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This dissertation explores understandings of food and hunger in the United States within the sociocultural context of neoliberalism. Using fieldwork conducting in Norristown, Pennsylvania, I critically explore understandings of the diet and link these understandings to the large-scale economic restructuring that has played out since 1980. To provide a backdrop for this analysis, I first detail the history of Norristown and situate the space in present times and a deindustrialized urban center where low-income residents face limited access to affordable healthy foods. Previous to the election of Ronald Reagan, a relatively robust social safety net was in place to assist people living in these situations, but this safety net has shrunk during the era of neoliberalism. Neoliberal policy shifts in food assistance programs serve as a launching point for my analysis of understandings of food. I first consider the remnants of the food assistance bureaucracy and how food programs play out from federal to local levels. I then shift my attention to the increased emphasis on nutrition education programs as a strategy to alleviate the poor dietary status of many who live on fixed incomes. Here, I am concerned with how these programs shift the responsibility for the diet onto the individuals themselves while doing little to ensure proper access to healthy foods. Ideas of individual responsibility also play out among the many volunteers involved in private food charities, and in the food advertisements that can be seen all over the urban space of Norristown. Taken together a complex picture of the diet emerges that is very much reflective of neoliberal ideology. / Anthropology

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) imparts umami taste associated with proteins and is known to act as a flavor-enhancer. Several adult studies and a recent study of infants suggests that MSG may also have beneficial effects on appetite by promoting satiety. This research is the first to assess effects of MSG on perceived and objective satiety among children. Methods: A between-subjects design (MSG+ or MSG-) was used to evaluate the effect of adding MSG to a soup pre-load on subsequent satiety among children aged 7-9 years. Children were randomly assigned to experimental condition (MSG+ or MSG-). Perceived hunger and fullness were evaluated prior to and following consumption of the pre-load using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Objective satiety was assessed using weighed food intake methods at an ad libitum meal following the preload. Results: Children in the MSG+ condition showed greater decreases in perceived hunger following the consumption of the pre-load than children in the MSG- condition (F=4.05, p<0.05). Total energy intake at the ad libitum meal did not vary by MSG condition. Conclusions: The results of this study provide evidence that MSG may reduce perceived hunger among 7- to 9- year old children. / Public Health

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Bakgrund En mer stillasittande livsstil med ett högre kaloriintag ökar riskerna för övervikt och andra metabola sjukdomar. För att förebygga och behandla dessa sjukdomar behöver vi bland annat förstå hur hungerkänslor regleras hos människan. Hur stor inverkan blodglukosnivåer har på hungerregleringen är dock omdiskuterat. Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur hungerkänslor och blodglukosnivåer förändras efter en måltid, jämfört med fasta. Kan den upplevda hungern påverkas genom periodisk fas-ta? Hur påverkar en invand måltidsrytm hungern? Hur påverkas hunger och blodglukos i för-väntan på en måltid? Metod Tolv friska testpersoner (7 män, 5 kvinnor) där sju stycken var vana vid periodisk fasta och fem inte var det, randomiserades in i två grupper där ena gruppen (Pi) fick äta en 600 kcal pizza medan den andra gruppen fick fasta (F). Blodglukosvärden och hungeruppskattningar registrerades var 30:e minut, förutom första värdet som registrerades 15 minuter innan pizzor-na serverades. Testpersonerna visste inte vilken grupp de skulle hamna i förrän 10 minuter innan pizzorna serverades. Resultat Fem timmar efter måltiden kunde ingen signifikant skillnad i blodglukossänkning observeras mellan grupperna. Hungern skiljde sig inte heller signifikant mellan grupperna. Endast Pi ökade dock signifikant i hunger (P = 0,05) jämfört med sina startvärden. Fastevana bidrog inte till en förbättrad hungerkontroll. Beskedet om vilken grupp testpersonerna skulle hamna i resulterade i att blodglukosnivåerna skiljde sig signifikant mellan grupperna (P = 0,05) när pizzorna serverades. Då sänktes blodglukosnivåerna hos Pi samtidigt som de höjdes hos F. Fyra av fem testpersoner i F och en testperson i Pi blev tydligt hungrigare vid tidpunkter då de vanligtvis brukade äta på. Slutsats Samband mellan absoluta blodglukosnivåer och hunger kunde inte hittas. Stark hunger kunde uppstå fastän dietär energi sannolikt fortfarande absorberades i tarmarna.Våra resultat indikerade därför att akut energitillgänglighet utgör en relativt liten del i den totala hungersignaleringen. En invand måltidsrytm såg ut att påverka hungern mer än vad måltiden i den här studien gjorde. Större fokus vid hungerreglering bör därför ligga på en re-gelbunden måltidsrytm. / Background The increasingly sedentary lifestyle of our society combined with a constantly rising caloric intake has elevated the risk of developing obesity and other metabolic diseases. There is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms of hunger regulation to effectively prevent and treat these diseases. The magnitude of which an active regulation of blood glucose has an influence on hunger regulation is rather controversial. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate how the changes in hunger and blood glucose levels may differ after a mixed meal compared to the fasting state. Research questions include: Does intermittent fasting reduce general hunger? How does an entrenched meal-pattern affect hunger? How does hunger and blood glucose change in anticipation of a meal? Method Twelve healthy subjects (7 men, 5 women), of which seven subjects regularly practiced intermittent fasting and the remaining five did not, were randomized into two groups, one group was eating pizza (Pi), and the other group was fasting (F). Blood glucose levels and hunger ratings were collected every 30 minutes, with exception of initial values that were collected 15 minutes prior to the serving of the pizzas. The subjects were unaware of which group they would be designated to until 10 minutes prior to the serving of the pizzas. Results Decline in blood glucose did not significantly differ between groups during the 5 hour window following the meal ingestion. Hunger ratings differed significantly between individuals but not between groups. However, only Pi had significantly elevated hunger ratings in the end of the test period compared to their initial ratings. In anticipation of the meal a significant change in blood glucose was observed between the groups (P = 0.05), where values dropped for Pi and rose for F. Four out of five subjects in F and one subject in Pi were considerably hungrier during time periods they reported as habitual eating occasion. Conclusion Correlations between absolute blood glucose levels and hunger could not be found. An equal rise in hunger appear regardless if subjects were fed or fasting, meaning significant hunger can appear although dietary energy still is absorbed into the blood stream. Thus our results indicate that the acute availability of dietary energy is only a relatively small part of the total hunger signaling process. A disrupted meal pattern seemed to affect hunger feelings more than the ingestion of the served meal. Thus we conclude that more research should focus on meal-pattern regulation to enable better hunger control.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-191).

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-23T18:26:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nayara Cristina Rodrigues de Andrade - 2016.pdf: 1839680 bytes, checksum: 845d47c8f4cb849d7e0c7aa9c84459fd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-30T15:41:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nayara Cristina Rodrigues de Andrade - 2016.pdf: 1839680 bytes, checksum: 845d47c8f4cb849d7e0c7aa9c84459fd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T15:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nayara Cristina Rodrigues de Andrade - 2016.pdf: 1839680 bytes, checksum: 845d47c8f4cb849d7e0c7aa9c84459fd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / The aim of this research and of the dissertation resulting from it is the analysis of the construction of the representation of reality in the book The House of Hunger (1978), by Dambudzo Marechera. Prominent writer from Zimbabwe, inscribed in the African Literature in English, his works do not have yet translations into Portuguese. In his own country, he has suffered several accusations for refusing to write according to the Preand Post-Independence national call to the production of works under the 19th century Realism and the 20th century Socialist Realism. His rejection of these “traditions” has resulted in a critical fortune that sometimes vilifies his works for being antirealist and anti-mimetic. This work focuses primarily on tracing how the concept of mimesis already presented differences in Ancient Greece, through Plato’s and Aristotle’s ideas, and how the contribution of the theorist Erich Auerbach (2013) collaborates for the analysis and understanding of the construction of the representation of reality in the works by Dambudzo Marechera, which re-evaluates the charges against the author afore mentioned. For the development of this thesis, we decided to focus our attention on the novel “The House of Hunger” and the short stories “Burning in the Rain” and “The Transformation of Harry”, through the analysis of how the choice of the narrative point of view used in the works and how their narratives are constructed help for the construction of the representation of reality. In the Third Chapter, we made use of the postcolonial theories by Homi Bhabha (1998) and Frantz Fanon (2005) to help us analyze how mimesis is built in the short story “Black Skin What Mask”, through an identity crisis suffered by the protagonist-character. The short-story, which has in its title an obvious paraphrase of the title of Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks (2008), has the construction of reality emerging through the tension between the fictional entity and the environment, which is a configuration of what Erich Auerbach understands mimesis is. / O objetivo desta pesquisa e da dissertação dela resultante é a análise da construção da representação da realidade no livro The House of Hunger (1978), de Dambudzo Marechera. Proeminente escritor do Zimbábue, inscrito na literatura africana de língua inglesa, suas obras ainda não têm traduções para a língua portuguesa. Dentro do seu país, o autor foi alvo de diversas acusações por se negar a escrever segundo a chamada nacional pré e pós-independência, que objetivava produzir obras que obedecessem à estética do realismo do século XIX ou do realismo socialista do século XX. Sua rejeição a essa “tradição” resultou em uma fortuna crítica que, por vezes, vilipendia suas obras por serem antirrealistas e antimiméticas. Esta dissertação tem como foco principal traçar o modo como o conceito de mímesis já apresentava divergências desde a Grécia antiga, com Platão e Aristóteles, e como as contribuições do teórico Erich Auerbach (2013) colaboram para a análise e entendimento do modo da construção da representação da realidade na obra de Dambudzo Marechera, o que reavalia a acusação mencionada anteriormente. Para o desenvolvimento desta dissertação, decidimos focar nossa atenção na novela “The House of Hunger” e os contos “Burning in the Rain” e “The Transformation of Harry”, para analisamos como a escolha do foco narrativo usado nas obras e o modo como suas narrativas são construídas ajudam na construção da representação da realidade. No capítulo terceiro, fizemos uso das teorias pós-coloniais de Homi Bhabha (1998) e de Frantz Fanon (2005) para analisarmos o modo como a mímesis é construída no conto “Black Skin What Mask”, através de uma crise identitária vivenciada pelo personagem-protagonista. O conto, que tem em seu título uma paráfrase evidente da obra Pele negra, máscaras brancas (2008), de Frantz Fanon, tem sua realidade construída em meio à tensão entre a entidade ficcional e o ambiente, o que é a configuração daquilo que Erich Auerbach considera seja a mímesis.

The following study examines the construction of political identities in the cinematic adaptations of Suzanne Collins "The Hunger Games". This is done through the lense of a post-structuralist, discourse-oriented, theoretical framework. Drawing on Chantal Mouffe's and Ernesto Laclau's concept of hegemony as well as Kimberle Crenshaw's theory of intersectionality (amongst others), I used the series main protagonist - Katniss Everdeen - as the focal point of my analysis. Situated in the intersection between class, gender and race, she is a pivotal subject in the hegemonic struggle of the films, having been labelled as a feminist icon. My aims were as follows: Firstly, I wished to establish the hegemonic structures of The Hunger Games. Secondly, I interpreted in what ways Katniss Everdeen related to these, and lastly, I sought to connect my findings to central concepts of school democracy - as I am to become an upper secondary teacher in social studies.       The analysis leaves one ambiguous as to whether Katniss is to be seen as a subversive or conformist figure. If we look at the narrative where she acts as the unifying "Mockingjay" in the struggle against "The Capitol", several subversive acts can be found - especially concerning class. However - the parallell narrative of the love-triangle, the one between Katniss, Peeta and Gale, distorts the picture. The revolutionary subversiveness of Gale is contrasted with the democratic conformity of Peeta. In the end, Katniss chooses the latter. This is to be seen against the horizon that most characters in disadvantaged positions die in their hegemonic resistance. Democracy is thus construed as the safe option, whereas heteronormativity and racism remain largely unchallenged. Regarding the reality of pupils - Katniss can be used to illustrate the limits and possibilities of the intersectional experience, and more so, to demonstrate the precariousness of diverging from the norm.