Non-covalent interactions including nucleobase hydrogen bonding and phosphonium/ammonium ionic aggregation were studied in block and random polymers synthesized using controlled radical polymerization techniques such as nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). Non-covalent interactions were expected to increase the effective molecular weight of the polymeric precursors through intermolecular associations and to induce microphase separation. The influence of non-covalent association on the structure/property relationships of these materials were studied in terms of physical properties (tensile, DMA, rheology) as well as morphological studies (AFM, SAXS). Ionic interactions, which possess stronger interaction energies than hydrogen bonds (~150 kJ/mol) were studied in the context of phosphonium-containing acrylate triblock (ABA) copolymers and random copolymers. Phosphonium-containing ionic liquid monomers with different alkyl substituent lengths and counterions enabled an investigation of the effects of ionic aggregation of phosphonium cations on the polymer physical properties. The polymerization of styrenic phosphonium-containing ionic liquid monomers using a difunctional alkoxyamine initiator, DEPN2, afforded an ABA triblock copolymer with an n-butyl acrylate soft center block and symmetric phosphonium-containing external reinforcing blocks. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of triblock copolymers revealed pronounced microphase separation at the nanoscale. Phosphonium aggregation governed block copolymer flow activation energies. In random copolymers, the phosphonium cations only weakly aggregated, which strongly depended on the length of alkyl substituents and the type of counterions. Acrylate random copolymers consisting of quaternary ammonium functionalities were synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). The obtained copolymers possessed controlled compositions and narrow molecular weight distributions with molecular weights ranging from Mn =50,000 to 170,000 g/mol. DMA evidenced the weak aggregation of ammonium cations in the solid state. Additionally, this ionomer was salt-responsive in NaCl aqueous solutions. Hydrogen bonding, a dynamic interaction with intermediate enthalpies (10-40 kJ/mol) was introduced through complementary heterocyclic DNA nucleobases such as adenine, thymine and uracil. Our investigations in this field have focused on the use of DNA nucleobase pair interactions to control polymer self-assembly and rheological behavior. Novel acrylic adenine- and thymine-containing monomers were synthesized from aza-Michael addition reaction. The long alkyl spacers between nucleobase and polymer backbone afforded structural flexibility in self-assembly process. Adenine-containing polyacrylates exhibited unique morphologies due to adenine-adenine π-π interactions. The complementary hydrogen bonding of adenine and thymine resulted in disruption of adenine-adenine π-π interactions, leading to lower plateau modulus and lower softening temperatures. Moreover, hydrogen bonding interactions enabled the compatibilization of complementary hydrogen bonding guest molecules such as uracil phosphonium chloride. / Ph. D.

In the title monohydrate compound, 1a, and the methanol solvate compound, 1b, the tri­ethyl­benzene derivative, C35H51N5O, has three functionalized side arms and three ethyl groups, the former being located on one side of the central benzene ring, while the latter are directed to the opposite side. Both the crystals are constructed of structurally similar dimers of 1:1 host–guest complexes held together by N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds, and in 1a additionally by O—H...O hydrogen bonds. The structure of 1b contains additional highly disordered solvent mol­ecules. Thus, the SQUEEZE routine [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9–18] in PLATON was used to generate a modified data set, in which the contribution of the disordered mol­ecules to the structure amplitudes is eliminated. These solvent mol­ecules are not considered in the reported chemical formula.

Di-tert-butyl N,N′-{[13,15,28,30,31,33-hexa­ethyl-3,10,18,25,32,34-hexa­aza­penta­cyclo­[25.3.1.15,8.112,16.120,23]tetra­triaconta-1(31),3,5,7,9,12(33),13,15,18,20,22,24,27,29-tetra­deca­ene-14,29-di­yl]bis­(methyl­ene)}dicarbamate methanol disolvate, C52H72N8O4·2CH3OH, was found to crystallize in the space group P21/c with one half of the macrocycle (host) and one mol­ecule of solvent (guest) in the asymmetric unit of the cell, i.e. the host mol­ecule is located on a crystallographic symmetry center. Within the 1:2 host–guest complex, the solvent mol­ecules are accommodated in the host cavity and held in their positions by O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O bonds, thus forming ring synthons of graph set R22(7). The connection of the 1:2 host-guest complexes is accomplished by C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯π inter­actions, which create a three-dimensional supra­molecular network.

Initiated with the purpose of assigning the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum to atomic transitions in the 18th century, the collaboration between spectroscopists and astrophysicists has remained fruitful, successful and ever fascinating. This collaboration has resulted in the unique detection of over 200 different molecular species in the interstellar medium (ISM). These interstellar molecular species play significant roles in diverse fields such as atmospheric chemistry, astrochemistry, prebiotic chemistry, astrophysics, astronomy, astrobiology, etc, and in our understanding of the solar system ''the world around us''. This Thesis work focuses on understanding of the different aspects of the chemistry of the various classes of these molecular species. Chapter one starts with an historical perspective of what is now regarded as Molecular Astrophysics or Astrochemistry and discusses the interstellar medium and its properties; interstellar molecular species and their importance; molecular spectroscopy as an indispensible tool in interstellar chemistry and the different formation routes of these molecular species. It also discusses hydrogen bonding which is one of the most important of all the intermolecular interactions. The chapter ends by setting the stage for the present investigations. The chapter two of the Thesis saddled with the task of describing the methodology employed in this Thesis begins by setting the stage on the importance of computational chemistry in interstellar chemistry. It discusses the Gaussian 09 suite of programs and the various theoretical methods used in all the quantum chemical calculations reported in this Thesis. The chapter ends with a brief summary on the homebuilt Pulsed Nozzle Fourier Transform Microwave (PN-FTMW) spectrometer used for the preliminary studies on Isoprene...Argon weakly bound complex reported in the appendix. After the introductory chapters, chapter three begins with what is unarguably one of the most important classes of interstellar molecular species - 'interstellar isomers'. In this chapter, the Energy, Stability and Abundance (ESA) relationship existing among interstellar molecular species has been firmly established using accurate thermochemical parameters obtained with the composite models and reported observational data. From the relationship, “Interstellar abundances of related species are directly proportional to their stabilities in the absence of the effect of interstellar hydrogen bonding”. The immediate consequences of the relationship in addressing some of the questions in interstellar chemistry such as: Where are Cyclic Interstellar Molecules? What are the possible candidates for astronomical observation? Why are more Interstellar Cyanides than isocyanides? among others are briefly discussed. Following the ESA relationship, other studies addressing some of the whys and wherefores in interstellar chemistry are discussed in details. From ESA relationship, though there has not been any successful astronomical observation of any heterocycle, the ones so far searched remain the best candidates for astronomical observation in their respective isomeric groups. The observation of the first branched chain molecule in ISM is in agreement with the ESA relationship and the C5H9N isomers have been shown to contain potential branched chain interstellar molecules. That molecules with the C-C-O backbone have less potential of formation in ISM as compared to their counterparts with the C-O-C backbone has been demonstrated not to be true following the ESA relationship. A detailed investigation on the relationship between molecular partition function and astronomical detection of isomeric species (or related molecules) shows that there is no direct correlation between the two rather there is a direct link between the thermodynamic stability of the isomeric species (or related molecules) and their interstellar abundances which influences the astronomical observation of some isomers at the expense of others. Chapter four presents an interesting and a fascinating phenomenon among the interstellar molecular species as it discusses for the first time, the existence and effects of Interstellar Hydrogen Bonding. This interstellar hydrogen bonding is shown to be responsible for the deviations from thermodynamically controlled processes, delayed observation of the most stable isomers, unsuccessful observations of amino acids among other happenings in interstellar chemistry and related areas. On the prediction that ketenes are the right candidates for astronomical searches among their respective isomers, a ketenyl radical; HCCO has recently been detected in line with this prediction. The deviation from the rule that the ratio of an interstellar sulphur molecule to its oxygen analogue is close to the cosmic S/O ratio is well accounted for on the basis of hydrogen bonding on the surface of the dust grains. Detecting weakly bound complexes in ISM has not been a major interest in the field so far but the detectability of weakly bound complexes in ISM is very possible as discussed in this chapter. Following the conditions in which these complexes are observed in the terrestrial laboratory as compared to the ISM conditions; it suffices to say that weakly bound complexes are present and are detectable in ISM. They could even account for some of the 'U' lines. Chapter five of the Thesis discusses the Linear Interstellar Carbon Chains which are the dominant theme in interstellar chemistry accounting for over 20% of all the known interstellar and circumstellar molecular species. Accurate spectroscopic parameters within experimental accuracy of few kHz which are the indispensable tools for the astronomical observation of these molecular species; are obtained for over 200 different species from the various chains using an inexpensive combined experimental and theoretical approach. With the availability of the spectroscopic parameters; thermodynamics is utilized in accounting for the known systems and in examining the right candidates for astronomical searches. These molecular species are shown to also obey the ESA relationship observed for the isomeric species discussed in chapter three of this work. The effect of kinetics on the formation processes of these molecular species is well controlled by thermodynamics as discussed in this chapter. Finally, the application of these studies in reducing the 'U' lines and probing new molecular species has been briefly summarized. Chapter six discusses Interstellar Ions and Isotopologues which are two unique classes of interstellar molecular species. Different studies on interstellar ions and isotopologues are presented. From the studies on interstellar protonated species with over 100 molecular species; protonated species resulting from a high proton affinity prefers to remain protonated rather than transferring a proton and returning to its neutral form as compared to its analogue that gives rise to a lower proton affinity from the same neutral species. The studies on detectable interstellar anions account for the known interstellar anions and predict members of the C2nO-, C2nS-, C2n-1Si-, HC2nN-, CnP-, and C2n chains as outstanding candidates for astronomical observation including the higher members of the C2nH- and C2n-1N- groups whose lower members have been observed. From high level ab initio quantum chemical calculations; ZPE and Boltzmann factor have been used to explain the observed deuterium enhancement and the possibility of detecting more deuterated species in ISM. Though all the heterocycles that have so far been searched for in ISM have been shown to be the right candidates for astronomical observation as discussed in the ESA relationship, they have also been shown to be strongly bonded to the surface of the interstellar dust grains thereby reducing their abundances, thus, contributing to their unsuccessful detection except for furan which is less affected by hydrogen bonding. The D-analogues of the heterocycles are shown from the computed Boltzmann factor to be formed under the dense molecular cloud conditions where major deuterium fractionation dominates implying very high D/H ratio above the cosmic D/H ratio which suggests the detectability of these deuterated species. Chapter seven examines the isomerization of the most stable isomer (which is probably the most abundant) to the less stable isomer(s) as one of the plausible formation routes for interstellar molecular species. An extensive investigation on the isomerization enthalpies of 243 molecular species from 64 isomeric groups is reported. From the results, the high abundances of the most stable isomers coupled with the energy sources in interstellar medium drive the isomerization process even for relative enthalpy difference as high as 67.4 kcal/mol. Specifically, the cyanides and their corresponding isocyanides pairs appear to be effectively synthesized via this process. The following potential interstellar molecules; CNC, NCCP, c-C5H, methylene ketene, methyl Ketene, CH3SCH3, C5O, 1,1-ethanediol, propanoic acid, propan-2-ol and propanol are identified and discussed. In all the isomeric groups, isomerization appears to be an effective route for the formation of the less stable isomers (which are probably less abundant) from the most stable ones. Chapter eight summarizes the conclusions drawn from the different studies presented in this Thesis and also highlights some of the future directions of these studies. The first appendix presents the preliminary study on Isoprene...Ar weakly bound complex while the second appendix contains a study on interstellar C3S describing the importance of accurate dipole moment in calculating interstellar abundances of molecular species and in astrophysical and astronomical models.

The thesis entitled “Exploring Diverse Facets of Small Molecules by NMR Spectroscopy” consists of six chapters. The main theme of the thesis is to exploit one and two dimensional NMR methodologies for understanding the diverse facets of small organic molecules, such as, weak intra- and inter- molecular interactions, chiral discrimination, quantification of enantiomeric excess and assignment of absolute configuration. Several new pulse sequences have also been designed to solve specific chemical problems, in addition to extensive utility of existing one and two dimensional NMR experiments. The results obtained on different problems, are discussed under six chapters in the thesis. The brief summary of each of these chapters is given below. Chapter 1 begins with the discussion on the importance of small molecules and their various facets, the analytical techniques available in the literature to study them. The role of NMR spectroscopy as powerful analytical technique to understand the diverse facets of organic molecules and their importance is set out in brief. A short introduction to the basic principles of NMR, the interaction parameters, the commonly employed one and two dimensional homo- and herero- nuclear NMR experiments are also given. The basic introduction to product operators essential for understanding the spin dynamics in the developed pulse sequences is given. The application of diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), the general problems encountered in the analysis of combinatorial mixtures and the matrix assisted method in circumventing such problems are discussed. Chapter 2 focuses on the chiral discrimination and the measurement of enatiomeric excess. The NMR approach to discriminate enantiomers using chiral auxiliaries such as, solvating agents, derivatizing agents, lanthanide shift reagents, the choice of such auxiliaries and the limitations are discussed in detail. The in-depth discussion on the new protocols developed using both the solvating and derivatizing agents for enantiomeric discrimination of chiral amines, hydroxy acids and diacids are discussed. The new three-component protocols that serve as chiral derivatizing agents for the discrimination of primary amines, diacids and hydroxy acids are discussed. Also the role of organic base such as DMAP in the chiral discrimination is explored for discrimination of acids using BINOL as a chiral solvating agent. Accordingly the discussion is classified into two sections. In the first section the protocol developed utilizing an enantiopure mandelic acid, a primary amine substrate and 2-formylphenylboronic acid that is ideally suited for testing the enantiopurity of chiral primary amines is discussed. The broad applicability of the protocols for testing enantiopurity has been demonstrated on number of chiral molecules using 1H and 19F NMR. The second section contains the results on the new concept developed for discrimination of hydroxy acids. The strategy involves the formation of three component protocol using chiral hydroxy acid, R-alphamethylbenzylamine and 2-formylphenylboronic acid for 1H-NMR discrimination of diacids. The section also includes the utility of ternary ion-pair complex for the discrimination of acids. The ternary ion-pair not only permitted the testing of enantiopurity of chiral acids, but is also found useful for the measurement of enantiomeric excess. Chapter 3 discusses the utilization of the developed three-component protocols for the assignment of absolute configurations of molecules of different functionality. The protocols for the assignments of absolute configuration of primary amines using 2-formylphenylboronic acid and mandelic acid yielded the substantial chemical shift differences between diastereomers. The consistent trend in the direction of change of chemical shifts of the discriminated proton(s) gave significant evidence for employing them as parameters for the assignment of spatial configuration of primary amines. Another protocol using 2-formylphenylboronic acid, hydroxy acids and enantiopure alphamethylbenzylamine permitted their configurational assignment. In the second section a novel solvating agent, obtained by the formation of an ion-pair complex among enantiopure BINOL, DMAP and chiral hydroxy acid for the assignment of the spatial configuration of hydroxy acids is discussed. Chapter 4 focuses on the development of novel NMR methodologies, and also the utility of existing two-dimensional experiments for addressing certain challenging problems. This chapter has been divided into three sections. In Section-I the utilization of well-known homonuclear 2D-J-resolved methodology for unravelling the overlapped NMR spectra of enantiomers, an application for chiral discrimination and the measurement of enantiomeric excess is discussed. The utilization of the chiral auxiliaries, such as, chiral derivatizing agents, chiral solvating agents and lanthanide shift reagents permits enantiodiscrimination and the measurement of excess of one form over the other. Nevertheless many a times one encounters severe problems due to small chemical shift difference, overlap of resonances, complex multiplicity pattern because of the presence of number of interacting spins, and enormous line broadening due to paramagnetic nature of the metal complex. This section is focused on combating such problems utilizing 2D-J-1JNH resolved spectroscopy where a 450 tilting of the spectrum in the F2 dimension, yielded the pure shift NMR spectrum. The method circumvents several problems involved in chiral discrimination and allows the accurate measurement of enantiomeric excess. In Section-II, the development of novel NMR experimental methodology cited in the literature as C-HetSERF and its application for the study of symmetric molecules, such as, double bonded cis- and trans- isomers, and extraction of magnitudes and signs of long range homo- and hetero- nuclear scalar couplings among chemically equivalent protons in polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons is discussed. The extensive utility of the new pulse sequence has been demonstrated on number of symmetric molecules, where the conventional one dimensional experiment fails to yield spectral parameters. In section III, yet another novel pulse sequence called RES-TOCSY developed for unravelling of the overlapped NMR spectrum of enantiomers and the measurement of enantiomeric contents, has been utilized for the accurate measurement of magnitudes and signs of 1H-19F couplings in fluorine containing molecules. The method has distinct advantages as the strengths of the couplings and their relative signs could be extracted on diverse situations, such as, couplings smaller than line widths, the spectrum where the coupling fine structures are absent. Chapter 5 covers the study of nature of intra- and inter- molecular hydrogen bond in amide and its derivative. The chapter is accordingly divided into two sections. In the first section the study of acid and amide hydrogen bonding is discussed and the hydrogen bonded interactions are probed by extensive utility of 1H, 13C and 15N-NMR. The temperature perturbation experiments, measurements of the variation in the couplings, monitoring of diffusion coefficients and the association constants, detection of through space correlation have given unambiguous evidence for the hydrogen bond formation. The results were also supported by DFT calculations. Similar interaction in the solid state has also been derived by obtaining the crystal structure of complex phenylacetic acid with benzamide. In the second section of the chapter the hydrogen bond interaction of organic fluorine in trifluoromethyl derivatives of benzanilides has been explored and the involvement of CF3 group in the hydrogen bonding has been detected. The evidence for the participation of CF3 group in hydrogen bond has been confirmed by number of experiments, such as, the detection of through space couplings, viz., 1hJFH, 1hJFN, and 2hJFF , where the spin polarization between the interacting spins is transmitted through hydrogen bond, the temperature and solvent dependent studies, variation in the 1JNH and two dimensional heteronuclear correlation experiments. In an interesting example of a molecule containing two CF3 groups situated on two phenyl rings of benzanilide, the simultaneous participation of fluorines of two CF3 groups in hydrogen bond has been detected. The confirmatory evidence for such an interaction, where hydrogen bond mediated couplings are not reflected in the NMR spectrum, has been derived by 19F−19F NOESY. Significant deviations in the strengths of 1JNH, in addition to variable temperature, and the solvent induced perturbation studies yielded additional evidence. The NMR results are corroborated by both DFT calculations and MD simulations, where the quantitative information on different ways of involvement of fluorine in two and three centered hydrogen bonds, their percentage of occurrences, and geometries have been obtained. The hydrogen bond interaction energies have also been calculated. The study revealed the rare observation and the first example of the C-F…H-N hydrogen bond in solution state in the molecules containing CF3 groups. Chapter 6 focuses on the mixture analysis using the diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY). High Resolution-DOSY works when the NMR spectrum is well resolved and the diffusion coefficients of the combinatorial mixtures are substantially different from each other. DOSY technique fails when the mixture contains the molecules of nearly identical weights and similar hydrodynamic radii. Thus, the positional isomers, enantiomers consequent to their nearly identical rates of diffusion, are not differentiated. Some of these problems can be overcome by Matrix-Assisted Diffusion Order Spectroscopy (MAD-spectroscopy), where an external reagent acts as a matrix and aids in their diffusion edited separation, provided the molecules embedded in it possess differential binding abilities with the matrix. Such different binding properties of the matrix are the basis for resolution of many isomeric species. In the present study three different novel auxiliaries, micelles-reverse micelles, crown ether and cyclodextrin are introduced for the resolution of positional isomers, double bonded isomers, viz., fumaric acid and maleic acid and also enantiomers. Accordingly, the results of each of these studies are discussed in three different sections.

No description available.

Understanding the supramolecular interactions governing the self-assembly of molecular building blocks upon surfaces is fundamental to the design of new devices such as sensors or catalysts. Successful heterogeneous enantioselective catalysts have relied upon the adsorption of ‘chiral modifiers’, usually chiral amino acids, onto reactive metal surfaces. One of the most researched examples is the hydrogenation of β-ketoesters using nickel-based catalysts. The stability of the chiral modifiers upon catalyst surfaces is a major obstacle to the industrial scale-up of this reaction. In this study, the replacement of conventional modifiers with porous, chiral and functionalised self-assembled networks is investigated. Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) and melamine (1,3,5-triazine,-2,4,6-triamine) have been shown to form hydrogen bonded networks on Ag-Si(111)√3x√3R30° in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and Au(111) substrates in UHV and ambient conditions, these networks are capable of hosting guest molecules. These networks are investigated further in this study. In UHV, the behaviour of the components and network formation on Ni(111) is probed using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The stability of the PTCDI-melamine network on Au(111) was analysed using TPD. Metal coordination interactions between each of the network components and nickel upon the Au(111) surface were examined by STM before testing the ability of the network to act as a template for metal growth. Finally, a number of polymerisation reactions are investigated with a view to replacing chiral modifiers with porous, chiral, functionalised covalent networks. Periodic covalent networks should possess the greater chemical and thermal stability required for more widespread use. In UHV and ambient conditions, STM is used to monitor the progress of surface-confined reactions on Au(111) and characterise the resultant covalent structures.

Ce travail concerne l'étude du polymorphisme, de la dynamique et des transitions de phases de cinq dérivés de l' adamantane : 1-fluoroadamantane, 1-adamantaneméthanol, 1,3-diméthyladamantane, 1,3-dibromoadamantane et 1,3-adamantanediol.Les diagrammes pression -température ont été établis pour la majorité de ces dérivés. Ces matériaux peuvent présenter une, voire plusieurs, transitions de phases. Le 1-fluoroadamantane, le 1,3-diméthyladamantane et le 1,3-adamantanediol possèdent une phase plastique avant fusion.Les structures de toutes les phases non plastiques ont été résolues principalement à partir de diagrammes de diffraction des rayons X sur poudre. Celles du 1,3-dibromoadamantane, et du 1,3-diméthyladamantane sont ordonnées. L'existence d'un désordre statistique concernant l'occupation du site d'un atome a été montrée pour les autres phases. L'atome de fluor du 1-fluoroadamantane peut occuper 4 (phases III et II) ou 8 sites (phase I). Dans le cas de la phase I du 1-adamantaneméthanol et de la phase II du 1,3-adamantanediol, la symétrie du réseau implique que l'atome d'hydrogène lié à l'oxygène se partage sur deux sites.Deux mécanismes de transition ordre-désordre par une relation de groupe à sous-groupe ont été montrés pour le cas du 1-fluoroadamantane et du 1-adamantaneméthanol en utilisant des techniques expérimentales complémentaires (DSC, DRX, RAMAN, GSH...). Le paramètre d'ordre de la transition résulte de la variation continue en fonction de la température de l'inclinaison du dipôle C-F pour le premier et, de la diminution de l'angle beta de la phase monoclinique jusqu'à 90°, pour le second.La dynamique moléculaire dans le cas du 1-fluoroadamantane a été étudiée par spectroscopie diélectrique. L'existence d'une double relaxation associée à deux mouvements de réorientations compatibles avec le réseau et la symétrie a été révélée. / This work deals with the study of the polymorphism, dynamics and phases transitions of five adamantane derivatives : 1-fluoroadamantane, 1-adamantanemethanol, 1,3-dimethyladamantane, 1,3-dibromoadamantane and 1,3-adamantanediol.Pressure-Temperature phase diagrams have been established for the majority of these derivatives. These materials may have one or more phase transitions. Plastic phases are observed before melting for 1-fluoroadamantane, 1,3-dimethyladamantane and 1,3-adamantanediol.The structures of all the non plastic phases have been solved, mainly from powder X-ray diffraction patterns. It is shown that 1,3-dibromoadamantane and 1,3-dimethyladamantane structures are ordered. Statistical disorder concerning the occupation of the site of one atom has been revealed in the other structures. The fluorine atom in 1-fluoroadamantane has four (phase III and II) or eight (phase I) possible equivalent sites. Due to the crystal symmetry of 1-adamantanemethanol (phase I ) and 1,3-adamantanediol (phase II), the hydrogen atom related to the oxygen atom is spitted on two sites.Two mechanisms of continuous order-disorder transitions through a group-subgroup relationship have been shown for the case of 1-fluoroadamantane and 1-adamantanemethanol using complementary experimental techniques (DSC, XRD, RAMAN, SHG ...). The order parameter of the transition results, by a continuous variation of the orientation of the C-F dipole for the first and, for the second, the continuous variation of the beta monoclinic angle down to 90°.Molecular dynamics in the case of 1-fluoroadamantane has been studied using dielectric spectroscopy. We have highlighted the existence of a double relaxation associated with two movements of reorientations compatible with the network and the symmetry.

In vorliegender Arbeit wurden Synthese, Kristallstruktur und thermisches Verhalten von sauren und basischen Monofluorophosphate untersucht. Es wurden Salze mit Alkalimetall- und N-haltigen Kationen dargestellt und kristallographisch charakterisiert. Die Strukturen dieser Verbindungen wurden dann mit denen der isoelektronischen Hydrogensulfate verglichen. Mit Hilfe des Kationenaustausches und der Gefriertrocknung konnte ein erfolgreicher Syntheseweg fuer diese Verbindungen entwickelt werden. Die Gefriertrocknung hinderte die Abspaltung von HF und Kondensation des Phosphats und ermöglichte die Isolierung der Rohprodukte. Auf diesem Weg gelang die Darstellung der reinen Verbindungen in höherer Ausbeute, so daß es möglich wurde, die Substanzen mit unterschiedlichen Methoden zu untersuchen. Hergestellt und kristallographisch untersucht wurden folgende Verbindungen: - Hydrogenmonofluorophosphate mit × Alkalimetallkationen: Na, K, Rb, Cs × N-haltigen Kationen: NH4, NMe4, NH2Et2, NHEt3, [C(NH2)3], {HOC[NH(CH3)]2}, [H2N(CH2CH2)NH2], - basische Monofluorophosphate: Na2PO3F·10H2O und [C(NH2)3]2PO3F - gemischte Salze: Cs3(NH4)2(HPO3F)3(PO3F)2 und Na5[NMe4](PO3F)3·18H2O. Die Kristallstrukturen zeigen eine Vielzahl an Strukturtypen, definiert durch die Verknüpfung der verzerrten HPO3F Tetraeder über kurze O-H···O Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zu Ketten, Dimere oder Tetramere. Diese sind ihrerseits über längere N-H···O und Ow-H···O Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen verknüpft. Kompliziertere Strukturmotive sind in den Strukturen der basischen Monofluorophosphate und der gemischten Salze zu finden. Allgemein werden nur Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen des Typs N-H...O und O-H...O gefunden, dagegen werden keine N-H···F Bindungen in den Strukturen beobachtet. Auch ist mehrheitlich keine Isotypie zwischen sauren und basischen Monofluorophosphaten einerseits und den entsprechenden Sulfaten andererseits zu finden. Isotyp sind nur die Strukturen [NMe4]HPO3F·H2O mit [NMe4]HSO4·H2O und Na2PO3F·10H2O mit Na2SO4·10H2O. Interessanterweise wurden genau in einer dieser isotypen Strukturen, nämlich der des Na2PO3F×10H2O, als Ausnahme zwei O-H···F Bindungen gefunden. Die O···F Abstände liegen im Bereich der Abstände der Ow···O Bindungen in der Struktur. Eine Erklärung für das seltene Auftreten von H-Brücken mit Fluor als Akzeptor ist eine fast vollständige Valenz des Fluors durch seine Bindung zum Phosphor. Mehrere Strukturen widerspiegeln diese Tatsache mit der Orientierung der P-F Bindung. Die Bindung wird nach inerten Stellen, wo kein Metall- oder Wasserstoffatom in der Struktur vorhanden ist, ausgerichtet, um ein weiteres Binden des Fluors (Metallkoordination, Wasserstoffbrückenbindung) zu vermeiden. Weiterhin wurde das thermische Verhalten der Verbindungen NaHPO3F, NaHPO3F·2.5H2O, CsHPO3F und [NHEt3]HPO3F untersucht. Dies erfolgte mit dem Ziel, Information über mögliche Phasenübergänge und die unterschiedlichen Zersetzungstypen zu bekommen. Sowohl der Kation wie auch die Anwesenheit von Kristallwasser haben Einfluß auf den thermischen Abbau. Die Na-Verbindungen zeigen eine Zersetzung über mehrere Schritte, die zu unterschiedlichen Endprodukten führt (Na3P3O9 für NaHPO3F und (NaPO3)n für das Hydrat). Im Vergleich dazu zersetzt sich CsHPO3F nach dem Schmelzen direkt zum Endprodukt, ohne stabile Zwischenprodukte zu bilden. Ähnlich verläuft der thermische Abbau der [NHEt3] Verbindung, die sich allerdings mit einem Masseverlust von 92,27%, also ohne Bildung eines signifikanten Endproduktes, vollständig zersetzt. Während des thermischen Abbaus wurde die Freisetzung von HF und H2O bei allen Verbindungen beobachtet, die sich aber bezüglich der Zersetzungstemperatur und -menge zwischen den Substanzen unterscheiden. Es wurden keine Phasenübergänge erster Ordnung beobachtet. Dies war insbesondere für CsHPO3F überraschend, da das isoelektronische Hydrogensulfat mehrere Phasenübergänge aufweist [2]. Das Ausbleiben von Phasenübergängen allgemein und auch für CsHPO3F wird folgendermassen erklärt. Während das Sulfat Bindungsmöglichkeiten an allen vier Ecken des SO4-Tetraeders hat, besitzt der (H)PO3F-Tetraeder nur eine begrenzte Flexibilität wegen der Anwesenheit von Fluor an einer Ecke. Fluor bevorzugt eine "isolierte" Position am Phosphor. Anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse kann die Schlußfolgerung gezogen werden, daß Fluor auf Grund seiner niedrigeren Valenz im Vergleich zu Sauerstoff andere strukturelle und funktionelle Charakteristika aufweist. Die Valenzunterschiede zwischen Sauerstoff und Fluor haben einen starken Einfluß auf das Wasserstoffbrückenbindungssystem in den Kristallstrukturen der Hydrogenmonofluorophosphate und folglich auf die "Nicht-Isotypie" zu den Hydrogensulfaten. / In this thesis, the crystal structures and thermal behavior of hydrogen monofluorophosphates and basic monofluorophosphates with alkali metal and N-containing cations were studied. A comparison to the analogous hydrogen sulfates showed interesting structural variations and differences in thermal behavior. Synthesis of the studied monofluorophosphates involved cation exchange and freeze drying. Freeze drying enabled the isolation of raw products by avoiding the escape of HF and consequent phosphate condensation. This method of preparation led to the synthesis of the hydrogen monofluorophosphates with the following cations: - the alkali metals: Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, - N-containing cations: NH4+, [NMe4]+, [NH2Et2]+, [NHEt3]+, [C(NH2)3]+, {HOC[NH(CH3)]2}+, and [H2N(CH2CH2)NH2]2+, and the basic monofluorophoshates, Na2PO3F·10H2O and [C(NH2)3]2PO3F. The following mixed salts were also obtained with partial cation exchange: - Cs3(NH4)2(HPO3F)3(PO3F)2 - Na5[NMe4](PO3F)3·18H2O. In the crystal structures, the HPO3F tetrahedra were hydrogen-bonded to chains, dimers, and tetramers in the structures of the hydrogen monofluorophosphates. Extensive hydrogen bonding in the basic monofluorophosphates due to high amounts of crystal water led to more complicated structural motifs. Limitations on the bonding of fluorine were observed in each of the structures, whether it be metal coordination or hydrogen bonding. The valency of fluorine is filled by its bond to phosphorus and thus, generally, the fluorine atom does not participate in additional bonds. This explains why, for the most part, the hydrogen monofluorophosphates are not isostructural with the hydrogen sulfates. Only three atoms of the tetrahedron instead of four atoms are available for hydrogen bonding, which influences the crystal structure. This was further confirmed by the comparison of the decahydrates, Na2PO3F×10H2O and Na2SO4×10H2O, which are consequently isostructural based on two O-H×××F bonds formed in Na2PO3F·10H2O. These were the only hydrogen bonds found that involved fluorine as an hydrogen acceptor or donor. The investigations on the thermal behavior of NaHPO3F, NaHPO3F·2.5H2O, CsHPO3F, and [NHEt3]HPO3F found no first-order phase transitions. Stepwise decompositions were observed for the sodium salts, which was attributed to the formation of stable intermediates identified with simulated experiments. The Cs and [NHEt3] compounds demonstrated a direct decomposition postmelting. In general, the release of H2O from the melt occured at lower temperatures, while HF escaped at higher temperatures. The temperatures, at which this initially occured, and the first maximum observed were dependent on the cation and the presence of crystal water. The immediate decomposition of CsHPO3F after melting differs from that of the hydrogen sulfate, CsHSO4, which undergoes several phase transitions before decompositon. This suggests that the sulfate has more structural flexibility on the basis of the four oxygen corners of the tetrahedra. In comparison, the monofluorophosphate is limited in its bonding mobility due to the presence of fluorine on one of the tetrahedral vertices. Therefore, phase transitions are not observed prior to decomposition. It was concluded that fluorine functions differently in the crystal structures on the basis of its lower valency. Thus, the difference in valency between fluorine and oxygen affects the hydrogen bonding of the hydrogen monofluorophosphates and thus pervents the expected isotypy of the isoelectronic hydrogen monofluorophosphates and hydrogen sulfates.

Dans ce manuscrit est décrite l'utilisation d'interactions supramoléculaires pour diriger l'auto-assemblage de composés donneurs et accepteurs d'électrons au sein de dispositifs photovoltaïques organiques. Dans ce but, des matériaux de type oligo-3-hexylthiophène et fullerène ont été fonctionnalisés avec des groupements de reconnaissance complémentaires mélamine – acide barbiturique. La présence de élements solubilisants confère à ces composés une bonne mise en oeuvre permettant la fabrication de dispositifs photovoltaïques à hétérojonction volumique. L'effet de la composition et du post-traitement de la couche active sur la performance de ces dispositifs ont été explorés. Les études de mobilité de charge et des mécanismes de recombinaison au sein de ces matériaux indiquent que l'équilibre entre auto-association et séparation de phases est crucial pour l'efficacité en conversion photovoltaïque. / This research aims to elucidate the use of supramolecular interaction to guide the formation of well-defined nanoscale self-assembled architecture in photovoltaic solar cells as a means to improve device efficiency. Complementary molecular recognition sites based on melamine and barbituric acid were used to obtain functionalized fullerene and oligothiophene materials with superior processibility thanks to the presence of specific solubilizing groups. The efficiency of solid-state devices fabricated using the bulk heterojunction design was studied with respect to device morphology and composition. Experiments on recombination mechanism and field effect mobilities suggest that the balance between hydrogen-bonding interactions induce self-assembly and p-p interactions to promote phase segregation is crucial to the micro-structure of the active layer. The investigated of the relationship between the oligothiophene chain size and various complementary hydrogen-bonding motifs is envisaged.