Thesis advisor: Robert Faulkner / Whereas many modern political philosophies and social science theories emphasize security or fear as the prevailing motivator of states and human beings more generally, Thucydides' political psychology seriously explores diverse motives. A careful reading of his work shows that honor, shame, vengeance, and the desire for liberty exert great influence in political affairs, including relations between political communities. I argue that this broad account of human motivation gives us a better account of many enduring features of international politics than theories which prioritize fear and interest. Thucydides portrays the importance of "spirited" concerns as issuing from the nature of political life. People ground their sense of worth in the exercise of freedom, and participation in political society promises the most substantive liberties. This affirmation of freedom culminates in the association of great worthiness and honor with the exercise of unfettered moral agency. While the powerful city must still bow to natural necessity, its great accomplishment is that it need not regard the rest of humanity as part of an inexorable nature. Ultimately it finds it impossible to relate to others on prudential terms and thus tends to conceive of relations between states as battles of wills. I conclude the dissertation by drawing out the moral implications of Thucydides' study of motives. Because Thucydides does not find the causes of significant conflict to lie solely in hard conflicts of interest or mutual fear, he shows mankind to be more mutually invidious but also more free to resist conflict than it is, for example, in Hobbes' thought. Thucydides' emphasis on spirited motives also shows us that a doctrinaire realpolitik is frequently infected by desires for punitive justice or an irrational intolerance of uncertainty. Most significantly, Thucydides suggests that given the unpredictability of human affairs, an unyielding rejection of moral considerations is as unrealistic as an idealism that seeks reliably to effect justice. His deep realism reopens a space for ethical action in international affairs by reminding us that realpolitik's emphasis on the riskiness of ethical action springs from an optimism that an a-moral doctrine of interest can reliably mitigate risk. Such optimism, Thucydides would urge, is unfounded. Thus in the end, Thucydides grounds a kind of liberality in a deep pessimism. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

Denna studie kombinerar enkätundersökning med kvalitativa intervjuer i syftet att identifiera och jämföra motivationsfaktorer för eget ledarskap i självstyrande organisationer kontra formella ledare. I studien ingår åtta respondenter från en självstyrande organisation och för att identifiera vilka drivkrafter och psykologiska behov dessa besitter genomfördes en enkätundersökning. Underlaget för studien baserar sig på MyNeeds, ett analysverktyg utvecklat från Self-Determination Theory. Utifrån denna teori har de identifierat sex psykologiska behov som ofta är omedvetna och genom verktyget kan mätas på individnivå. Analysresultatet från studien har därefter jämförts med data från en kontrollgrupp som tagits fram vid Malmö Universitet genom det samarbete som finns med MyNeeds. I syfte att närmare undersöka hur respondenterna själva ser på sitt ledarskap i en självstyrande organisation och vad de motiveras utav i sin befattning, genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultat av studien visar att det finns skillnader i hur drivkrafterna fördelar sig i jämförelse mellan respondenter och kontrollgrupp, studiens deltagare hade större benägenhet att drivas av ett behov av samhörighet än de formella ledarna som ingick i studiens jämförelseunderlag.

The purpose of this thesis is to identify what motivational changes occur while a lifestyle entrepreneur moves through three different organizational stages. The focus will however be on stage one and three. The problem of an under-researched field is addressed and how the motivation of specific lifestyle entrepreneurs, in these cases hairdressing salon owners, has changed. This thesis has been conducted with an interpretivistic viewpoint, an inductive approach and with a qualitative research method. The authors have selected to analyze the data through pattern matching and dividing the interviewees into two different case studies, one for each of the two chosen organizational stages in focus. In conclusion the authors found that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations have had different effects within all stages in the organizational life cycle. The authors have discovered that during stage one the intrinsic motivations play a large role. During stage one where the organization is small and young the lifestyle entrepreneurs are motivated by factors such as independence and self-efficacy. Stage two is a more extrinsic dominated phase with the factors integrated regulations and identified regulation as motivators. The third stage is a return to the intrinsic motivations with factors such as locus of control and egoistic passion. This is further explained within the chapter with help of the analysis and empirical findings. A figure has been presented to show the different phases and their motivational change.

User contributions are vital to online communities; therefore it is important to know how to motivate user participation to ensure flow and quality of content, and to generate more traffic and revenue to community owners. In contrast to previous research which has explored the motivations of participants in already existing online communities, I investigate whether a new niche online community with a particular focus(women in Science and Engineering sharing their personal experiences through stories) can be started through a design that follows best practices for community design and principles derived from theories of motivation. The design of the WISETales community is based upon insights from literature in three main areas: social psychology, computer science, and gender studies. A social visualization which serves informational, navigational and motivational tool was also developed. One pilot study and two exploratory studies were carried out to evaluate the need for such a community, its design and interface usability. The design of the community and visualization, along with the results from the studies, their analysis and discussion are presented in the thesis.

User contributions are vital to online communities; therefore it is important to know how to motivate user participation to ensure flow and quality of content, and to generate more traffic and revenue to community owners. In contrast to previous research which has explored the motivations of participants in already existing online communities, I investigate whether a new niche online community with a particular focus(women in Science and Engineering sharing their personal experiences through stories) can be started through a design that follows best practices for community design and principles derived from theories of motivation. The design of the WISETales community is based upon insights from literature in three main areas: social psychology, computer science, and gender studies. A social visualization which serves informational, navigational and motivational tool was also developed. One pilot study and two exploratory studies were carried out to evaluate the need for such a community, its design and interface usability. The design of the community and visualization, along with the results from the studies, their analysis and discussion are presented in the thesis.

Studien syftar till att kartlägga vilken påverkan ett chefsbyte har på medarbetarna avseende motivation och ledarskap på Luftstridsskolan i Uppsala. Undersökningen avser perioden mars till maj 2021. Kartläggningens första del genomfördes med ambitionen att få en faktabaserad bakgrund över hur länge chefer sitter i sina befattningar. Studiens andra del fortsatte att med kvalitativa metoder inspirerade av grundad teori samt genom en intervjustudie undersöka medarbetares upplevelser av chefsbyten. Syftet var att försöka identifiera vilken påverkan de får på chefernas förutsättningar till ett utvecklande ledarskap men även påverkan på medarbetarnas motivation. Fokus under studien har legat på människan och dess upplevelser. Strävan var också att belysa effekter av chefsbyten ur ett organisatoriskt perspektiv.  Påvisat resultat i studien efter analys pekar på att upplevelserna är överraskande lika oberoende av anställningskategori. Respondenterna gav uttryck för överraskande insikter och förståelse för chefernas situation och utmaningar. Studiens resultat visar även att det finns blandade upplevelser hos alla anställningskategorier av chefsbyten. Det finns styrande och bärande teman som bygger upp om ett chefsbyte upplevs som positivt eller negativt. Teman som identifierades var ledarskap, information och förutsättningar. Slutsatserna av studien är att ett chefsbyte påverkar motivationen hos medarbetarna och chefers förutsättningar att tillämpa ett utvecklande ledarskap. Att skapa rätt förutsättningar för byte av chef framstår som helt centralt med grund i framtagna teman. Studien visar också på generellt lika upplevelser inom anställningskategorierna samt betonar vikten av uppfyllnad av framtagna teman för att minska påverkan på motivation och förutsättningar. Den största påverkan på medarbetarnas motivation sker i steget trygghet, med osäkerhet och oro som konsekvenser. / The study aims to map the impact of a change of management on employees regarding motivation and leadership at the Air Combat School in Uppsala. The survey covers the period March to May 2021.The first part of the survey was carried out with the ambition of gaining a fact-based background on how long managers sit in their positions. The second part of the study continued to use qualitative methods inspired by grounded theory and through an interview study to examine employees' experiences of managerial changes. The purpose was to try to identify the impact they have on the managers 'conditions for developing leadership but also the impact on the employees' motivation. The focus during the study has been on man and his experiences. The aim was also to shed light on the effects of changes of management from an organizational perspective. Demonstrated results in the study after analysis indicate that the experiences are surprisingly equally independent of employment category. The respondents expressed surprising insights and understanding of the managers' situation and challenges. The results of the study also show that there are mixed experiences in all employment categories of managerial changes. There are governing and supporting themes that build up if a change of manager is perceived as positive or negative. Themes identified were leadership, information and conditions. The conclusions of the study are that a change of manager affects the motivation of employees and managers' ability to apply developing leadership. Creating the right conditions for a change of manager appears to be absolutely central, based on developed themes. The study also shows generally similar experiences within the employment categories and emphasizes the importance of fulfilling developed themes in order to reduce the impact on motivation and conditions. The greatest impact on employees' motivation takes place in the step of security, with uncertainty and anxiety as consequences.

The question the researcher set out to answer during this research is: How is a caring concern maintained by the (student nurse) as caregiver? It stemmed from unresolved plausible hypotheses stated during a previous qualitative study into the phenomenon caring, from media reports on the "poor care" rendered in health institutions in South Africa, and a concern about the Tylerian rationale in nursing education. The theory generation required was achieved through Wertz's Empirical Psychological Reflection and existential phenomenology. Heidegger's theory of"Care as the essence of being" constituted a central concept in this research. A linguistic epistemology and expanded definition of the term empirical were also pertinent in this research. The literature review focussed on the methodology, ontology (caring and maintenance) and epistemology, serving a purpose towards bracketing. A purposive sample of informants was extracted according to students' performance on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Sixteen qualitative research interviews were conducted. Analysis was conducted through open coding, categorisation and axial coding. At the idiographic level, twelve individual psychological profiles were constructed serving the purpose of imaginative variation. At the nomothetic level four major themes emerged, namely: The Caring Phenomenon (Contextualisation); Factors Eroding a Caring Concern; Factors in the Maintenance of a Caring Concern; and Core Experiences. The dialogue among the four intra-psychic processes of Care, will, meaning attribution and conscience accounts for all events encountered in the data. This dialogue results in either reason or intuition, displaying caring and the maintenance of a caring concern. Positing will and conscience as thesis and antithesis, the resulting synthesis postulates the basic ethical concepts of autonomy, authority, responsibility and accountability as existentially inherent to being and existence, and to the maintenance of a caring concern. The final manifestation of the object ofintention, maintenance, is proposed as an anthropological model. When extended to the fields of (nursing) education, human motivation and the teaching of (nursing) ethics, emotional intelligence, social intelligence, the self-science curriculum and life-skills training become imperative to (nursing) curricula. It is also proposed that human caring be studied as a manifestation of human motivation. / Health Studies / D. Litt et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

In South Africa household debt has increased rapidly over the past few years, therefore illustrating the importance of analysing liability usage behaviour of individual members within the household. In order to comprehend the behaviour of South Africans regarding liability usages, this study provides insight into why individuals find it necessary to obtain liability products as well as to indicate whether liability products are used to address the financial needs for the purpose it was developed for. To achieve the aim of this study, it was firstly necessary to develop a theoretical framework for the process of selecting credit products when satisfying financial needs. Secondly, the characteristics and intended usage purposes of different credit products available in South Africa were discussed and a debt classification framework was developed. Finally, data obtained from the Finscope South Africa survey was analysed according to the developed frameworks following a combination of two approaches. Firstly, a qualitative approach was used to identify the different financial needs which are satisfied when using liabilities. The financial needs identified were classified according to Alderfer’s existence relatedness growth (ERG) theory and the factors that have an influence on liability usage. Secondly, a quantitative approach was followed to indicate which financial needs are fulfilled when using different credit products. The results of this study suggest that individuals do not use liabilities only for the purpose what the products were originally developed for. The findings clearly indicated that individuals mainly use liabilities to satisfy basic needs which are classified as existence needs according to Alderfer’s ERG theory. Based on the data analysis a variety of factors such as access to credit and certain demographic characteristics have an influence on liability usage behaviour of individuals. The results further show that individuals mainly use informal, unsecured, short-term loans when satisfying their financial needs which might indicate that South Africans are unable to access formal credit products. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)

Fear of missing out (FoMO) is a type of internet slang used to describe the “pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent” (Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan & Gladwell, 2013, p. 1841). This pervasive fear encompasses an individual’s life and it is exacerbated by the social media updates of online counterparts. A study conducted by a South African pharmaceutical company revealed that 62% of the respondents have a constant fear of missing out on something that might be happening elsewhere. This study underscores the relevance of studying FoMO as a construct in the South African context. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between FoMO and satisfaction with life, as these two constructs have previously shown to be negatively correlated. The self-proclaimed FoMO sufferers who will be partaking in this study will be requested to complete an online questionnaire to establish the nature of the relationship between FoMO and satisfaction with life. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

The question the researcher set out to answer during this research is: How is a caring concern maintained by the (student nurse) as caregiver? It stemmed from unresolved plausible hypotheses stated during a previous qualitative study into the phenomenon caring, from media reports on the "poor care" rendered in health institutions in South Africa, and a concern about the Tylerian rationale in nursing education. The theory generation required was achieved through Wertz's Empirical Psychological Reflection and existential phenomenology. Heidegger's theory of"Care as the essence of being" constituted a central concept in this research. A linguistic epistemology and expanded definition of the term empirical were also pertinent in this research. The literature review focussed on the methodology, ontology (caring and maintenance) and epistemology, serving a purpose towards bracketing. A purposive sample of informants was extracted according to students' performance on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Sixteen qualitative research interviews were conducted. Analysis was conducted through open coding, categorisation and axial coding. At the idiographic level, twelve individual psychological profiles were constructed serving the purpose of imaginative variation. At the nomothetic level four major themes emerged, namely: The Caring Phenomenon (Contextualisation); Factors Eroding a Caring Concern; Factors in the Maintenance of a Caring Concern; and Core Experiences. The dialogue among the four intra-psychic processes of Care, will, meaning attribution and conscience accounts for all events encountered in the data. This dialogue results in either reason or intuition, displaying caring and the maintenance of a caring concern. Positing will and conscience as thesis and antithesis, the resulting synthesis postulates the basic ethical concepts of autonomy, authority, responsibility and accountability as existentially inherent to being and existence, and to the maintenance of a caring concern. The final manifestation of the object ofintention, maintenance, is proposed as an anthropological model. When extended to the fields of (nursing) education, human motivation and the teaching of (nursing) ethics, emotional intelligence, social intelligence, the self-science curriculum and life-skills training become imperative to (nursing) curricula. It is also proposed that human caring be studied as a manifestation of human motivation. / Health Studies / D. Litt et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)