No description available.

No description available.

Realizamos simulações computacionais de modelos da atividade elétrica de centros geradores de padrões para investigar o fato experimental de organismos vivos utilizarem neurônios caóticos para produzir padrões periódicos. Centros geradores de padrões biológicos produzem atividades motoras periódicas que devem ser robustas a pequenas flutuações das propriedades dos neurônios e sinapses, mas também flexíveis para permitir a neuromodulação do ritmo. Utilizamos principalmente dois modelos de atividade neural, um modelo fenomenológico do tipo Hindmarsh-Rose e um modelo baseado em condutâncias do tipo Hodgking-Huxley. Realizamos também experimentos com redes híbridas, conectando dois tipos de neurônios do gânglio estomatogástrico de crustáceos aos neurônios modelo, que confirmaram os resultados obtidos nas simulações. Observamos o comportamento das redes principalmente em função de dois parâmetros: um que controla a atividade intrínseca dos neurônios e outro que representa a condutância máxima das sinapses químicas usadas para formar a rede. As redes apresentam atividade robusta e flexível quando os neurônios que as compõem apresentam comportamento intrínseco entre rajadas e tônico. Esta é a região onde os neurônios modelo apresentam comportamento caótico, o que é uma evidência do motivo de se observar este tipo de comportamento em neurônios isolados do gânglio estomatogástrico dos crustáceos. Mostramos que o modelo tipo Hodgkin-Huxley, apesar de mais realista do ponto de vista eletrofisiológico, não apresenta um comportamento coletivo satisfatório em termos de flexibilidade e robustez. Os experimentos com redes híbridas evidenciaram como deveria ser modificado o modelo para que o comportamento coletivo fosse restaurado. Investigamos também outros aspectos da atividade neural: a obtenção de padrões oscilatórios com neurônios que não apresentam comportamento intrinsecamente oscilatório e a influência de perturbações causada por ruídos na atividade neural. / Realizamos simulações computacionais de modelos da atividade elétrica de centros geradores de padrões para investigar o fato experimental de organismos vivos utilizarem neurônios caóticos para produzir padrões periódicos. Centros geradores de padrões biológicos produzem atividades motoras periódicas que devem ser robustas a pequenas flutuações das propriedades dos neurônios e sinapses, mas também flexíveis para permitir a neuromodulação do ritmo. Utilizamos principalmente dois modelos de atividade neural, um modelo fenomenológico do tipo Hindmarsh-Rose e um modelo baseado em condutâncias do tipo Hodgking-Huxley. Realizamos também experimentos com redes híbridas, conectando dois tipos de neurônios do gânglio estomatogástrico de crustáceos aos neurônios modelo, que confirmaram os resultados obtidos nas simulações. Observamos o comportamento das redes principalmente em função de dois parâmetros: um que controla a atividade intrínseca dos neurônios e outro que representa a condutância máxima das sinapses químicas usadas para formar a rede. As redes apresentam atividade robusta e flexível quando os neurônios que as compõem apresentam comportamento intrínseco entre rajadas e tônico. Esta é a região onde os neurônios modelo apresentam comportamento caótico, o que é uma evidência do motivo de se observar este tipo de comportamento em neurônios isolados do gânglio estomatogástrico dos crustáceos. Mostramos que o modelo tipo Hodgkin-Huxley, apesar de mais realista do ponto de vista eletrofisiológico, não apresenta um comportamento coletivo satisfatório em termos de flexibilidade e robustez. Os experimentos com redes híbridas evidenciaram como deveria ser modificado o modelo para que o comportamento coletivo fosse restaurado. Investigamos também outros aspectos da atividade neural: a obtenção de padrões oscilatórios com neurônios que não apresentam comportamento intrinsecamente oscilatório e a influência de perturbações causada por ruídos na atividade neural. We have performed computational simulations of models of the neural electrical activity of central pattern generators in order to investigate the experimental fact that living organisms use chaotic neurons to produce periodic patterns. Biological central pattern generators produce periodic motor activity that must be robust to small fluctuacions in the neural and synaptic properties, but they must also be flexible to alow rhythm neuromodulation. We have used mainly two different models of neural activity, one phenomenological Hindmarsh-Rose type and another conductance based Hodgking-Huxley type. We have also performed experiments with hybrid networks, connecting two types crustacean stomatogastric ganglion neurons with the model neurons, which confirmed the results obtained with the simulations. We have simulated the network behavior as a function of two parameters: the maximal conductance of the chemical synapses by which neurons are connected and a parameter that controls the intrinsic behavior of the neurons. The networks present robust and flexible activity when the neurons have intrinsic beharior between bursting and tonic. This is the region in which model neurons present chaotic behavior, what is an evidence of why chaotic behavior takes place in isolated neurons from the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of crustaceans. We have shown that the Hodgking-Huxley type model does not perform a satisfactory collective behavior in terms of flexibility and robustness, in spite of its electrophysiological realism. Experiments with hybrid networks showed how the model should be modified in order to restore the proper collective behavior. We have also investigated other aspects of the neural activity: the observation of oscillatory patterns in networks composed by neurons that are not endogenous bursters and the influence of perturbations in the neural activity caused by noize.

The thesis aims to give an overview of the treatment of media in texts that have formed modern dystopian writing and to which new additions in the genre necessarily relate. This set of texts consists of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and When the Sleeper Awakes by H. G. Wells; first chapter substantiates this selection and proceeds to define the concepts of "media" and "dystopia". Second chapter is concerned with the understanding of history in dystopian societies and shows that the very concept of historicity is undesirable for a totalitarian state, which seeks to blur history and reduce it to a three-point schema "before the Event - the Event (revolution) - after the Event". Closer analysis then shows that the Event itself can be divided into a further triad that has to be completed in order to pass into eternal post-Event society. Third chapter describes the use of citizens as media and shows that while Huxley's society uses what Michel Foucault calls "biopower" to achieve this goal, Orwell's society rather uses the concept of "discipline". Fourth chapter turns to printed media a the privileged role they are ascribed in the novels: The authors see literature as an embodiment of individuality and, at the same time, as a guarantee of tradition established by an...

Les neurones émettent des impulsions électriques suivant une loi dite ''tout-ou-rien'' : un potentiel d'action stéréotypé est généré et propagé pour des amplitudes suffisamment grandes du stimulus, autrement aucune décharge n'a lieu. L'amplitude minimale au-delà de laquelle une impulsion est générée est appelée seuil d'excitabilité. Des expériences in vivo récentes, dans lesquelles l'activité membranaire des neurones du système nerveux central a été enregistrée, ont mis en évidence une variabilité significative de ce seuil. De plus, il a été observé une adaptation du seuil à la dynamique de l'activité membranaire précédant l'initiation des impulsions. Ces observations nous ont intéressées car elles concernaient à la fois les hypothèses fondamentales de la biophysique de l'excitabilité et les conceptions classiques de l'intégration synaptique. Nous nous sommes alors demandé dans quelle mesure et comment les différents mécanismes biophysiques impliqués dans l'excitabilité contribuent à la variabilité du seuil. Nous nous sommes aussi demandé quelle est l'influence spécifique sur la dynamique du seuil d'un mécanisme classique de régulation de la décharge, l'inactivation du canal sodium. Nous avons abordé ces questions à partir d'analyses mathématiques et de simulations numériques de modèles d'excitabilité. Nous avons montré qu'il est possible d'obtenir un seuil variable dans le cadre des hypothèses classiques et de le prédire quantitativement à partir des variables biophysiques de l'excitabilité. Nous avons aussi confirmé que l'inactivation du canal sodium permet de rendre compte des différentes caractéristiques du seuil. Ainsi, notre travail confirme la pertinence des modèles à seuil pour décrire la dynamique de l'excitabilité neuronale.

S'ha investigat molt tant els mecanismes neuronals bàsics de l'audició com l'organització psicològica de la percepció de la parla. Tanmateix, en ambdós temes n'hi ha una relativa escassetat en quant a modelització. Aquí describim dos treballs de modelització. Un d'ells proposa un nou mecanisme de millora de selectivitat de freqüències que explica resultats de experiments neurofisiològics investigant manifestacions de forward masking y sobretot auditory streaming en l'escorça auditiva principal (A1). El mecanisme funciona en una xarxa feed-forward amb depressió sináptica entre el tàlem y l'escorça, però mostrem que és robust a l'introducció d'una organització realista del circuit de A1, que per la seva banda explica cantitat de dades neurofisiològics. L'altre treball descriu un mecanisme candidat d'explicar la trobada en estudis psicofísics de diferències en la percepció de paraules entre bilinguës primerencs y simultànis. Simulant tasques de decisió lèxica y discriminació de fonemes, fortifiquem l'hipòtesi de que persones sovint exposades a variacions dialectals de paraules poden guardar aquestes en el seu lèxic, sense alterar representacions fonemàtiques . / Though much experimental research exists on both basic neural mechanisms of hearing and the psychological organization of language perception, there is a relative paucity of modelling work on these subjects. Here we describe two modelling efforts. One proposes a novel mechanism of frequency selectivity improvement that accounts for results of neurophysiological experiments investigating manifestations of forward masking and above all auditory streaming in the primary auditory cortex (A1). The mechanism works in a feed-forward network with depressing thalamocortical synapses, but is further showed to be robust to a realistic organization of the neural circuitry in A1, which accounts for a wealth of neurophysiological data. The other effort describes a candidate mechanism for explaining differences in word/non-word perception between early and simultaneous bilinguals found in psychophysical studies. By simulating lexical decision and phoneme discrimination tasks in an attractor neural network model, we strengthen the hypothesis that people often exposed to dialectal word variations can store these in their lexicons, without altering their phoneme representations. / Se ha investigado mucho tanto los mecanismos neuronales básicos de la audición como la organización psicológica de la percepción del habla. Sin embargo, en ambos temas hay una relativa escasez en cuanto a modelización. Aquí describimos dos trabajos de modelización. Uno propone un nuevo mecanismo de mejora de selectividad de frecuencias que explica resultados de experimentos neurofisiológicos investigando manifestaciones de forward masking y sobre todo auditory streaming en la corteza auditiva principal (A1). El mecanismo funciona en una red feed-forward con depresión sináptica entre el tálamo y la corteza, pero mostramos que es robusto a la introducción de una organización realista del circuito de A1, que a su vez explica cantidad de datos neurofisiológicos. El otro trabajo describe un mecanismo candidato de explicar el hallazgo en estudios psicofísicos de diferencias en la percepción de palabras entre bilinguës tempranos y simultáneos. Simulando tareas de decisión léxica y discriminación de fonemas, fortalecemos la hipótesis de que personas expuestas a menudo a variaciones dialectales de palabras pueden guardar éstas en su léxico, sin alterar representaciones fonémicas.

This work has been supported by the European FACETS-ITN project. Within the frameworkof this project, we contribute to the simulation of cortical cell types (employingexperimental electrophysiological data of these cells as references), using a specific VLSIneural circuit to simulate, at the single cell level, the models studied as references in theFACETS project. The real-time intrinsic properties of the neuromorphic circuits, whichprecisely compute neuron conductance-based models, will allow a systematic and detailedexploration of the models, while the physical and analog aspect of the simulations, as opposedthe software simulation aspect, will provide inputs for the development of the neuralhardware at the network level. The second goal of this thesis is to contribute to the designof a mixed hardware-software platform (PAX), specifically designed to simulate spikingneural networks. The tasks performed during this thesis project included: 1) the methodsused to obtain the appropriate parameter sets of the cortical neuron models that can beimplemented in our analog neuromimetic chip (the parameter extraction steps was validatedusing a bifurcation analysis that shows that the simplified HH model implementedin our silicon neuron shares the dynamics of the HH model); 2) the fully customizablefitting method, in voltage-clamp mode, to tune our neuromimetic integrated circuits usinga metaheuristic algorithm; 3) the contribution to the development of the PAX systemin terms of software tools and a VHDL driver interface for neuron configuration in theplatform. Finally, it also addresses the issue of synaptic tuning for future SNN simulation.

The aim of this essay is to provide an answer to the question "What is the Meaning of Meaningless sex in Dystopia?". It will show that meaningful concepts such as sexual satisfaction, pleassure, passion, love, bonding, procreation and family are handled as threats in dystopian societies described in well-known novels as We, Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four . It will explain how the conflict between the collective and the individual influences peoples' sexuality. It will also show how leading powers in the three dystopian societies use different methods to remove the significanse and functions of sex. It will suggest meaningless sex is a means to control the masses in a collective and that meaningful sex is an act of rebelion against the state. / .

This study determined whether the Hodgkin-Huxley model for unmyelinated nerve fibres could be more comprehensively modified to predict excitation behaviour at Ranvier nodes of a human sensory nerve fibre, as specifically applied to the prediction of temporal characteristics of the human auditory system. The model was developed in three phases. Firstly, the Hodgkin-Huxley model was modified to describe action potential dynamics at Ranvier nodes using recorded ionic membrane current data from single human myelinated peripheral nerve fibres. A nerve fibre cable model, based on a combination of two existing models, was subsequently developed using human sensory nerve fibre morphometric data. Lastly the morphological parameters of the nerve fibre model were changed to resemble a Type I peripheral auditory nerve fibre and coupled to a volume-conduction model of the cochlea. This study is the first to show that the Hodgkin-Huxley model equations can be modified successfully to predict excitation behaviour of a generalised human peripheral sensory nerve fibre without using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equations. The model includes a more comprehensive establishment of temperature dependence of the physiological and electrical parameters compared to existing models. Two versions of the human Type I auditory nerve fibre model were developed, one simulating an undamaged (non-degenerate) fibre and another a damaged (degenerate) fibre. Comparison between predicted and measured results indicated similar transient and persistent sodium, as well as slow potassium ionic membrane currents to those found in generalised sensory nerve fibres. Results confirm that chronaxie, rheobase current, mean latency, threshold and relative refractive periods depend on the amount of degeneracy of fibres. The model could account for threshold differences observed between different asymmetric waveforms. The combination of persistent sodium and slow potassium ionic membrane currents could in part predict non-monotonic excitation behaviour observed experimentally. A simplified method was developed to calculate electrically evoked compound action potential responses following neural excitation. It provided a computationally effective way to obtain an estimate of profile widths from the output of models that calculate neural excitation profiles, and an indirect way to estimate stimulus attenuation by calculating the value of the parameter that produces the best fit to experimental data. Results also confirmed that electrode arrays located closer to the modiolus produce more focussed neural excitation spread than more laterally located arrays. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Dans ce mémoire, je présente le réseautage de trois ouvrages textuels : Manières de faire des mondes du philosophe Nelson Goodman, A Brave New World du romancier et essayiste Aldous Huxley, et Envisioning Information du théoricien en design d'information Edward Tufte. Ce travail me sert de base théorique à la réalisation de mon projet de maîtrise qui consiste à réorganiser la structure d'une oeuvre de création littéraire de façon visuelle et spatiale. Pour ce faire, je recours à certains principes de visualisation de l'information relevant du design d'information. Le passage du roman en sa structure réorganisée se décline en quatre versions qui correspondent à l'exploration de formes artistiques distinctes : la base de données et le livre d'artiste, l'affiche et l'installation. Il en résulte la transformation du roman en une traduction expérimentale schématisée, dans une pratique se situant entre le design d'édition et le design d'information de recherche.