Cette étude suit les trajectoires balzaciennes qui parcourent l'oeuvre de Jacques Rivette, en créant un réseau complexe de références, d'allusions et de citations qui reflètent la construction en toile d'araignée de La Comédie Humaine. Elles irriguent trois réalisations ouvertement inspirées de Balzac : Out 1, Noli me tangere (1970-71), film fleuve expérimental d'environ treize heures, articulé sur l'improvisation des acteurs et centré sur la quête des Treize balzaciens, La Belle Noiseuse (1991) qui transpose au présent du tournage l'histoire du Chef d’oeuvre inconnu en la modifiant partiellement, et Ne touchez pas la hache (2007), film en costume « fidèle à la lettre » à La Duchesse de Langeais. Out 1 mêle le récit énigmatique balzacien à la flânerie surréaliste pour interroger la mythologie du groupe et l'onirisme psychédélique des années soixante-dix. La Belle Noiseuse offre à Rivette l'occasion de mettre en scène le processus de création - les séances de pose - et de réfléchir simultanément à son travail de cinéaste et à l'entreprise démesurée de La Comédie Humaine. La « compression à la César » à laquelle il soumet La Duchesse de Langeais fait de Ne touchez pas la hache un traité métaphysique intemporel sur l'empêchement amoureux, mais aussi une méditation sur la philosophie balzacienne et sur la théâtralité propre à La Comédie Humaine. Entre reprise et transformation, Jacques Rivette réalise donc trois oeuvres différemment marquées par une puissante innutrition balzacienne, les inscrivant dans un parcours inhabituel d’assimilation,d’hybridation et de réinvention du fait littéraire au cinéma. / This thesis follows the traces of Balzac’s presence in Jacques Rivette’s output and of thecomplex network of references, allusions and quotations that create a mirror image of thecobweb-like structure of the Comédie Humaine. These traces emerge particularly in threeworks overtly inspired by Balzac : Out 1, Noli me tangere (1970-71), an experimental filmfleuve approximately 13 hours long, built on actorial improvisation and centred on atransposition of the quest of Balzac’s Treize to contemporary times; La Belle Noiseuse (1991)which transposes and partly modifies the narrative of Le Chef-d’Oeuvre inconnu to thepresent of the filming process; and Ne touchez pas la hache (2007), a costume (and thus‘literally faithful’) reprise of La Duchesse de Langeais. Out 1 mixes surrealist flanerie toBalzac’s enigmatic narration in order to question the myth of the select group and thepsychedelic oneirism typical of the 1960s. As dramatisations of a novelistic ellipsis, themodel’s sittings in La Belle Noiseuse offer Rivette the opportunity to stage the process ofartistic creation and, at the same time, to reflect on his work as a filmmaker and on theenormous project of the Comédie Humaine. The “César-style” compression to which hesubmits La Duchesse de Langeais turns the narrative into an atemporal metaphysical treatiseon a lover’s impasse, as well as into the occasion for a meditation on Balzac’s philosophy andthe theatricality typical of the Comédie Humaine. Caught up between reprise andtransformation, Jacques Rivette’s films constitute as many re-elaborations that are, to differentdegrees, impregnated with Balzac’s powerful oeuvre, and thus delineate an original set offorms of assimilation, hybridisation and reinvention of literary texts on screen.

L’hybridation, phénomène omniprésent dans de nombreux domaines, a particulièrement influencé l’évolution du cinéma. Alors que les premières générations de cinéastes semblaient avoir tout inventé de ce nouvel art, le cinéma n’a cessé d’emprunter aux dernières technologies et aux dernières formes d’expressions artistiques, à mesure que se mettaient en place des média de plus en plus présents dans la vie quotidienne. L’étude des passerelles qui se multiplient au fil des décennies, permet de cerner les mécanismes qui concourent à l’abolition progressive des frontières entre les média et les disciplines artistiques. Toutefois, la présente recherche ne se borne pas à scruter ces seules œuvres issues des dernières technologies, mais elle se réfère aussi aux pionniers avant-gardistes des années 1920 qui ont posé les bases de l’hybridation. Elle est donc structurée selon deux grands axes : d’une part l’axe historique, l’histoire du cinéma étant profondément marquée par les vicissitudes de notre temps, et d’autre part l’axe de la pluridisciplinarité, incluant les diverses formes d’expressions artistiques et les divers média. Plus spécifiquement, dans le foisonnement de la production cinématographique, la présente étude se propose de faire le point sur la situation du cinéma hybride au tournant du siècle, à partir d’un corpus constitué de douze films produits en France, aux U.S.A. , au Canada et au Japon, entre 1983 et 2004, et auxquels fait pendant Metropolis de Fritz Lang [1927]. Enfin, comme on pourra le constater, cette enquête s’est inspirée des nombreuses et pertinentes études et comptes-rendus qui l’ont précédée. / Hybridisation, which is overwhelmingly present in many fields, has particularly influenced the evolution of cinematographic art. Although the first generations of film-makers seemed to have invented everything in this new art form, the cinema has always borrowed from the most modern technologies and the latest forms of artistic expression, while at the same time the media were taking up a larger and larger place in our everyday lives. The study of the links between them, which multiplied over the decades, allows us to understand the mechanisms contributing to the gradual abolition of the dividing lines between the media and artistic disciplines. However, the present research is not limited to the examination of works resulting from the most recent technological developments, since it also refers back to the avant-garde pioneers of the 1920’s, who set the basis for hybridisation. It is therefore centered around two main axes : on the one hand, the historical axis since cinema history has been profoundly marked by the vicissitudes of our time, and on the other hand the pluridisciplinary axis, including diverse forms of artistic expression and various media. More specifically, amid the wealth of cinematographic productions, this study proposes to take stock of the state of hybrid cinema at the turn of the century, using a corpus composed of 12 films, made in France, the United States, Canada and Japan between 1983 and 2004 and which go hand in hand with Fritz Lang’s Metropolis [1927]. Finally, it can be seen that this study has been inspired by the numerous and pertinent works and reports which have preceded it.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Family Poaceae is one of the most derived groups of monocots. Major mechanisms of grasses evolution and particularly of tribe Triticeae and genus Elymus are polyploidisation and hybridisation. Presented diploma thesis assessed frequency and direction of hybridisation between Elymus hispidus and E. repens in Central Europe. Thesis also evaluated evolutionary importance (significantly higher ratio of hybridisation and polyploidisation) of hybrid swarm in Nature Reserve Čertoryje (Bílé Karpaty Mountains/the White Carpathians, the Czech Republic). Putative hybridizing populations were 14,4 % of sampled localities, i.e. direct presence hybrids (7,9 %) or both parental species (8,4 %). Aneuploids and higher polyploids were found exclusively in Čertoryje hybrid swarm, except one putative DNA nonaploid plant. The genome in situ hybridisation confirmed and improved knowledge of particular species/cytotypes chromosome counts and further specified their genome composition. GISH newly characterized genome composition of interspecific hybrids and higher allopolyploids and revealed their heterogeneous origin. Flow cytometry revealed continuum of absolute genome sizes among parental species and their hybrid. The continuum was rather asymmetric in direction towards E. hispidus. Model hybrid swarm Čertoryje produce...

This diploma thesis deals with digital nomadism (modern way of teleworking, enabled mainly by the existence of internet and social networks) and implications of this phenomenon for journalistic environment and media functioning. In the Czech environment, this issue has been explored so far, and digital nomadism is rapidly changing in view of the rapid technological development of the media environment on the internet. The author wanted to add this gap to the thesis, both in theory and in primary research. Through interviews with specific digital nomads (especially Czechs and Czechs), she tries to answer basic questions about how the digital nomads actually happened, their motivation, the specifics of their work and, last but not least, whether it is possible as a digital nomad - actually a journalist to feed. The concept of digital nomadism first captures theoretically, both in general, in the context of the technological development of the media environment (new media and formats) and changes in the labor market in the journalistic environment, and specifically in terms of media theory. Specifically, it analyzes digital nomadism in the context of technological convergence and media hybridization. In particular, on the basis of available, mainly foreign literature, the concept and concept of digital...

The development of high capacity factor solar power plants is an interesting topic, especially when considering the climate and economic conditions of a location such as the Chilean Atacama Desert. The hybridisation of solar photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies for such an application is a promising collaboration. The low cost of PV and dispatchability of CSP, integrated with thermal energy storage (TES), has the promise of delivering baseload electricity at a lower cost than what could be achieved with CSP alone. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate whether or not a hybrid PV-CSP plant is more economically viable, than CSP alone or hybrid PV-diesel, for baseload generation. To analyse this hypothesis, a techno-economic optimisation study of a PV-CSP hybrid plant with battery storage and fossil fuel backup was performed. In doing so, a methodology for the identification of optimum solar hybrid plant configurations, given current technology and costs, to best satisfy specific location weather and economic conditions was developed. Building on existing models, for the PV and CSP components, and developing models for further hybridisation, a complete PV-CSP model was created that could satisfy a baseload demand. Multi-objective optimisations were performed to identify optimal trade-offs between conflicting technical, economic and environmental performance indicators. For the given economic and technical assumptions, CSP hybridised with fossil fuel backup was shown to provide electricity at the lowest cost and have the lowest project capital expenditure. This configuration showed a 42% and 52% reduction in the levelised cost of electricity in comparison to CSP alone and hybrid PV-diesel, respectively. It also provides a 45% reduction in CAPEX in comparison to CSP alone. PV-CSP integration increases capital costs and the cost of electricity, but reduced the use of fossil fuel backup and thereby reduced emissions, when compared to CSP with fossil fuel backup. However PV-CSP showed a 97% reduction in CO2 emissions when compared to hybrid PV-diesel. Furthermore, it showed a 35% and 46% reduction in LCOE in comparison to CSP alone and hybrid PV-diesel.

The diploma thesis deals with the origin and adaptation of the concept of CNN Prima NEWS on the Czech market and its possible hybridization. The expansion of global media corporations is a phenomenon of the 20th century that affects persisted till present. The television companies set up centers, branches or, through the sale of licenses, reach its audience through localized television stations. This thesis approaches the theory of globalization with a focus on the concepts of global culture, glocalization and hybridization. With standardization of successful patterns the companys strengthen the its positions in the global market, expand their influence and, last but not least, it is a profitable prosperous activity that does not require high costs. The thesis captures the arrival of the licensing concept of a global television station on Czech media market. The thesis develops connection of the global news brand CNN with Czech commercial television. These connections and deviations are elaborated and compared on the basis of three confrontable areas. At the same time, it is evaluated what creates this concept and what are its possible forms of hybridization.

Cette thèse porte sur l'intégration de ressources lexicales et syntaxiques du français dans deux tâches fondamentales du Traitement Automatique des Langues [TAL] que sont l'étiquetage morpho-syntaxique probabiliste et l'analyse syntaxique probabiliste. Dans ce mémoire, nous utilisons des données lexicales et syntaxiques créées par des processus automatiques ou par des linguistes afin de donner une réponse à deux problématiques que nous décrivons succinctement ci-dessous : la dispersion des données et la segmentation automatique des textes. Grâce à des algorithmes d'analyse syntaxique de plus en plus évolués, les performances actuelles des analyseurs sont de plus en plus élevées, et ce pour de nombreuses langues dont le français. Cependant, il existe plusieurs problèmes inhérents aux formalismes mathématiques permettant de modéliser statistiquement cette tâche (grammaire, modèles discriminants,...). La dispersion des données est l'un de ces problèmes, et est causée principalement par la faible taille des corpus annotés disponibles pour la langue. La dispersion représente la difficulté d'estimer la probabilité de phénomènes syntaxiques apparaissant dans les textes à analyser mais qui sont rares ou absents du corpus ayant servi à l'apprentissage des analyseurs. De plus, il est prouvé que la dispersion est en partie un problème lexical, car plus la flexion d'une langue est importante, moins les phénomènes lexicaux sont représentés dans les corpus annotés. Notre première problématique repose donc sur l'atténuation de l'effet négatif de la dispersion lexicale des données sur les performances des analyseurs. Dans cette optique, nous nous sommes intéressé à une méthode appelée regroupement lexical, et qui consiste à regrouper les mots du corpus et des textes en classes. Ces classes réduisent le nombre de mots inconnus et donc le nombre de phénomènes syntaxiques rares ou inconnus, liés au lexique, des textes à analyser. Notre objectif est donc de proposer des regroupements lexicaux à partir d'informations tirées des lexiques syntaxiques du français, et d'observer leur impact sur les performances d'analyseurs syntaxiques. Par ailleurs, la plupart des évaluations concernant l'étiquetage morpho-syntaxique probabiliste et l'analyse syntaxique probabiliste ont été réalisées avec une segmentation parfaite du texte, car identique à celle du corpus évalué. Or, dans les cas réels d'application, la segmentation d'un texte est très rarement disponible et les segmenteurs automatiques actuels sont loin de proposer une segmentation de bonne qualité, et ce, à cause de la présence de nombreuses unités multi-mots (mots composés, entités nommées,...). Dans ce mémoire, nous nous focalisons sur les unités multi-mots dites continues qui forment des unités lexicales auxquelles on peut associer une étiquette morpho-syntaxique, et que nous appelons mots composés. Par exemple, cordon bleu est un nom composé, et tout à fait un adverbe composé. Nous pouvons assimiler la tâche de repérage des mots composés à celle de la segmentation du texte. Notre deuxième problématique portera donc sur la segmentation automatique des textes français et son impact sur les performances des processus automatiques. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes penché sur une approche consistant à coupler, dans un même modèle probabiliste, la reconnaissance des mots composés et une autre tâche automatique. Dans notre cas, il peut s'agir de l'analyse syntaxique ou de l'étiquetage morpho-syntaxique. La reconnaissance des mots composés est donc réalisée au sein du processus probabiliste et non plus dans une phase préalable. Notre objectif est donc de proposer des stratégies innovantes permettant d'intégrer des ressources de mots composés dans deux processus probabilistes combinant l'étiquetage ou l'analyse à la segmentation du texte / This thesis focuses on the integration of lexical and syntactic resources of French in two fundamental tasks of Natural Language Processing [NLP], that are probabilistic part-of-speech tagging and probabilistic parsing. In the case of French, there are a lot of lexical and syntactic data created by automatic processes or by linguists. In addition, a number of experiments have shown interest to use such resources in processes such as tagging or parsing, since they can significantly improve system performances. In this paper, we use these resources to give an answer to two problems that we describe briefly below : data sparseness and automatic segmentation of texts. Through more and more sophisticated parsing algorithms, parsing accuracy is becoming higher for many languages including French. However, there are several problems inherent in mathematical formalisms that statistically model the task (grammar, discriminant models,...). Data sparseness is one of those problems, and is mainly caused by the small size of annotated corpora available for the language. Data sparseness is the difficulty of estimating the probability of syntactic phenomena, appearing in the texts to be analyzed, that are rare or absent from the corpus used for learning parsers. Moreover, it is proved that spars ness is partly a lexical problem, because the richer the morphology of a language is, the sparser the lexicons built from a Treebank will be for that language. Our first problem is therefore based on mitigating the negative impact of lexical data sparseness on parsing performance. To this end, we were interested in a method called word clustering that consists in grouping words of corpus and texts into clusters. These clusters reduce the number of unknown words, and therefore the number of rare or unknown syntactic phenomena, related to the lexicon, in texts to be analyzed. Our goal is to propose word clustering methods based on syntactic information from French lexicons, and observe their impact on parsers accuracy. Furthermore, most evaluations about probabilistic tagging and parsing were performed with a perfect segmentation of the text, as identical to the evaluated corpus. But in real cases of application, the segmentation of a text is rarely available and automatic segmentation tools fall short of proposing a high quality segmentation, because of the presence of many multi-word units (compound words, named entities,...). In this paper, we focus on continuous multi-word units, called compound words, that form lexical units which we can associate a part-of-speech tag. We may see the task of searching compound words as text segmentation. Our second issue will therefore focus on automatic segmentation of French texts and its impact on the performance of automatic processes. In order to do this, we focused on an approach of coupling, in a unique probabilistic model, the recognition of compound words and another task. In our case, it may be parsing or tagging. Recognition of compound words is performed within the probabilistic process rather than in a preliminary phase. Our goal is to propose innovative strategies for integrating resources of compound words in both processes combining probabilistic tagging, or parsing, and text segmentation

Trematode peptidases are important molecules responsible for biocatalysis in many basal biological processes and are crucial in host-parasite interactions. Therefore, these enzymes are intensively studied in order to characterize their biological functions and to use them as potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Lately, investigation of transcriptome and secretome revealed, that adult Fascioloides magna (giant liver fluke) expresses and secretes a variety of peptidases. Thus, this thesis focuses on three newly identified enzymes: cathepsin L (FmCL), cathepsin B (FmCB) and cathepsin D (FmCD). In other trematode species, these cathepsins are being linked mainly with the digestion of host blood. We applied quantitative PCR (qPCR) to investigate relative expression levels of the three enzymes among three developmental stages - egg, miracidium and adult. It was revealed that all cathepsins have the highest expression in adult flukes in comparison to eggs and miracidia. We also localized the place of transcription of FmCL, FmCB and FmCD in adult fluke using RNA in situ hybridization. All of the peptidases were detected in gastrodermis, and in addition, they were localized in the reproductive system. The latter surprising finding is suggesting that these enzymes might have multiple functions in adult F....

Abstract Research on the translation of children’s literature in South Africa is currently in its nascent stages. This study aims to provide a comprehensive descriptive overview of current practices in the translation of children’s literature in South Africa, particularly against the backdrop of the educational context. It espouses a broadly causal view of translation, but also encompasses a comparative and process model (see Chesterman, 2000). Translation is used to a significant degree in the production of children’s books in South Africa. However, it is not clear exactly to what degree translation is utilised, nor is there any information available about how translation contributes to the production of children’s books in South Africa. This study addresses these questions. Based on survey research among publishers, and the analysis of publishing data, it finds that there are significant differences between the ways in which translation is used in the production of children’s books in the various languages in South Africa. Specifically, translation is used much more extensively in the African languages than in Afrikaans and English, with a correspondingly lower incidence of original production in the African languages. Furthermore, the educational discourse has a profound effect on the uses of translation in the production of children’s books in South Africa. However, the educational discourse has a greater determining effect on the production of books for children in the African languages than in Afrikaans and English. Theoretical discourse surrounding domestication and foreignisation is particularly problematic in the South African context, and findings from a survey among translators indicate that translators from different language groups have different opinions about whether children’s books should be translated using domesticating or foreignising approaches. The above findings broadly deal with the contextual dimension. They are concerned with how social, ideological and material factors and discourses affect the ways in which translation is used in the production of children’s books in South Africa. At this point the matter of translation theory is introduced. It is questioned to what degree contemporary context-oriented translation theory manages to provide a satisfactory explanation of the South African situation. It is argued that polysystem theory and Toury’s (1995) concept of translation norms provides some explanation of the translational dynamics evident in the production of children’s books in the different languages in South Africa. However, some aspects of the South African situation do not neatly “fit” into polysystem theory, and some parts of the theory therefore have to be mediated or reconsidered, particularly utilising postcolonial and more ideologically sensitive perspectives, to satisfactorily account for the South African situation. This reconsideration leads to a conception of the relationship between translation and its context that is less binary and determinist, with a greater emphasis on hybridity and fluidity. This contextual dimension of the study spills over into the textual dimension. All of the above contextual and process-oriented factors finally find their precipitation in actual translations. By means of close analysis of a sample of 42 (21 translations and their source texts) English and Afrikaans children’s books intended for leisure reading and for educational reading, this part of the study investigates the norms evident in the selection of children’s books for translation, as well as the operational norms evident from the translations. The key questions here are why particular texts are selected for translation, and how cultural markers in these texts are handled in translation. The analysis demonstrates that the selection of books for translation (preliminary translation norms) is dependent on contextual as well as textual factors, with ideology and function playing particularly important roles. These roles differ for different types of books, books of different origins, and books in different language pairs. In terms of the operational norms, translators’ opinions about domestication and foreignisation do not necessarily correspond to translation practices. Rather than an exclusive, binary adherence to domesticating and foreignising approaches, analyses of the operational norms evident in translated children’s books demonstrate a hybridised mix of domesticating and foreignising strategies, which vary according to the type of book, the origin of the book, and the language pair involved in the translation process.