact of rising prices on the poor households in Sharpeville. The study focuses on three areas, namely the theoretical background of poverty and inflation, the impact of rising prices in expenditure patterns and the relationship to poverty. There are different approaches in defining poverty. Poverty can either be absolute or relative. For the purpose of this study, poverty is defined as absolute. Thus the study defines individuals as poor due to their inability to attain a minimum material standard of living. This minimal standard of living is normally referred to as the poverty line. Inflation may be defined in different ways. For the purpose of this dissertation, inflation is defined as the rise in the general price levels over a specific period of time. Changes in expenditure patterns are caused by an increase in inflation. This study uses the regression model to determine the impact of inflation on poverty in Sharpeville. According to the macroeconomic theory’s implication, the same level of inflation on the same basket of commodities has a different level of effect on each household. Accordingly, in this study, all households are assumed to be faced with the same inflation rate. Household size is positively related to poverty gap squared. This means that the more members there were in a household in Sharpeville the poorer they were. Households with the highest number of members were poorer than those with few members. Statistically, the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between household size and poverty gap is rejected, even at the 1% level of significance. EXPINFL is negatively related to poverty gap. The correlation matrix confirms the results in the regression analysis. The correlation coefficient between The relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville Page EXPINFL and PGAP is -0.34467. Although it is relatively weak, the fact that there is a negative correlation confirms that inflation negatively affects poverty. Finally, the study recommends that government provides more job opportunities for the individuals without any source of income in Sharpeville. The government could also provide business funding to the unemployed individuals to enable them to start their own businesses. This would enable those individuals to create additional employment. In addition, measures should be introduced to determine the effect of inflation on those households who are not employed (that is, not receiving any form of income, not even through any form of grant), but do benefit from some form of feeding scheme administered by either government or non-profit organisations. / MCom, Economics, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

Malgré de nombreuses études qui soutiennent l'idée que les enfants ayant vécu la rupture de leurs parents rencontrent un plus haut niveau de difficultés affectives et comportementales que les enfants de familles intactes, certaines questions restent à éclaircir. Notamment, les données empiriques existantes ne conduisent pas à des conclusions précises quant au moment exact de l’apparition de ces difficultés. De plus, ce n'est pas clair si ces difficultés sont associées à la séparation en soi, ou à bien d'autres facteurs liés à la séparation. Cette thèse est constituée de deux articles empiriques. Le premier examine l’adaptation de l’enfant avant et après la séparation en fonction du sexe et de l'âge au moment de la séparation. Le second article présente une étude qui a pour objectif de départager l’importance des facteurs parentaux et contextuels et celle de la séparation parentale pour expliquer l’adaptation de l’enfant. Les participants proviennent de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ, 1998-2006). À chaque enquête de l'ÉLDEQ, une entrevue structurée réalisée auprès de la mère a permis d'évaluer les niveaux d’hyperactivité/impulsivité, d’anxiété et d’agressivité physique de l’enfant. Pendant cette entrevue, les mères ont également répondu à des questions sur la qualité de leurs pratiques parentales et sur le revenu du ménage. Finalement, un questionnaire auto-administré à la mère a permis d'évaluer ses propres symptômes de dépression et d'anxiété. La première étude inclus 143 enfants de familles séparées et 1705 enfants de familles intactes. Deux sous-groupes ont été créés selon que l’enfant ait vécu la séparation entre 2 et 4 ans, ou entre 4 et 6 ans. L’adaptation de l'enfant a été évaluée à un temps de mesure avant la séparation et à deux temps de mesure après la séparation. Les résultats de cette première étude démontrent qu’avant la séparation, les enfants de familles intactes et séparées ne se distinguent pas significativement quant à leurs niveaux d’hyperactivité/impulsivité et d’anxiété. Par contre, ces difficultés deviennent significativement plus élevées chez les enfants de familles séparées après la rupture des parents. D’autres parts, le niveau d’agressivité physique est plus élevé chez les enfants de la séparation indépendamment du temps de mesure. Finalement, les différences entre les deux groupes d’enfants ne dépendent pas du sexe ou de l’âge au moment de la séparation. La deuxième étude inclus 358 enfants de 8 ans qui ont vécu la séparation de leurs parents, et 1065 enfants du même âge provenant de familles intactes. Après avoir contrôlé pour le sexe de l’enfant, les résultats ont démontré que lorsqu’on tient compte de la contribution des symptômes maternels de dépression et d'anxiété, de la qualité des pratiques parentales et du revenu du ménage dans l’adaptation de l’enfant, la séparation parentale ne demeurent plus liée aux niveaux d’anxiété et d'agressivité physique de l’enfant. Par contre, la relation entre la séparation parentale et l’hyperactivité/impulsivité de l’enfant demeure significative. Les résultats présentés dans les articles sont discutés ainsi que leurs implications. / Despite the large body of research supporting the idea that children who experience their parents’ separation encounter more emotional and behavioral difficulties than children who grow up in continuously intact homes, several questions remained to be investigated. Specifically, empirical evidence does not lead to clear conclusions regarding the time of onset of the adjustment difficulties experienced by children whose parents separate. Furthermore, it is not clear whether it is the separation per se that leads to these difficulties, or whether other factors can explain this association. The present thesis is made up of two empirical articles. The first examines the role of gender and age at the time of separation in children’s pre- and post-separation adjustment. The second article aims to disentangle the role of parental and contextual factors, and that of parental separation, in predicting child adjustment. Participants were from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD, 1998-2006). At every wave of the QLSCD, a structured interview with the mother allowed to assess children’s levels of hyperactivity/ impulsivity, anxiety, and physical aggression. During this interview, mothers also answered questions regarding the quality of their parenting and their household income. Finally, a self-report questionnaire was administered to mothers in order to assess their own symptoms of depression and anxiety. The first study included 143 children from separated families and 1705 children from intact families. Two categories of children were created according to whether separation occurred between ages 2 and 4, or between ages 4 and 6. Child adjustment variables were assessed at one time point prior to parental separation and at two time points following separation. The results of this first paper demonstrated that prior to separation, children of intact and separated families did not differ significantly with regards to their levels of hyperactivity/impulsivity and anxiety. However, children whose parents separated had significantly higher hyperactivity/impulsivity and anxiety levels after the occurrence of separation. Physical aggression was not further increased following parental separation, but was higher in children who experienced separation, irrespective of time. No gender or age differences were found in children’s pre- and post- separation adjustment. The second study included 358, 8 year-old children who had previously experienced parental separation, and 1065 children of the same age who lived in consistently intact homes since birth. After controlling for child gender, results demonstrated that once the contribution of maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety, parenting quality and household income was accounted for, parental separation was no longer associated with child anxiety and physical aggression. However, the relationship between separation and hyperactivity/impulsivity remained significant over and beyond what was contributed by the other variables. The results presented in the articles are discussed, and their implications are highlighted.

All over the world, the level of poverty is increasing. In South Africa it is mainly concentrated in rural areas and differs significantly from whether considering race, sex, provinces or community areas. This dissertation studies the relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville by determining the impact of rising prices on the poor households in Sharpeville. The study focuses on three areas, namely the theoretical background of poverty and inflation, the impact of rising prices in expenditure patterns and the relationship to poverty. There are different approaches in defining poverty. Poverty can either be absolute or relative. For the purpose of this study, poverty is defined as absolute. Thus the study defines individuals as poor due to their inability to attain a minimum material standard of living. This minimal standard of living is normally referred to as the poverty line. Inflation may be defined in different ways. For the purpose of this dissertation, inflation is defined as the rise in the general price levels over a specific period of time. Changes in expenditure patterns are caused by an increase in inflation. This study uses the regression model to determine the impact of inflation on poverty in Sharpeville. According to the macroeconomic theory’s implication, the same level of inflation on the same basket of commodities has a different level of effect on each household. Accordingly, in this study, all households are assumed to be faced with the same inflation rate. Household size is positively related to poverty gap squared. This means that the more members there were in a household in Sharpeville the poorer they were. Households with the highest number of members were poorer than those with few members. Statistically, the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between household size and poverty gap is rejected, even at the 1% level of significance. EXPINFL is negatively related to poverty gap. The correlation matrix confirms the results in the regression analysis. The correlation coefficient between The relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville Page EXPINFL and PGAP is -0.34467. Although it is relatively weak, the fact that there is a negative correlation confirms that inflation negatively affects poverty. Finally, the study recommends that government provides more job opportunities for the individuals without any source of income in Sharpeville. The government could also provide business funding to the unemployed individuals to enable them to start their own businesses. This would enable those individuals to create additional employment. In addition, measures should be introduced to determine the effect of inflation on those households who are not employed (that is, not receiving any form of income, not even through any form of grant), but do benefit from some form of feeding scheme administered by either government or non-profit organisations. / MCom, Economics, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-05-24T13:38:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100728.pdf: 12246419 bytes, checksum: cf8249056976b4597f65472aa3e65d6a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel(gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-05-24T13:40:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100728.pdf: 12246419 bytes, checksum: cf8249056976b4597f65472aa3e65d6a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel(gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-05-24T13:43:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100728.pdf: 12246419 bytes, checksum: cf8249056976b4597f65472aa3e65d6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-24T13:47:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100728.pdf: 12246419 bytes, checksum: cf8249056976b4597f65472aa3e65d6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-29 / In order to evaluate the use of Electricity Consumption as a Socioeconomic Status, this research analyzes information in two levels of geographical aggregation. At the first level, under a territorial perspective, it investigates indicators of Income and Electric Energy Consumption aggregated by weighted areas (set of census sectors) in the city of São Paulo and uses the microdata of Demographic Census 2000 jointly with residential consumers’ database of AES Eletropaulo. It applies Spatial Auto-Regressive (SAR) models, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and an unprecedented combined model (GWR+SAR), developed in this study. Several neighborhood matrices were used to assess the influence of space (with Downtown-Suburbs pattern) of the variables under study. The variables showed strong spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I greater than 58% for the Energy Consumption and more than 75% for the Household Income). Relations between Income and Electricity Consumption were very strong (coefficients of determination of Income reached values from 0.93 to 0.98). At the second level, the household one, it uses data collected in the Annual Satisfaction Survey of Residential Customer, coordinated by the Brazilian Electricity Distributors Association (ABRADEE) for the years 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. Weighted Linear Model (WLM), GWR and SAR were applied to survey data with interviews allocated on the centroid and the seat of the districts. For the year 2009, we obtained the actual locations of the households interviewed. Additionally, 6 algorithms of points distribution within the polygons of the districts have been developed. The results from models based on centroids and seats obtained a coefficient of determination R 2 of around 0.45 for the GWR technique, while the models based on scattering points within the polygons of the districts have reduced this account to about 0.40. These results suggest that the algorithms of allocation of points in polygons allow the observation of a more realistic association between the constructs analyzed. The combined use of the findings shows that the billing information of the electricity distributors has great potential to support strategic decisions. Because they are current, available and monthly updated, socioeconomic indicators based on energy consumption can be very useful as an aid to processes of classification, concentration and estimation of household income. / Com o objetivo de avaliar o uso do consumo de energia elétrica como indicador socioeconômico, esta pesquisa analisa informações em dois níveis de agregação geográfica. No primeiro, sob perspectiva territorial, investiga indicadores de Renda e Consumo de Energia Elétrica agregados por áreas de ponderação (conjunto de setores censitários) do município de São Paulo e utiliza os microdados do Censo Demográfico 2000 em conjunto com a base de domicílios da AES Eletropaulo. Aplica modelos de Spatial Auto-Regression (SAR), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), e um modelo inédito combinado (GWR+SAR), desenvolvido neste estudo. Diversas matrizes de vizinhança foram utilizadas na avaliação da influência espacial (com padrão Centro-Periferia) das variáveis em estudo. As variáveis mostraram forte auto-correlação espacial (I de Moran superior a 58% para o Consumo de Energia Elétrica e superior a 75% para a Renda Domiciliar). As relações entre Renda e Consumo de Energia Elétrica mostraram-se muito fortes (os coeficientes de explicação da Renda atingiram valores de 0,93 a 0,98). No segundo nível, domiciliar, utiliza dados coletados na Pesquisa Anual de Satisfação do Cliente Residencial, coordenada pela Associação Brasileira dos Distribuidores de Energia Elétrica (ABRADEE), para os anos de 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 e 2009. Foram aplicados os modelos Weighted Linear Model (WLM), GWR e SAR para os dados das pesquisas com as entrevistas alocadas no centróide e na sede dos distritos. Para o ano de 2009, foram obtidas as localizações reais dos domicílios entrevistados. Adicionalmente, foram desenvolvidos 6 algoritmos de distribuição de pontos no interior dos polígonos dos distritos. Os resultados dos modelos baseados em centróides e sedes obtiveram um coeficiente de determinação R2 em torno de 0,45 para a técnica GWR, enquanto os modelos baseados no espalhamento de pontos no interior dos polígonos dos distritos reduziram essa explicação para cerca de 0,40. Esses resultados sugerem que os algoritmos de alocação de pontos em polígonos permitem a observação de uma associação mais realística entre os construtos analisados. O uso combinado dos achados demonstra que as informações de faturamento das distribuidoras de energia elétrica têm grande potencial para apoiar decisões estratégicas. Por serem atuais, disponíveis e de atualização mensal, os indicadores socioeconômicos baseados em consumo de energia elétrica podem ser de grande utilidade como subsídio a processos de classificação, concentração e previsão da renda domiciliar.