Cette thèse se compose de deux parties. La première propose une théorie de l’humour, elle commence par étudier la notion en explicitant ses structures énonciatives, logiques ou encore syntaxiques afin d’en dégager une vision claire, avant de proposer une première tentative de définition. Puis elle établit des distinctions nécessaires entre les diverses catégories du risible afin d’affiner la délimitation des contours de l’humour. Une fois la notion circonscrite, la théorie de l’humour propose une typologie originale des thèmes humoristiques et une étude des trois variations principales de l’humour, avant de s’arrêter sur sa finalité. La deuxième partie aborde, à la lumière de certains concepts développés dans la première partie, la question de l’humour dans la littérature de science-fiction. En raison du peu d’études préalables sur la question, elle privilégie une optique large et traite divers aspects du phénomène. Dans un premier temps, la réflexion s’arrête sur la genèse, les thèmes et le pacte de lecture de la science-fiction pour analyser leur impact sur l’humour. Puis elle analyse la part effective de l’humour au regard des autres genres du risible avant d’interroger son développement et son rayonnement dans la science-fiction. Le dernier développement de la thèse interroge et classifie l’interaction entre l’humour et la science-fiction de la moins significative à la plus typique. Il aboutit au constat de l’existence d’un humour science-fictionnel qui s’appuie sur la puissance créatrice du genre. Enfin l’étude constate une distinction entre l’existence d’humour dans la science-fiction et la science-fiction humoristique en fonction de la quantité d’humour présente dans les textes. Elle s’intéresse alors plus précisément à la science-fiction humoristique et en dégage les structures en analysant les éléments saillants des récits, avant de s’intéresser à l’impact de cette dynamique relationnelle sur la construction des personnages. / This thesis is divided in two parts. The first part suggests a theory of humour, it starts studying that concept by explaining its enunciative, logical or syntactical structures in order to draw a clear vision of it, before offering a first attempt to define it. Then it establishes necessary distinctions between the various categories of the risible to refine the delineation of the contours of humour. Once the concept is marked out, the theory of humour suggests an original typology of humourous themes and a study of the three main variations of humour, before focusing on its purpose. The second part discusses, in the light of certain concepts developed in the first part, the question of humour in science fiction literature. Because of the few previous studies on the matter, it opts for a broad perspective and deals with various aspects of the phenomenon. At first, thought dwells on the origins, themes and reading pact of science fiction to analyze their impact on humour. Then it analyzes the actual share of humour compared to the other categories of risible before studying its development and its influence in science fiction. The last development of the thesis examines and classifies the interaction between humour and science fiction from the least significant to the most typical. It reaches the conclusion of the existence of a science-fictional humour that leans upon the creative power of the genre. Finally, the study finds a distinction between the existence of humour in science fiction and humourous science fiction depending on the amount of humour in the texts. It then focuses on the humourous science fiction and identifies its structures by analyzing the prominent elements of the stories, before looking at the impact of this relational dynamics on the construction of the characters.

ABSTRACT: Puns are short humorous texts that play on structural ambiguity in order to create incongruous scripts. The perception of their humour requires considerable pragmatic manipulation, which may present problems for L2 learners, which is why many scholars agree that they are best reserved for more advanced students. Using a combination of Quantitative and Qualitative analysis of data yielded from a survey containing puns and referential jokes, this study confirms that humour through puns is largely inaccessible to Swedish High School learners of English, with ambiguity being the main obstacle across the test groups. However, since language play has been proven to be facilitative to language learning, and since students themselves express a wish to be able to participate in humorous interaction, learners may well benefit from working with puns and language play in the classroom in order to gain greater linguistic abilities and well-rounded communicative competence.

Orientador: Heloisa Costa Milton / Resumo: Esta pesquisa surgiu da leitura das crônicas do escritor contemporâneo Moacyr Scliar, publicadas no jornal Folha de São Paulo, no período de 16 de março de 1995 a 28 de agosto de 1997. Tem, portanto, como objeto, matérias do gênero "crônica", ou seja, narrativas comprometidas com a análise da realidade e voltadas para a reflexão do leitor. Trata-se, assim, de um estudo comparativo que visa a desvelar o processo de recriação paródica nas crônicas de Moacyr Scliar, para expor a forma como o autor trabalha literariamente os fatos veiculados por notícias jornalísticas. Transformadas em crônicas, elas adquirem novas significações e direcionamentos no âmbito da invenção ficcional, provocando efeitos tragicômicos que levam o leitor ao riso reduzido. / Abstract: Reading the chronicles written by Moacyr Scliar, a contemporary Brazilian writer, brought about this research. Moacyr Scliar's chronicles are published in the paper Folha de São Paulo and we selected the chronicles from March 16, 1995 to August 28, 1997 for analysis. His chronicles present analyses of the complex social reality demanding from the reader some complex processes of reading. Scliar selects news which are far from our common sense, and then he represents them in a fictional world where the tragic and comic effects make the reader chuckle. This work is a comparative study between the news and the chronicles aiming to reveal the parody recreation by Moacyr Scliar's chronicles and how the writer takes the facts from the news to put them into a literary form. / Mestre

The diploma thesis describes Polish and Czech nonsense in children's literature. The main goal is to define nonsense literature, its development from a historical and formative point of view, considering contemporary events. The first part of the thesis focuses on the theoretical definition of the term nonsense and its historical aspect, especially on the two key representatives of English nonsense Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll. The next part deals with the development of Polish nonsense in children's literature. Two main authors, Julian Tuwim and Jan Brzechwa, who are considered as the creators of the new poetic school, took part in the formation of nonsense in Poland. Absurd humour and the world of children readers became the main inspirations for their work. This poetics was followed by other representatives of the Polish nonsense, including Ludwik Jerzy Kern, Wanda Chotomska and others. The work also focuses on the development of Czech nonsense for children, its main personalities and major works, which are based on nonsense, absurdity and word play. The diploma describes nonsense work for children of Josef Kainar, Jiří Kolář, Miloš Macourek, Pavel Šrut and other writers of literature. The last part of the thesis deals with specific nonsense literature for children of Polish and Czech authors....

The diploma thesis deals with speech characteristics of Hašek Švejk and translations of the novel into Russian, focusing on humor and satire. The aim of the thesis is to analyze, compare and critically evaluate Russian translations of Jaroslav Hašek's novel The Good Soldier Švejk, and especially the canonized translation of Pyotr Bogatyryov with a Czech original novel focusing on humor and satire. In addition to the translation of Bogatyryov, the thesis will also focus on the translations of Mikhail Skachkov and the latest translation of V. Lavrova and A. Fyodorov. The theoretical part is dedicated to the biographies of translators, Hašek's author style and speech characteristics of the main character of the novel. In the practical part, the thesis focuses on the analysis of translations of the excerpts containing humoristic elements. Based on the results of the analysis, in the conclusion part of the thesis we described translation tendencies of individual translators. Key words Jaroslav Hašek, Švejk, speech characteristics, humor, satire, Pyotr Bogatyryov, Mikhail Skachkov, translatological analysis, V. Lavrova, A. Fyodorov

The diploma thesis deals with speech characteristics of Hašek Švejk and translations of the novel into Russian, focusing on humor and satire. The aim of the thesis is to analyze, compare and critically evaluate Russian translations of Jaroslav Hašek's novel The Good Soldier Švejk, and especially the canonized translation of Pyotr Bogatyryov with a Czech original novel focusing on humor and satire. In addition to the translation of Bogatyryov, the thesis will also focus on the translations of Mikhail Skachkov and the latest translation of V. Lavrova and A. Fyodorov. The theoretical part is dedicated to the biographies of translators, Hašek's author style and speech characteristics of the main character of the novel. In the practical part, the thesis focuses on the analysis of translations of the excerpts containing humoristic elements. Based on the results of the analysis, in the conclusion part of the thesis we described translation tendencies of individual translators. Key words Jaroslav Hašek, Švejk, speech characteristics, humor, satire, Pyotr Bogatyryov, Mikhail Skachkov, translatological analysis, V. Lavrova, A. Fyodorov

The diploma thesis deals with the speech characteristics of Hašek's Švejk and the translations of the novel into Russian, focusing on humour and satire. The aim of the thesis is to analyze, compare and critically evaluate the Russian translations of Jaroslav Hašek's novel The Good Soldier Švejk, and especially the canonized translation of Pyotr Bogatyryov witha Czech original novel focusing on humor and satire. Apart from Bogatyryov's translation, the thesis focuses on the translations of Mikhail Skachkov as well as the latest translation of V. Lavrova and A. Fyodorov. The theoretical part is dedicated to the biographies of the translators, Hašek's writing style and the speech characteristics of thenovel's main character. In the practical part, the thesis focuses on theanalysis of the translations of the excerpts containing humoristic elements. Based on the results of the analysis, in the conclusion part of the thesis we described translation tendencies of individual translators. Key words Jaroslav Hašek, Švejk, speech characteristics, humour, satire, Pyotr Bogatyryov, Mikhail Skachkov, translation analysis, V. Lavrova, A. Fyodorov

The reception of Swedish literature in Italy has been widely overlooked. Only few studies consider it and these usually neglect the most recent history of this reception. For this reason, this research aims at describing how the Italian readership interpreted the Swedish books which were translated in the years 2006-2020. After detecting the main translation tendencies in the considered time-span, the Italian reception of some Swedish humouristic writers will be analysed by closely reading the Italian reviews of their books. Thus, it will be possible to verify whether the Italian readership grasps the humouristic tone that these authors use in their books or if it focuses only on the melancholy and loneliness that is believed to characterize all Nordic literature.

Bakgrund: Vad som upplevs som humor är individuellt. Humor och skratt medför både fysiologiska- och psykologiska effekter och en hypotes finns gällande humor och god hälsa. Humor har betydelse för kommunikationen men människors olika bakgrund kräver försiktighet vid användandet. Humorns positiva effekter kan kopplas till Kompetensbeskrivning för legitimerade sjuksköterskor som beskriver sjuksköterskans arbete utifrån fyra arbetsområden: främja hälsa, förebygga sjukdom, återställa hälsa och lindra lidande. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva patienters och sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av humor i omvårdnad. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på elva vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Humor utvecklades genom erfarenhet och krävde känsla och patientkännedom. Enligt sjuksköterskorna utgjorde humor ett effektivt kommunikationsredskap, beskrevs relationsfrämjande och något som kunde underlätta vid omvårdnadsåtgärder samt svåra situationer. Enligt patienterna krävdes empati och tillit för att humor skulle upplevas vårdande. De beskrev humor som en försvarsmekanism, ett sätt att prata om svåra saker och som självvårdande strategi. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskors förmåga att använda humor utvecklas genom erfarenhet. Genom att vara medveten om humorns begränsningar kan positiva effekter i omvårdnaden uppnås såsom främjande av relationer och underlättande vid omvårdnadsåtgärder. Då empati och tillit finns närvarande kan humor bli vårdande och bidra till välbefinnande och hälsa hos patienten. Klinisk betydelse: Kunskap om betydelse av humor skulle kunna få sjuksköterskor att bättre förstå och hjälpa patienter i omvårdnadssituationer. / Background: What is perceived as humor is individual. Humor and laughter contribute to both physiological and psychological effects and one hypothesis exists regarding humor and good health. Humor is also of importance in communication, but due to individual’s varied in backgrounds its use requires caution. The positive effects of humor can be linked to Competence description for registered nurses, which describes a nurse’s responsibilities in four different areas of work: promoting health, preventing disease, restoring health and alleviating suffering. Aim: The aim of this research study was to describe patients’ and nurses’ experiences of humor in nursing care. Method: A study of the literature based on eleven qualitative scientific articles. Result: Humor was developed through experience and in order to use humor, sensitivity and patient knowledge were required. Through its property of being an effective tool of communication, humor was described as a promoter of relationships, which could facilitate patient care. Patients argued that in order for humor to be viewed as caring, the presence of empathy and trust was required. They also described humor as a defense mechanism and as a self-nurturing strategy. Conclusion: Nurses’ ability to use humor is developed through experience. By being aware of the limitations of humor, positive effects in patient care can be achieved, such as promoting relationships and facilitating patient care. When empathy and trust are present, humor can become nurturing and contribute to well-being and health. Clinical Significance: Knowledge about the significance of humor may make nurses better able to understand and help patients in nursing care.

Bakgrund:Humor har positiva effekter på människors fysiska och psykiska hälsa. Humor är individuellt och är ett sätt för människor att kommunicera. Ett av sjuksköterskans viktigaste verktyg i mötet med patienter är kommunikation. I vårdrelationen använder vårdpersonal erfarenhet och kunskap för att skapa en god grund för vårdandet. Syfte:Syftet var att belysa humorns betydelse för vårdrelationen mellan vuxna patienter och vårdpersonal. Metod:Metoden som användes var allmän litteraturöversikt. Litteratursökningen gjordes i databaserna MEDLINE och CINAHL. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar granskades och analyserades. Artiklarna analyserades genom att författarna läste dem individuellt och gemensamt. Likheter och skillnader identifierades för att sedan sammanställas i olika teman. Resultat:Resultatet visade att humor används av både vårdpersonal och patienter. Humor kunde användas som ett sätt att stärka vårdrelationen både av patienter och vårdpersonal, men när humor användes på fel sätt kunde det leda till negativa konsekvenser för vårdrelationen. Då humor är individuellt och används för att påvisa identitet så skapades spänningar i vårdrelationen när patientinitierad humor inte blev uppmärksammad. I resultatet framkom även könsskillnader i användningen av humor. Diskussion:Resultatet diskuterades utifrån tidigare forskning samt Joyce Travelbees teori Interpersonal aspects of nursing. Resultatdiskussionen belyste konsekvenser av obesvarad patientinitierad humor, humor som maktfaktor samt professionellt förhållningsätt till humor. / Background:Humor have positive effects on humans physical and mental health. Humor is individual and is a way for humans to communicate. One of nurse´s most important tool in meetings with patients is communication. In the care relationship, care workers use experience and knowledge to create a good foundation for care. Aim:The aim was to illustrate the meaning of humor in the care relation between adult patients and care workers. Method:The method was a general literature review. The literature search was conducted in the databases MEDLINE and CINAHL. Ten scientific articles were reviewed and analyzed. The articles were analyzed by the authors by reading the articles individually and jointly. Similarities and differences were identified and then compiled into different themes. Results:The result showed that humor is used by both care workers and patients. Humor could be used as a way to strengthen the care relationship both by patients and care workers, but when humor is used incorrectly it could lead to negative consequences for the care relationship. Since humor is individual and used to demonstrate identity, tension was created in the care relationship when patient-initiated humor was not noticed. The result also revealed gender differences in the use of humor. Discussion:The result was discussed based on previous research, as well as Joyce Travelbee’s theory Interpersonal aspects of nursing. The result discussion highlighted the consequences of unanswered patient-initiated humor, humor as a power factor and professional approach to humor.