In many countries they set targets formunicipal waste reuse and for reduction of the amount landfilled. To develop effective strategies requires knowledge of reliable information on the composition of municipal waste. At present, however, in most European countries and the rest of theworld use different methods for the analysis of the composition of waste, which vary considerably, not only in scale but also a focus. As a part of this work has been carried out research on total waste production in households with anemphasis on organic waste, using new research methods. It was determined during production regard less of any subsequent disposal method. This research was supplemented by questionnaire surfy focused on household waste management. There search results showed that the average proportion of individual components in household waste is 25% for paper, 7% for plastic, 12%for glass, 2% for metal, 28% for organic waste, 10% for animal waste, another 16% of waste and 1% for.hazardous waste . It was also not found that the production of individual components of household waste differed significantly between various types of dwelling. They have not been demonstrated a signifiant relationship between waste production and number of members in the household. There search results show that, if...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:45:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TELMA ALVES FERREIRA BRITO.pdf: 4008101 bytes, checksum: 5e42cc27eb664424f0e3ef70768b7cc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-28 / On this subjects, this work has had as a gol to diagnose the domestic solid residue issue in Vianópolis GO county, a study based on the housewife perception. The investigation has considered the garhage collect service, selective collecting and recycling. A fied research was made by applying a questionary using the proportional stratified sampling method in all urban area sector in Vianópolis. The production and destination of domestic solid residues have become one the biggest society challenges nowadays considering the increase of the generation and diversification of that. Because of it, the towns have been trying to find alternatives to the social enviorment impacts coming diminish from the domestic residues. Among all the alternatives, the recycliny has been, one of the best choices, for envolving the population action against the domestic solid waste. The results of it has shown how important is the house Wives management one the domestic solid residues, mainly on their action on the selective collecting development. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um diagnóstico da questão resíduo sólido doméstico no município de Vianópolis GO, um estudo baseado na percepção da dona de casa. A investigação considerou o manejo realizado pelas donas de casa, os serviços de coleta, disposição final prestados pela prefeitura e questões de termos como lixo, coleta seletiva e reciclagem. Foi realizada pesquisa de campo com aplicação de um questionário, utilizando o método de amostragem estratificado tipo proporcional em todos os setores da área urbana do Município de Vianópolis. A produção e destinação de resíduos sólidos domésticos têm se tornado um dos maiores desafios da sociedade atual, uma vez que a geração e diversificação dos resíduos vêm aumentando assustadoramente. Neste sentido, os municípios vêm buscando algumas alternativas para amenizar os impactos sócio-ambientais decorrentes da produção dos resíduos domésticos. Dentre as alternativas, a reciclagem vem se destacando, pois envolve a participação da população. Os resultados demostraram a importância de atuação da dona de casa na gestão dos resíduos sólidos domésticos, principalmente no que se refere a sua participação na implantação e desenvolvimento da coleta seletiva.

Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre ce que signifie le déchet pour les personnes qui le créent, le génèrent et le gèrent. A partir de l’étude d’un double système, formel et informel, de production et de gestion des déchets ménagers, il s’agit de questionner notre responsabilité et nos actions (ou absence d’action) et d’interroger la cohérence entre penser, sentir et agir. À partir de ce lien entre pensée, sensation et action, un changement de comportement est-il possible chez chaque individu face au déchet, et en parallèle et par conséquent dans la façon d’aborder sa gestion. Ce questionnement se matérialise par la mise en évidence du concept « d’acte d’abandon du déchet » dans les espaces urbains, avec un regard sur les « dépôts sauvages ». L’analyse est centrée sur le cas de la ville de Fortaleza au Brésil, ville touristique, capitale de l’État de Ceará, connue pour sa beauté mais aussi ses disparités sociales. Au-delà de l’objet déchet en lui-même, l’approche considère l’ensemble des acteurs, des fonctions et espaces impliqués dans sa production et le partage de sa gestion. S’appuyant par une méthodologie combinant approche interprétative, psychologie de l’environnement, rudologie et cartographie croisée des dépôts sauvages ( révélateurs de l’acte d’abandon) des caractéristiques des acteurs. La recherche interroge les évolutions des politiques de gestion des déchets au Brésil dans leur complexité. Dans le sillage de l’établissement de la Politique Nationale Brésilienne sur les Résidus Solides en 2010, de nouvelles potentialités émergent et permettent d’entrevoir un cercle vertueux autour du déchet comme vecteur de transformation sociale et environnementale, ce qui constitue l’envers des significations et des perceptions aujourd’hui attachées au déchet. Les disparités infra-urbaines reflètent en effet cette mise à l’écart du déchet et demeurent fortes, avec des déchets rejetés des zones patrimoniales et touristiques, et relégués dans les quartiers périphériques précaires. Cependant, l’étude fine du circuit du déchet et des acteurs sociaux qui y sont impliqués, comme les catadores, deposeiros et les habitants, permet de mettre en évidence une valorisation potentielle par une gestion partagée, sur les plans de la politique publique, économique, environnemental et social incluant, entre autres le comportemental et l’éducation environnementale, et fondée sur l’existant. / This dissertation aims to better understand what the meaning of waste is, for people who create, generate and manage it. From the study of both formal and informal systems of production and waste management, it is an invitation to question our responsibility and our actions (or absence of action) in relation to waste. Besides, it questions the coherence between feeling, thinking about and acting for waste. From this link between thought, sensation, and action, is a change of behaviour possible in each individual towards waste and, consequently in the way of dealing with the management of waste? This question is analyzed by highlighting the concept of “act of abandonment of waste” in urban spaces, as well as “wild deposits” within these same spaces. The analysis centers in the case of the city of Fortaleza in Brazil, which is a touristic area. It is the capital of the State of Ceará, recognized for its beauty but also for its social disparities. Beyond waste in itself, the approach considers all the involved ones (stakeholders), functions, and spaces, implied in waste production and its shared management. The research questions the evolution of waste management policies in Brazil in their complexity. This is done through a methodology that combines the interpretative approach, psychology of the environment, “garbology” and cartography combining dumps (symptomatic of waste dumping) and the actors’ characteristics. Since the establishment of the 2010 Brazilian Policy of Solid Residues, new potentialities have emerged and allowed to glimpse a virtuous circle around waste : as a vector of social and environmental transformation, which turns around current meanings of and perceptions waste. Indeed, the infra-urban disparities reflect this sidelining of waste and remain strong, with waste rejected by the patrimonial and tourist zones, and relegated to precarious suburbs. However, the detailed study of the circuit of waste and of related actors, allows us to highlight a potential valuation for their shared management, on the economic, environmental, and social (social including, among other elements, behaviours and environmental education), level based on the existing.

The purpose of this master thesis is to address two main ways of dealing with used textile material in Czech Republic. It compares textile material as a component of a household waste with textile material as a component of a segregated waste. The main question that the thesis and the research done within it addresses is whether the costs, associated with textile waste management coming as the result of administrative tools and legislative action plans mounted to it, are not too high. Based on a calculated model of cost structure of both above mentioned variants their comparison could be performed. Analysis of its results pointed out, that under certain given conditions and assumptions the system of segregated waste collection is, despite its higher costs, effective. The outcome of this master thesis is proposed possible scenarios used to optimize textile waste management in the context of economic science methodology, available data and primary research questions.

This study's aim was to investigate the strength of contextual aspects' influences on environmentally ethical behaviour (EEB). A survey method with a selfadministered questionnaire was used and a cross-section of the Muslim male population of New Zealand was taken. The qualitative interviews and email questionnaires were also utilised to further explain the survey results. The linear regression analyses show correlations between contextual aspects (i.e., social, religious, economic, political, and demographic) and EEB (pre-cycling, re-use and recycling). Results indicate that the contextual aspects are influential on EEB in many ways and degrees. A model describing the relationship was developed. The economic aspect statistically significantly related to EEB the strongest. The qualitative interview and email questionnaire data support the findings of the survey. The relationship was positive, meaning that the more the consumers were influenced by the economic aspect to behave in an environmentally ethical way, the more they were likely to perform EEB. Compared to the economic aspect, white collar workers, number of household occupant, work involvement with the environment, type of house, and age had a weaker statistically significant relationship with EEB. The relationships were positive, meaning that the better the consumers' occupation (i.e., white collar workers), the more household member they had (i.e., 4 and above), the higher their level of work involvement with the environment, and the better their dwelling (i.e., bungalow or semi-detached houses), the more they were likely to perform EEB. However, the relationship between age and EEB was negative, meaning that the younger the consumers the more they were likely to perform EEB. However, the results of this study, from both the survey and the interview methods, indicate that demographic characteristics were not as important as the contextual aspects, particularly the economic aspect, in understanding consumers' EEB. This study shows that the economic aspect was very important in understanding consumers' EEB compared to the other contextual aspects even the political aspect was statistically significantly related to EEB via the economic aspect. Thus, the economic aspect should be used optimally by public and private sector managers to promote EEB.

<p>The challenge for the future was defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987) and by the Rio Declaration (1992), in which the fundamental principles for achieving a sustainable development were provided. Sustainable chemistry can be defined as the contribution of chemistry to the implementation of the Rio Declaration. This thesis shows how Pressurized Fluid Extraction (PFE) can be utilized in chemical analysis, and how this correlates to Green Chemistry.</p><p>The reliability and efficiency of the PFE technique was investigated for a variety of analytes and matrices. Applications discussed include: the extraction of the antioxidant Irganox 1076 from linear low density polyethylene, mobile forms of phosphorus in lake sediment, chlorinated paraffins from source-separated household waste, general analytical method for pesticide residues in rape seed, total lipid content in cod muscle, and squalene in olive biomass. Improved or comparable extraction yields were achieved with reduced time and solvent consumption. The decrease in use of organic solvents was 50-90%, resulting in minimal volatile organic compounds emissions and less health-work problem. Due to higher extraction temperatures and more efficient extractions, the selection of solvent is not as important as at lower temperatures, which makes it possible to choose less costly, more environmentally and health beneficial solvents. In general, extraction times are reduced to minutes compared to several hours. As a result of the very short extraction times, the amount of co-extracted material is relatively low, resulting in fewer clean-up step and much shorter analysis time. Selective extractions could be obtained by varying the solvent or solvent mixture and/or using adsorbents. </p><p>In this thesis, the PFE technique was compared to the twelve principles of Green Chemistry, and it was shown that it follows several of the principles, thus giving a major contribution to sustainable chemistry. </p>

The challenge for the future was defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987) and by the Rio Declaration (1992), in which the fundamental principles for achieving a sustainable development were provided. Sustainable chemistry can be defined as the contribution of chemistry to the implementation of the Rio Declaration. This thesis shows how Pressurized Fluid Extraction (PFE) can be utilized in chemical analysis, and how this correlates to Green Chemistry. The reliability and efficiency of the PFE technique was investigated for a variety of analytes and matrices. Applications discussed include: the extraction of the antioxidant Irganox 1076 from linear low density polyethylene, mobile forms of phosphorus in lake sediment, chlorinated paraffins from source-separated household waste, general analytical method for pesticide residues in rape seed, total lipid content in cod muscle, and squalene in olive biomass. Improved or comparable extraction yields were achieved with reduced time and solvent consumption. The decrease in use of organic solvents was 50-90%, resulting in minimal volatile organic compounds emissions and less health-work problem. Due to higher extraction temperatures and more efficient extractions, the selection of solvent is not as important as at lower temperatures, which makes it possible to choose less costly, more environmentally and health beneficial solvents. In general, extraction times are reduced to minutes compared to several hours. As a result of the very short extraction times, the amount of co-extracted material is relatively low, resulting in fewer clean-up step and much shorter analysis time. Selective extractions could be obtained by varying the solvent or solvent mixture and/or using adsorbents. In this thesis, the PFE technique was compared to the twelve principles of Green Chemistry, and it was shown that it follows several of the principles, thus giving a major contribution to sustainable chemistry.

Dans l’ensemble de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, la gestion des déchets est un problème prioritaire principalement pour les villes qui accueillent une population toujours plus nombreuse. C’est le cas de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi, qui n’a pas un système organisé de gestion des déchets. Pour permettre une gestion optimisée des déchets, une politique globale basée sur des éléments tangibles et démontrés doit être mise en oeuvre. Il est ainsi primordial d’analyser le problème et ses caractéristiques, de tester différentes solutions envisagées, et d’optimiser les systèmes viables. L’objectif de cette étude est de fournir des pistes de solution pour le traitement des déchets d’Abomey-Calavi. Il s’agit ainsi d’étudier la problématique, depuis la caractérisation des déchets jusqu’à la proposition de solutions appropriées et les conditions de leur mise en oeuvre. Les voies testées dans cette étude sont thermochimiques (Pyrolyse, Combustion et Gazéification). L’hétérogénéité des déchets ne permet pas leur étude en laboratoire (cher et non représentatif), c’est la raison pour laquelle il a été mis en place un déchet modèle constitué de 88% de bois, 7% de Carton et 5% de plastique établi sur la base de la caractérisation typologique des déchets de la ville et des hypothèses chimiques. L’étude de la pyrolyse a été réalisée en deux parties : une première partie concerne la pyrolyse lente en ATG tandis que la deuxième partie s’intéresse à la pyrolyse rapide. Les études en ATG ont révélé que la pyrolyse rapide du DM ne peut s’effectuer qu’à une température supérieure à 500°C. Dans la continuité des résultats obtenus en pyrolyse, une étude de gazéification à l’air a été effectuée sur le bois et le DM à une température de consigne de 800°C dans un réacteur à lit fluidisé dense. Les essais ont permis d’observer que les résultats sur ces deux types de combustibles sont très proches. Un modèle simple a été élaboré pour la production de gaz, de condensables et de charbon pendant la gazéification. L’étude de la combustion du DM dans la chaudière à grilles mobiles du LERMAB montre que la combustion est de meilleure qualité lorsqu’elle a lieu dans un réacteur de puissance élevée. Par rapport au bois, la combustion du mélange combustible (DM) dans la chaudière ne présente pas d’effets négatifs. Ces résultats paraissent très intéressants quant au choix définitif d’une meilleure voie de valorisation des déchets de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi. Enfin, une filière de gestion des DSM de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi est proposée en trois étapes, elle est basée sur un traitement mixte biologique-thermochimique des déchets qui auraient été préalablement et éventuellement partiellement séchés / Generaly in West Africa, the waste management is a priority problem mainly for the cities which welcome a growing population. It is the case of the city of Abomey-Calavi, that has no organized system of waste management. To allow an optimized management of waste, an overall policy based on tangible and demonstrated elements must be implemented. It is so essential to analyze the problem and its characteristics, to test various envisaged solutions, and to optimize the viable systems. The objective of this study is to provied solutions for the waste treatment of Abomey-Calavi. It is so a question of studying the problem, since the characterization of waste until the proposal of appropriate solutions and the conditions of their implementation. The methods tested in this study are based on thermochemical ways (Pyrolysis, Combustion and Gasification). The heterogeneous nature of waste does not allow their study in laboratory (more expensive and not representative). Thus, a model waste (MW: wood 88 %, Cardboard 7 %; Plastic 5 %) was established and based on the typological characterization of the waste of the city and the chemical assumptions. The study of the pyrolysis was realized in two parts. Slow pyrolysis in TGA and fast pyrolysis. TGA shows that the fast pyrolysis of the model waste can be made only at temperatures above 500°C. In the continuity of the results obtained in pyrolysis, a study of air gasification was made on the wood and the model waste at temperature of 800°C in a fluidized bed reactor. The tests allowed to observe that the results on these two types of fuels are very close. A simple model for the production of gas, condensable and of char during the gasification in fluidized bed was developed.The study of the combustion of MW in the boiler of LERMAB shows that the combustion is better when it is made in a reactor of high power. Compared with the results obtained on the wood, the combustion of the combustible mixture (MW) in the boiler does not present negative effects. These results seem very interesting for the choice of a better way of thermochemical treatment of the waste of the city of Abomey-Calavi. Finally, a waste management chain of HSW of the city of Abomey-Calavi is proposed in three parts and based on a mixed biological – thermochemical process preceded by the sorting

MPH / Department of Public Health / The sanitary state of an area is largely influenced by waste handling practices of the residents and measures in place for safe waste evacuation and disposal. Despite strategies that the municipality and local communities have put in place; namely, collection of wastes in one central spot in some villages, littering of all types of wastes is still on the increase in many rural areas. The focus of this study was on common refuse generated at Khakhanwa Village, different waste management practices and the knowledge of villagers on the impact of poor refuse management. The study was carried out using the quantitative, descriptive methodology. A total population of 312 households participated. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and ethical aspects were taken into consideration. Data was analysed descriptively using SPSS version 22.0. It is presented using graphs, tables and pie chart. The findings show that the respondents satisfactorily showed understanding of waste management and the impact of poor waste management. Due to lack of waste services, the majority of the residents resort to storing wastes within their homes, burning it and disposing of it in open dumping sites as major waste management practices. The most familiar wastes in Khakhanwa village are decomposable wastes, napkins and plastics. These findings call for strengthened waste services in rural areas and more waste education amongst all villagers. Policies on waste management need to be put in motion. Communities need to be equipped with the knowledge of reducing, reusing and recycling for the purpose of limiting wastes. Finally school curricula should be adjusted such that they inform learners about waste management from early ages.

Rapid population growth and urbanisation has resulted in a drastic increase in the volume of waste produced by the World populace. The resulting pressure on the country’s somewhat underdeveloped waste management infrastructure emphasizes the need for waste management solutions which balance environmental protection with economic sustainability. Waste is seen as an unwanted or surplus by-product, emission or residue of any process or activity which has been discarded, accumulated or stored for the purpose of discarding or future processing. Hazardous waste is waste that may, by circumstance of use, quantity, concentration or inherent physical, chemical or infectious characteristics, cause ill-health or an increased mortality rate in humans, fauna and/or flora. General waste on the other hand, is waste that does not pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment. Currently household waste is considered general waste even though it may contain hazardous components such as fluorescent tubes and/or other household chemicals. Promulgation of NEM: WA (no 59 of 2008) provides instruments for the implementation of the steps taken by the Department of Environmental Affairs to improve waste management in South Africa. Successful implementation and enforcement of the act will place the country at the forefront of progressive international standards in waste management. One of South Africa’s largest environmental and waste management challenges remains the presence of historical, hazardous waste landfill sites. Characterisation of the dangers that these sites pose to the environment is providing extremely difficult and expensive, as is the ongoing maintenance and management of these facilities – placing economic strain on national municipalities. This study was done in two phases. The first related to the hazardous waste components of household waste that is being dumped at landfill site and the methods of classification, handling and dumping of hazardous waste have been investigated. All the legislation was taken into consideration to see if the landfill sites comply with the latest legislation. The second phase was a comparison between three landfill sites. The management, work activities and general appearance of the sites have been compared internally. Then a comparison have been done between the following landfill sites Kwaggasrand landfill site in Tshwane, Weltevreden landfill site in Brakpan and an ideal landfill site developed in accordance with the Minimum Requirements documents published by of DEAT in 1998. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.