Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T18:59:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Matheus Urtiga Sousa.pdf: 78237638 bytes, checksum: 0197954c3aa0940936038dbc7304baf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T18:59:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Matheus Urtiga Sousa.pdf: 78237638 bytes, checksum: 0197954c3aa0940936038dbc7304baf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Integrated management is a set of actions aimed at finding solutions to the problems arising from solid waste. Among the priorities of Federal Law No. 12305/2010, we highlight the selective collection and socioeconomic inclusion of collectors of recyclable materials that are commonly excluded from the formal labor market, making eminent the development of social technologies for the emancipation of these actors. In this perspective, the present work aims to develop and evaluate the management model in the Malvinas neighborhood, in Campina Grande - PB, under the perspective of social technology. The participatory and experimental research was carried out from March 2016 to November 2017, being carried out in five stages: sensitization and mobilization in environmental education, registration of residents to increase selective collection in th e neighborhood, dissemination of results in event, technological conditions employed by recyclable waste collectors under study, development (innovations) and evaluation of technologies to carry out the management of dry recyclable solid waste in said neighborhood. As a result, the following should be highlighted: Selective collection (20.84%) in the said neighborhood, as well as the development and / or adaptation of four technologies: internal collector (CMRI2) for storage inside the dwellings of the research residents (C8) for the transport of dry recyclable solid waste with dimensions 100x150x150 cm and mobile receivers (R1) for post -sorting waste in dimensions 100x100x100 cm. The positive impacts evidenced through direct observation, reports of recyclable waste collectors in the study and residents of the selective collection were: Increase in the volume of solid waste recycling (48.5%), Income increase (29.07% ), better conditions to the professional practice of material pickers, making possible the sel ective collection. Therefore, the development and application of technological alternatives, based on social technology, favored the integrated management of solid waste, by reducing negative impacts on the environment, as well as, by making feasible the professional practice of collectors of recyclable materials and selective collection in source. / A gestão integrada é um conjunto de ações voltadas para buscar de soluções da problemática oriunda dos resíduos sólidos. Dentre as prioridades da lei federal n° 12305/2010, destaca-se a coleta seletiva e inclusão socioeconômica de catadores de materiais recicláveis que comumente são excluídos de mercado de trabalho formal, tornando eminente o desenvolvimento de tecnologias sociais para emancipação destes atores. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, desenvolver e avaliar o modelo de gestão no bairro Malvinas, em Campina Grande – PB, sob a ótica da tecnologia social. A pesquisa participante e experimental foi realizada no período de Março de 2016 a Novembro de 2017, sendo executada em cinco etapas: sensibilização e mobilização em educação ambiental, cadastramento dos moradores para ampliação da coleta seletiva no bairro, divulgação dos resultados em evento, levantamento das condições tecnológicas empregadas pelos catadores de materiais recicláveis em estudo, desenvolvimento (inovações) e avaliação de tecnologias para efetivação da gestão de resíduos sólidos recicláveis secos no referido bairro. Como resultados, destaca-se: A ampliação a coleta seletiva (20,84%) no bairro, bem como, o desenvolvimento e/ou adaptação de quatro tecnologias: coletor interno (CMRI2) para armazenamento no interior das residências dos moradores da pesquisa de dimensões, coletor externo (CMRE2) para armazenamento fora das residências, um veículo desmontável (T8) para transporte de resíduos sólidos recicláveis secos com dimensões 100x150x150 cm e receptores móveis (R1) para os resíduos pós triagem em dimensões 100x100x100 cm. Os impactos positivos evidenciados através da observação direta, relatos dos catadores de materiais recicláveis em estudo e morador praticante da coleta seletiva foram: Aumento no volume da coleta dos resíduos sólidos recicláveis seco (48,5%), Aumento de renda (29,07%), melhores condições ao exercício profissional dos catadores de materiais, viabilizando a coleta seletiva. Portanto, o desenvolvimento e aplicação de alternativas tecnológicas, com base na tecnologia social, favoreceu a gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos, ao reduzir impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, bem como, ao viabilizar o exercício profissional dos catadores de materiais recicláveis e a coleta seletiva na fonte geradora.

No início deste século são inúmeros os desafios que tangem à gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos nos municípios brasileiros. Os índices de geração aumentam a cada ano, os serviços de coleta e transporte não são universalizados, os índices de tratamento e valorização ainda são incipientes e muitos municípios utilizam formas ambientalmente inadequadas para a disposição final dos resíduos sólidos, mesmo depois do Decreto Federal nº 7.404/2010, que regulamentou a Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos. As cidades, como principais polos atratores do consumo de insumos e geradores de resíduos sólidos urbanos, constituem, por sua vez, o ambiente principal onde se realiza grande parte das atividades inerentes ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Portanto, as condições de desenvolvimento urbano, estabelecidas pelas políticas urbanas e seus instrumentos, influenciam diretamente na qualidade, desempenho e eficiência do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, principalmente daqueles de origem domiciliar. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi desenvolver uma abordagem integrada entre o planejamento urbano e os serviços de gerenciamento de resíduos domiciliares, investigando e analisando elementos e aspectos comuns, para propor estratégias sistematizadas no âmbito dos instrumentos urbanísticos, com vistas à eficientização e qualificação desses serviços e dos espaços urbanos utilizados. Após realizar a caracterização das etapas do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, identificou-se oito estratégias que poderiam ser introduzidas no âmbito do planejamento urbano. Em seguida, procedeu-se a um estudo de caso, uma área urbana sujeita à adensamento populacional e verticalização, localizada no bairro do Belenzinho, zona leste do município de São Paulo, onde, por meio da construção de cenários, simulou-se a aplicação das estratégias de planejamento urbano. Por fim, pode-se concluir que, em função das estratégias propostas, seria possível alcançar benefícios em relação à gestão dos resíduos domiciliares, justificando, portanto, a aplicabilidade dessas diretrizes em políticas de planejamento urbano aplicáveis a situações urbanas similares. / There are, today, numerous challenges regarding the management of solid waste in Brazilian cities. Regarding household waste, which is the subject of this study, generation rates increase each year, collection and transportation services are not universalized, treatment and valuation rates are still incipient, and many cities use environmentally inappropriate forms for final disposal of the waste, even after Federal Decree No. 7,404 / 2010, which regulated the National Policy on Solid Waste, established by Federal Law No. 12,305 of August 2, 2010. Cities, as the main poles attracting consumption of inputs and generators of solid waste of household origin, constitute the main environment where great parts of the solid waste management activities are carried out. Therefore, urban development conditions, established by urban policies and their instruments, directly influence the quality, performance and efficiency of waste management. The main objective of this study was to develop an integrated approach between urban planning and solid waste management services, investigating and analyzing common elements and aspects, proposing systematized strategies within urban planning instruments, with a view to the efficiency and qualification of these services and urban spaces used. After characterizing the stages of urban solid waste management, eight (8) strategies were identified that could be introduced in urban planning. The next step refers to a case study that took place in an urban area with population densification and verticalization, located in the neighborhood of \"Belenzinho\", in the eastern zone of the city of São Paulo, where urban planning strategies were simulated through the construction of specific scenarios. Finally, we can conclude that, according to the proposed strategies, it would be possible to achieve benefits regarding the management of household waste to justify the applicability of these strategies in urban planning policies applicable to similar urban situations.

O desenvolvimento tecnológico, o crescimento industrial, o acelerado processo de urbanização e o crescimento populacional transformaram o espaço geográfico brasileiro. Somado à mudança de hábitos e de consumo acarretou e vem acarretando diversos problemas ambientais. O incentivo à troca e o investimento em produtos descartáveis, levaram a um aumento significativo da geração de resíduos sólidos. Tratar e dar um destino adequado à grande quantidade de resíduos tem sido um grande desafio às autoridades brasileiras. Para que haja melhor gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos é preciso conhecer o que tem sido gerado, ou seja, qual a quantidade e que tipo de material é descartado. Para bem conhecer essa produção, a melhor maneira é fazer um estudo da geração e composição gravimétrica dos resíduos sólidos através de sua caracterização física. Portanto, a proposta deste trabalho foi fazer um levantamento da geração dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares no município de São Carlos. Essa investigação levou em conta não apenas os resíduos que chegam ao aterro sanitário através da coleta convencional, mas também os que chegam às centrais de triagem através da coleta seletiva, utilizando-se como instrumento principal a sua caracterização física. Na coleta convencional, o número de amostragem compreendeu todos os setores, sendo a massa da amostra obtida por quarteamento. Foi feito uma caracterização no inverno e outra no verão. Destacam-se, nos resultados, o percentual de resíduos sólidos domiciliares, em massa: matéria orgânica (59,08%), papel e papelão (6,44%), tetra pak (0,94%), vidro (1,67%), metal e alumínio (1,31%), plásticos 10,47% (2,84% de plásticos rígidos e 7,63%de plásticos filmes) e outros (20,09%). Observou-se que o percentual de materiais que poderiam ser reintroduzidos no mercado e estão sendo depositados no aterro sanitário, ainda é elevado, considerando a que a coleta seletiva foi introduzida no município em 2002. Na coleta seletiva destacam-se: o papel e papelão, com 47,41%; seguido pelos plásticos, com 21,60% (rígidos - 17,95% e filmes - 3,65%); vidro, 12,25%; metal e alumínio, 7,63% (lata - 1,54% e geral - 6,10%); rejeitos, 5,79% e tetra pak, 5,30%. / The technological development, the industrial growth, the sped up process of urbanization and the population growth had transformed geographic the space brazilian. Added to the change of habits and consumption it caused and it comes causing diverse ambient problems. The incentive to the exchange and the investment in dismissable products, had led to a significant increase of the generation of solid wastes. To treat and to give an adequate destination to the great amount of wastes have been a great challenge to the brazilian authorities. So that it has better management and management of the solid wastes are necessary to know what he has been generated, that is, which the amount and that type of material is discarded. To know this production well, the best way is to make a study of the generation and gravimetrical composition of the solid wastes through its physical characterization. Therefore, the proposal of this work was to make a current survey of the generation of the household waste in the city of Sao Carlos. This inquiry will not only take in account the wastes that arrive at it fill with earth bathroom through the conventional collection, but also the ones that they arrive at the central offices of selection through the selective collection, using itself as main instrument its physical characterization. They stand out, in the results, the percentage of household wastes, in mass: organic matter (59,08%), paper and cardboard (6,44%), tetra pak (0,94%), glass (1,67%), metal and aluminum (1,31%), plastics 10,47% (2,84% of rigid plastics and 7,63% of plastics films) and other (garbage) (20,09%). It was observed that the percentage of materials that could be returned in the market and they are being deposited in the sanitary landfill, it is still high, considering what the selective collection was introduced in the municipal district in 2002. In the selective collection they stand out: the paper and cardboard, with 47,41%; following for the plastics, with 21,60% (rigid - 17,95% and films - 3,65%); glass, 12,25%; metal and aluminum, 7,63% (can - 1,54% and general - 6,10%); garbage, 5,79% and tetra pak, 5,30%.

This thesis looks into issues related to food waste and consists of a theoretical and a practical part. Theoretical part aims to provide clear and complex definition of wood waste related problems, summarize current findings in Czech and foreign sources. Introduction chapter explains important terms and legal measures related to this topic. It is followed by description of causes, implications and possibilities in food waste reduction. Main goal of practical part is analyzing food waste in Czech households and providing recommendations for wood waste reduction as well as some additional measurements. Practical part contains detailed analysis of primary data acquired by questionnaires and measuring food waste in Czech households. Important results and conclusions are then processed in final chapter.

Separating household waste into fractions at source is a common method of household waste collection in most European countries. In 1994 Sweden introduced producer liability legislation for packaging, which requires householders to sort, clean and recycle different types of packaging waste. The recycling behaviour of householders is complex and diverse and has been widely investigated. However, the recycling behaviour of householders living in multicultural urban areas has received less attention. Therefore, little is known about the recycling behaviour and attitudes of the ethnic minorities that comprise a sizeable proportion of many urban populations. This thesis examined recycling behaviour among multicultural householders in the urban area of Järva, north-west Stockholm, Sweden, which is home to a significant proportion of immigrants from different parts of the world. Three practical studies were conducted on the recycling behaviour of householders, with data collected through literature reviews, field screening studies for relevant cases, postal surveys and in-depth interviews with householders. A meta-analysis of studies on householder recycling behaviour published in the period 1990-2010 provided a conceptual framework for explaining recycling behaviour. It also revealed some specific features of the determining factors of recycling behaviour among householders in multicultural urban areas. For example, despite self-reported high levels of environmental concern among multicultural respondents in Järva, recycling behaviour was not determined by this factor but by attitudes towards recycling. The data also showed that the most widespread reason for participating in recycling schemes was acceptance of legal norms. The interview study indicated that providing clear, understandable and easily accessible written information in ethnic languages, supported by “word-of-mouth” information, would probably increase participation by Järva householders in recycling schemes. However, lifestyle and the ethnic origins of householders also influenced their waste generation and recycling behaviour. The methodological improvements presented here can help develop future strategies targeted at increasing the waste management behaviour of the important multicultural urban group, while also ensuring that limited resources are effectively used. / La separación de la basura doméstica en fracciones en el lugar donde se genera es uno de los métodos más comunes de recogida en la mayoría de países europeos. En 1994 se introdujo una ordenanza en Suecia sobre la responsabilidad del productor en el empaquetado. Esta ordenanza encomienda a los habitantes de las viviendas a clasificar los residuos, limpiarlos y clasificarlos en diferentes tipos. El comportamiento hacia el reciclaje de los habitantes es complejo y diverso al igual que otros comportamientos mediombientales y ha sido investigado en numerosas ocasiones. Desafortunadamente, este comportamiento cara al reciclaje en áreas urbanas multiculturales ha recibido poca atención y se conoce poco sobre la actitud hacia el reciclaje de las minorías étnicas que forman parte de la población urbana de Suecia. Esta tesis examina el comportamiento hacia el reciclaje entre los habitantes de una zona urbana multicultural del Noroeste de Estocolmo, Järva, en Suecia, en la que residen una proporción significante de inmigrantes procedentes de diferentes partes del mundo. Se han llevado a cabo tres estudios prácticos sobre el comportamiento hacia el reciclaje incluyendo datos recogidos en la bibliografía revisada, estudios de campo en algunos casos relevantes, encuestas a través de correo ordinario y entrevistas en profundidad con los habitantes. Los resultado del meta-análisis realizado sobre la actitud hacia el reciclaje publicados durante el periodo 1990-2010 indican un marco conceptual para la explicación de las formas de reciclaje. Sin embargo, los resultados de nuestro estudio revelan algunas especificidades en factores sobre el reciclaje en los habitantes de zonas multiculturales. Nuestros datos demuestran que, a pesar de un elevado nivel de compromiso medioambiental según las respuestas de los habitantes de Järva, el reciclaje no está determinado por este factor. Al contrario, las actitudes hacia el reciclaje tienen una correlación positiva y determinan los comportamientos entre los habitantes de Järva. Se ha demostrado que la principal razón para reciclar es la legalidad vigente. Los resultados de las entrevistas sugieren que una oferta clara, comprensible y de fácil acceso redactada en las diferentes lenguas de los grupos étnicos al igual que apoyada por la información transmitida “boca a boca” influiría en la participación de los habitantes de Järva. Los resultados han puesto de manifiesto que el estilo de vida y la diversidad étnica de la población influyen en la generación de residuos y el reciclaje. Esta tesis contribuye a un desarrollo metodológico que será útil para el futuro desarrollo de estrategias orientadas en la gestión de residuos al igual que asegurar un uso eficiente de los recursos. / Разделение бытовых отходов является распространенным методом сбора бытовых отходов в большенстве европейских стран.  В 1994 году Швеция ввела законодательную ответственность производителей упаковки, которая включает требование раздельной сортировки упаковочного материяла населением для последующей ее переработки. Вопрос мотивации и участия населения в раздельном сборе бытовых отходов является сложным и многосторонним и был широко исследован. Тем не менее исследованию поведения и мотивации жителей многокультурных городских районов уделялось значительно меньше внимания. Мало что известо о мотивах участия в раздельном сборе бытовых отходов в отношении этнических меньшинств, которые составляют значительную часть городских мегаполисов. Данный тезис рассматривает мотивацию и участие населения в раздельном сборе бытовых отходов в многокультурном городском районе Järva, расположенном на северо-западе Стокгольма (Швеция). Järva  явлается домом для большого числа иммигрантов из разных частей мира. Было проделанно три исследования по изучению участия населения в раздельном сборе бытовых отходов. Данные были собраны с помощью обозрений опубликованной литературы, непосредственного изучения поведения населения, анкетирования и развернутых интервью. С помощью мета-анализа литературы опубликованной в период с 1990 по 2010 годы были выделены концептуальные основы для обьяснения участия населения в раздельном сборе бытовых отходов. Также были выявлени характерные черты определяющие мотивы для участия населения из многонациональных городских районов. Не смотря на выявленный высокий уровень экологической обеспокоенности среди населения многокультурного района  Järva, участие в раздельном сборе мусора не определяется этим фактором. Тогда как персональная мотивация по отношению к  вторичной переработки отходов является движущим фактором к участию. Наиболее распространенной причиной для участия в раздельном сборе отходов стало принятие населением многокультурного района правовых норм. Интервью показали, что доступность ясной, краткой информации на национальных языках, так же как и передающаяся 'из уст в уста' информация увеличивает процент участия населения в раздельном сборе отходов. Тем не менее образ жизни и этническое происхождение влияет на состав произведенных населением отходов и их отношение к вторичной переработке. Результаты проведенных исследований направленны на усовершенствование будущих стратегий по привлечению населения многокультурных городских районнов к участию в раздельном сборе отходов, а также обеспечение того, что бы ограниченные ресурсы были использованны эффективно. / <p>QC 20120927</p>

The aim of this study is to examine the main reasons for and obstacles to single family households sorting household waste. Focusing on a population between ages 35 and 45 and 65+, it also examines motivating factors, reasons, and obstacles to reduce total household waste. Worldwide, the problem of greenhouse gases and dioxins because of waste is still unresolved. The national environmental legislation state that everyone is responsible to handle their waste in a way that does not harm people or the environment. Previous investigations regarding waste, conducted by waste company Miva, situated in municipality of Örnsköldsvik, show that improvements can be done by the citizens. The current project involves a survey sent to 789 households and answered by 302. Results from the survey combined with eight telephone interviews showed the following: people sort their waste mainly for environmental reasons but sometimes they find it easier not to sort at all, often because of very dirty packaging or simply convenience. Both age groups have the will but do not experience the possibility to reduce their overall waste. Higher waste management cost does not motivate people to improve their recycling habits, but personal feedback seems to be an effective way to reach higher motivation. To reach further improvements and reduce waste the citizens of Örnsköldsvik might need to change their consumption habits and producers take their responsibility regarding packaging. Further research to what impacts consumer behaviour is needed.

The global amount of waste generated by households, including food packaging waste, has been increasing continuously across the world, posing a massive threat to societies and the environment. Proper waste management, therefore, has become a challenging environmental issue and a priority for governments. Along with the technological advances, such as material recovery technologies, more stress has been placed on the strategies for moving away from disposal to waste prevention, separation, and recycling. Considerable efforts are being made to not only limit the overall production and the negative impact of waste on the environment and human health but also to minimize the cost of waste management. Separation of wastes at the source (i.e., source separation) is an integral part of such efforts toward enhancing the purity of collected waste and improving the quality of materials for recycling. Furthermore, sorting of waste as a habitual performance can serve as a practice for improving residents' recycling/sorting behavior. The packaging waste, including food packaging, forms a significant part of the municipal solid waste. The design of food packaging, therefore, has received a lot of attention as a useful tool to influence the consumers' sorting behavior, making it an interesting concept for research related to waste management. Presumably, the design of food packaging can meet consumers' sorting demands while being instructive and facilitating the sorting process, thus enhancing the recycling rate of the food packaging waste. Finding the ideal form of food packaging, however, requires an in-depth understanding of the packaging-consumer interactions throughout the sorting process. Considering the different characteristics of food packaging, it is expected that different food packages tend to influence a consumer in different ways. Nevertheless, the current knowledge is somewhat too general to be used by packaging developers to improve the sorting of the food packaging. Hence, the present thesis aims to provide a more in-depth insight into the influence of food packaging, as a product and service provider, on the consumer's/user's decision-making on sort of food packaging waste. The results assert that packaging to be sorted properly requires proper design to manifest its sorting related abilities such as easy to empty, easy to clean, and easy to fold, for the consumer. Selecting material, visual attributes, form, and function can amplify or reduce these sorting abilities of food packaging.

The Central Appalachian region is home to several resource-extraction industries, a host of globally unique aquatic wildlife species, and region-wide poverty. These overlapping circumstances make solving environmental issues in the region challenging. Of particular focus is the coal mining industry, both because of its prevalence and because of controversial methods of practice such as mountain top mining. One of the primary concerns in the region is the extirpation of sensitive aquatic macroinvertebrate species. Several studies have suggested the primary driver of this loss of biodiversity is due to increased conductivity in streams impacted by these mining practices. The reality is that several pollutant sources coexist in these Central Appalachian watersheds. Because of geographic isolation, many headwater communities lack proper sewerage and discharge directly into nearby waterways, compounding potential effects of upstream mining activities. Additionally, several legacy sites exist throughout the Appalachian region, both underground and surface mining in nature. To best mitigate ecological impacts of all of these pollutant types, relative contributions of each must be understood, as well as the nature of the pollution contributed by each. As a contribution towards this region-wide need for better information on pollution, the studies comprising this dissertation seek to better understand the composition of these different pollutant sources and their in-stream contributions to conductivity. The first paper found that these sources are indeed distinct in their inorganic ion make-up: surface coal mining was found to contribute primarily Ca, K, Ni, Se, and SO₄⁻², while untreated household waste (UHW) was primarily associated with P. HCO₃⁻ Mn, and Si were found to be associated with a legacy underground discharge. The second and third scientific studies included here analyzed conductivity's effect on Virginia Stream Condition Index (VSCI) versus other water quality and habitat parameters as well as the effect of specific ion suites on VSCI score. Findings indicated that excellent habitat extends species resilience against elevated conductivity, with passing VSCI scores found at conductivity in the 600-800 µs/cm range in cases of excellent habitat metric scores. Meanwhile, VSCI score suppression was highly related to surface mining-related inorganic ions (Ca, K, Mg, Ni, and SO₄⁻²), but also negatively correlated with ions related to UHW (P and Na). These results indicate the need for quantification of biological responses to specific ions in order to initiate targeted mitigate of pollutants in Central Appalachian watersheds. / Ph. D.

Les tentatives récentes d’explication des liens entre l’économique et l’environnement ont permis de mettre en chantier de nouveaux domaines de recherches à priori, forts intéressants. La question globale qui se pose aux villes de l’Afrique Sub-saharienne est de savoir comment les autorités peuvent gérer de façon durable les déchets ménagers qui ne cessent de croître. Cette thèse aborde cette question au travers deux préoccupations importantes. Bien que la gestion des déchets ménagers ait été confiée à des acteurs privés, l’efficacité attendue n’est pas obtenue. En mobilisant les éléments de la théorie des externalités et de la théorie des contrats, nous avons montré que pour une intervention des acteurs privés dans le secteur des déchets ménagers soit efficace, il faut que les deux acteurs (municipalité et acteurs privés) puissent se mettre en rapport pour surmonter les difficultés relatives à l’asymétrie d’information et au comportement opportuniste qui risquent de faire obstacle à l’échange. La deuxième préoccupation concerne la responsabilisation des ménages quant aux déchets qu’ils produisent. Les études empiriques menées montrent d’une part qu’une tarification incitative dans les quartiers de haut et moyen standing permettra à la fois à la municipalité de mobiliser des ressources financières supplémentaires pour financer le service et d’autre part de réduire le volume des déchets destiné à la décharge finale. D’autre part, la promotion du tri à la source accompagnée de la mise en place d’un marché parfait de récupération de déchets triés incitera les ménages à faible revenu et vivant dans les quartiers de bas standing à participer au tri. / Recent attempts explaining the links between economy and environment allowed to start interesting new horizons of research. The main question that arises for the cities of Sub-Saharan Africa is to know how the authorities can sustainably manage the growing household waste. This thesis addresses this issue with two important concerns. Although the management of household wastehas been outsourced to private players, the expected effectiveness is not obtained. By mobilizing elements of the theory of externalities and contract theory, we showed that for effective private intervention in the household waste sector, it is necessary that the two actors (municipality and privateactors) could have a strong connection to overcome the difficulties related to the asymmetry of information and opportunistic behavior that generates the risk of having barrier for exchange. The second concern is related to the households’ responsibility for the waste they produce. The Empirical studies show, on the one hand, that pricing incentive in the areas of upper and middle class willenable, at the same time, the Municipality to generate the additional financial resources for financing their service and, on the other hand, to reduce the volume of waste destined for final discharge. Secondly, promotion of source separation accompanied by the establishment of a perfect market recovery of sorted waste encourages low-income households and inhabitants in the neighborhood of lower classes to participate in sorting.

De senaste åren har mängden hushållsavfall stadigt ökat. Under 2015 uppgick mängden behandlat hushållsavfall till 4,7 miljoner ton vilket är en ökning med 4 % jämfört med 2014. Detta innebär att en genomsnittlig person producerade cirka 478 kg hushållsavfall under 2015. Mycket av hushållsavfallet är felsorterat och upp till hälften av det innehåller antingen återvinningsbart material eller biologiskt avfall.Den totala mängden förpackningar som konsumerades på den svenska marknaden under 2015 uppgick till 1,1 miljoner ton. Förpackningarna bestod främst av papper, papp, kartong, wellpapp, glas och plastförpackningar. Plastförpackningarna stod för 19 % av konsumtionen. Idag är det en väsentlig skillnad på den mängden förpackningar som konsumeras och mängden förpackningar som återvinns. Till viss del beror detta på att en stor mängd felsorteras men en annan anledning är att det även finns en del förpackningar som faktiskt inte går att återvinna.Borås Energi och Miljö står i förstadiet av att införa en tredje fraktion för Borås Stad. Idag sorterar man i två fraktioner direkt i hemmet, en påse för brännbart och en för matavfall. Den tredje fraktionen ska vara till just plastförpackningar eftersom detta är något som Borås Energi och Miljö vill försöka minska. Anledningen är att man vill reducera mängden plast i sin avfallsförbränning. Detta kan ses som ett steg i riktningen för att uppfylla Borås Energi och Miljös vision om en fossilbränslefri stad.I förstudien gjordes först en litteraturstudie och sedan en intervjuserie med utvalda aktörer i samhället. Aktörerna valdes ut eftersom de med stor sannolikhet kommer att påverkas på ett eller annat sätt när en tredje fraktion införs i Borås Stad. Tre bostadsbolag, tre kökstillverkare och två energientreprenörer medverkade (inklusive Borås Energi och Miljö). Slutligen gjordes även en enkätundersökning där 50 stycken av Borås Stads invånare fick svara på frågor kring deras avfallshantering.Enligt Borås Energi och Miljös egna plockanalyser mellan 2010-2015, förekommer mycket felsortering i Borås Stad och till stor del är det just plastförpackningar som felsorteras. Dessa förpackningar upplevs av allmänheten vara svårsorterade, då de ofta består av flera olika material. På grund av detta uppstår osäkerhet kring sorteringen och då hamnar förpackningen istället i den brännbara fraktionen. I enkätundersökningen svarade 68 % av respondenterna att de slänger det avfall de är osäkra på i den brännbara fraktionen (restavfallspåsen). En slutsats av detta är att informationsspridning och motivation är något som måste styrkas i det allmänna medvetandet för att motverka denna typ av felsortering. Detta är viktigt för Borås Energi och Miljö att tänka på vid införandet av en tredje fraktion.Något som också kunnat konstateras i denna förstudie är vikten av information till berörda parter i samhället. Att involveras redan i planeringsstadiet kan bygga en grund till ett större engagemang och samtidigt stärka relationen mellan avfallsentreprenören och aktörerna. En bra kommunikation bidrar till samförstånd och mindre missuppfattningar.I dagsläge råder det delade meningar om var ansvaret ligger för att tillhandahålla ett bra källsorteringssystem. Något som dock kan konstareras är det faktum att alla parter i samhället bör involveras för att stärka samhörighetskänslan och ansvarstagande kring avfallshanteringen för att skapa bättre förutsättningar. / In recent years, the amount of household waste has increased steadily. In 2015, the amount of household waste treated amounted to 4.7 million tones, an increase of 4% compared to 2014. This means that an average person produced about 478 kg of household waste in 2015. A lot of household waste is sorted out and up to half of it contains either Recyclable materials or biological waste. The total amount of packaging consumed in the Swedish market in 2015 amounted to 1.1 million tones. The packaging consisted mainly of paper, cardboard, cardboard, corrugated board, glass and plastic packaging. Plastic packaging accounted for 19% of consumption. Today, there is a significant difference between the amount of packaging consumed and the amount of packaging being recycled. To a certain extent, this is due to the fact that a large amount of waste is sorted, but another argument is that there are also some packages that cannot be recycled.Borås Energi och Miljö is in the forefront of introducing a third fraction for Borås City. Today, two fractions are sorted directly into the home, one bag for combustible and one for food waste. The third fraction should be for plastic packaging as this is something Borås Energy and Environment wants to try to reduce. The reason is that they want to reduce the amount of plastic in its waste incineration. This can be seen as a step in the direction of meeting Borås Energi och Miljö´s vision of a fossil fuel-free city.First a literature study was conducted and then an interview series with selected actors in society. The actors were selected since they are likely to be affected in one way or another when a third fraction will be introduced in Borås City. Three housing companies; three kitchen manufacturers and two energy contractors participated (including Borås Energi och Miljö). Finally, a survey was conducted in which 50 citizens in Borås City responded to questions about their waste management.I According to Borås Energi and Miljö's own pick-up analyzes between 2010-2015, there is a lot of fault sorting in Borås City, and to a large extent, only plastic packages are sorted as sorted. These packages are perceived by the public to be black-sorted, as they often consist of several different materials. Because of this, uncertainty arises about the sorting and then the packaging ends up in the combustible fraction. In the survey, 68% of respondents answered that they throw away the waste they are unsure of in the combustible fraction (residual waste bag). One conclusion is that information dissemination and motivation is something that must be reinforced in public consciousness to counter this type of fault sorting. This is important for Borås Energy and Environment to consider when introducing a third fraction in households.Something that was also found in this study is the importance of information to actors in society. Being involved in the planning stage can build a foundation for greater commitment while strengthening the relationship between the waste contractor and the actors. Good communication contributes to consensus and less misconceptions.At day-to-day intervals, there are shared opinions about where responsibility lies in providing a good source sorting system. However, something that can be established is the fact that all parties in society should be involved in strengthening sense of cohesion and responsibility for waste management in order to create better conditions.