A primary emulsion with whey protein isolate (WPI) and hexanoic acid was prepared, and chitosan (Ch) (0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03%) was added to evaluate its impact on particle size distribution of the emulsion. NaCl (0, 20, 40, and 80 mM) was added to increase ionic interactions to stabilize the multilayer emulsion. Lecithin (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3 %, w/v) was mixed with the primary emulsion in order to form a multilayer, and casein hydrolysate (CH) was used to stabilize the tertiary emulsion system without the use of NaCl for 28 d at 4 °C. Stable O/W nanoemulsions were generated for use as nano-vesicular vehicles (NVV) to carry Curcumin (CU). Two important variables, (1) addition of casein hydrolysate (CH) (1:50, w/w WPI) and, (2) use of high pressure (140 and 210 MPa), were studied for their effect on the stabilization of monodispersed NVV and persistence of antioxidant activity of the CU as cargo in the NVV throughout storage. Addition of CH reduced nano-particle size and increased emulsion stability with UHPH pressure. The nanoparticle distribution was not changed by the addition of CU. Addition of casein hydrolysate reduced particle size as well as enhanced the positive functional properties of the NVV. Similar trends were observed in zeta-potential, surface energy, contact angle and antioxidant efficacy of the NVV, both with and without CU when UHPH was applied. The effect of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (254 nm) on the stability of O/W nanoemulsion systems was investigated. A nano vesicular vehicle (NVV) was generated using ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) that was stabilized using whey protein isolate (WPI) (1%, w/v), Tween 20 (20% w/w WPI) and casein hydrolysate (CH) (1:50 of WPI, w/w). Coarse emulsions were prepared by blending for three min. The coarse emulsion was exposed to UV radiation (0-60 min), followed by a single-pass of UHPH at 140 and 210 MPa. The UHPH treated NVV-CU had greater (P<0.05) short and long term antioxidant properties. After 28 d of storage, the CU-NVV treated at 210 MPa retained 7.0 and 1.4% greater AA and AP, respectively, when compared to the unpressurized CU-NVV.

The global demand for animal proteins is projected to rise by 14% by 2030, amplifying the environmental toll of conventional animal-based protein production. Cultivated meat technology can alleviate the growing demand for protein and address the environmental and ethical concerns associated with conventional livestock farming. However, it faces a critical challenge: the high cost of cell culture media, primarily due to the use of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Substituting serum with protein hydrolysates reduces the production expense of cultivated meat products and promotes establishing a sustainable food system. This study explores black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as an emerging ethical and cost-effective alternative protein source to replace serum in media, particularly for cultivated meat production. The development of BSFL protein isolate involved defatting the larva, followed by protein extraction. The protein isolate was then hydrolyzed using an enzyme to produce BSFL hydrolysates. The goal was to supplement the protein isolate and hydrolysates with a serum-free media (B8) and determine their efficacy in replacing the 20% serum requirement for the cell culture of Bovine Satellite Cells. The BSFL protein isolate developed had a crude protein content of 80.42% and an amino acid composition conducive to cell proliferation. Experimental concentrations, ranging from 0.006 mg/ml for hydrolysate to 0.06 mg/ml for protein isolate, exhibited enhanced cell growth. Data from dsDNA quantification revealed no significant difference in growth between cells fed serum-containing growth media (BSC-GM) and BSFL protein hydrolysate (BSFLH_1h) over a short-term study. Results from the multi-passage growth study revealed that BSFLH_1h significantly improved cell growth compared to B8 over 4 passages. However, its doubling time was slower than BSC-GM. Additionally, it was observed that the protein isolate and hydrolysate were cytotoxic at higher concentrations. In the future, identifying and removing the cytotoxic compounds can further optimize the media composition. Immunostaining using Pax7 and DAPI identified supplemented media-maintained satellite cell identity of Bovine satellite cells, offering crucial insights into cellular proliferation. Furthermore, since each cell type requires varying serum and nutrients, testing these isolates and hydrolysates on different cell lines can provide better insight into creating a universal serum-free media. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / The global demand for animal proteins is projected to rise by 14% by 2030, amplifying the environmental toll of conventional animal-based protein production. Meat, dairy, aquaculture, and eggs significantly contribute to food-related emissions and occupy a vast portion of global farmland. Cultivated meat production can alleviate the growing demand for protein and address the environmental and ethical concerns associated with conventional livestock farming. Currently, the production of cultivated meat faces a significant hurdle: the high cost of culture media, primarily attributed to the use of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Substituting serum with protein isolates or hydrolysates reduce the production expense of cultivated meat products and promotes a sustainable food system. Protein isolate and hydrolysates derived from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) are rich in protein and essential amino acids and can be used as a cost-effective alternative to serum in cell culture media. The protein isolate and hydrolysates derived from BSFL were tested as supplements to a serum-free media (B8) to evaluate their effectiveness in supporting the growth of Bovine Satellite Cells. The protein hydrolysate demonstrated enhanced cell growth at experimental concentrations. However, it could not completely replace serum requirements without slowing cell growth. Despite challenges such as cytotoxicity at higher concentrations, our study suggests that further refinements and application on various cell types can assist in creating a sustainable and affordable serum-free media for cultivated meat production.

The UK buries about 100 million tonnes of waste a year, of which 25% is municipal solid waste (refuse). The environmental impacts from gas and leachate releases are known and direct risks to health from landfill are reported. Europe has agreed to a Landfill Directive which has set targets for the stepwise reduction in biodegradable municipal waste going to landfill. The anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste in controlled bioreactors is an area that could play an important role in overall evolution towards sustainability by recovering biogas and organic matter. Separated hydrolysis and subsequent anaerobic codigestion was demonstrated from the literature review to have the best potential for biodegradable municipal waste diverted from landfill. The rate of hydrolysis of solids wastes remains an outstanding problem. In this research, firstly the codigestion of industrial effluent (coffee wastewater), food wastes and garden wastes were investigated for their impact on hydrolysis and digestion. The results show that there were no treatability problems for coffee wastes up to 37.5% of volume feed per day at the HRT of 9 days. The results supported the view that dilute biodegradable streams such as coffee waste may improve digestion by promoting mixing. Fruit and vegetable wastes were highly biodegradable and can have a major improvement in biogas production of the whole codigestion process, whereas garden waste was not as successful as a cosubstrate, probably because of the predominant celluloses and lignocelluloses with a low biodegradability. The literature review also revealed that washing or elutriation can remove organic matter from municipal waste. This is an important hydrolytic process in which a solubilised acidic organic matter is obtained. The codigestion of refuse hydrolysate with sewage sludge was therefore studied. A control digester treating sewage sludge only was compared with an experimental reactor fed mixed refuse hydrolysate with sewage sludge. It was possible to add the solubilised hydrolysate to existing anaerobic digesters designed at a standard sludge solids loading rate without causing overloading. (Continues...).

Lignocellulosic biomass is believed to serve a prominent role in tomorrow’s sustainable energy and material development. Among the polysaccharide fractions of lignocellulosic biomass, the potential of hemicelluloses as a valuable material resource is increasingly recognized. Thanks to their hydrophilic structure, hemicelluloses are suitable substrates for hydrogel design. The work summarized in this thesis aims to develop feasible strategies for the conversion of O-acetyl galactoglucomannan (AcGGM), an ample hemicellulose in softwood, into hydrogels. Within this framework, four synthetic pathways targeting the formation of crosslinked hydrogel networks from pure or unrefined AcGGM fractions were developed.   Aqueous AcGGM-rich and lignin-containing side-stream process liquors of forest industry, known as softwood hydrolysates (SWHs) were formulated into highly swellable hydrogels by: i) allyl-functionalization of AcGGM chains of crude SWH to obtain a viable precursor for hydrogel synthesis via free-radical crosslinking, ii) directly incorporating unmodified SWH fractions into semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs). SWH hydrogels and semi-IPNs were characterized with appreciable maximum swelling ratios of Qeq = 170 and Qeq = 225, respectively.   Rapid crosslinking of AcGGM through thiol-click chemistry was addressed by first imparting thiol functionality onto pure AcGGM chains in a one-pot procedure. The thiolated AcGGM proved to be a suitable substrate for the synthesis of hemicellulose hydrogels via thiol-ene and thiol Michael addition reactions. Finally, sequential full IPNs were developed by subjecting single network hydrogels of pure AcGGM to a second network formation. IPNs obtained through either free radical crosslinking or thiol-ene crosslinking exhibited higher shear storage moduli than their single network counterparts. / <p>QC 20161102</p>

O sabugo de milho, devido a sua estrutura lignocelulósica, pode servir como fonte de biomassa renovável na produção de açúcares solúveis que podem ser convertidos em produtos de elevados valores agregados, como etanol e outros. A hidrólise ácida é o método mais utilizado na obtenção de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de materiais lignocelulósicos ricos em açúcares fermentescíveis, sendo o açúcar xilose em maior concentração. A levedura fermentadora de xilose Scheffersomyces stipitis está entre os poucos organismos que utilizam a xilose e a glicose e exibem um sistema regulatório de transição entre o processo respiratório e o fermentativo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia de obtenção de bioetanol por S. stipitis CBS 6054, a partir da fração hemicelulósica do sabugo de milho, avaliando a formulação nutricional do meio de fermentação. Como fonte de nitrogênio alternativa foi escolhida o farelo de soja. O hidrolisado hemicelulósico de sabugo de milho (HHSM), obtido por hidrólise ácida, foi concentrado a vácuo e tratado pela elevação e abaixamento de pH. O hidrolisado de farelo de soja foi obtido por hidrólise enzimática (Alcalase, 600C, 100 rpm, 3h). Para avaliar a solubilidade do hidrolisado de farelo de soja em HHSM (pH de 4,0 a 7,0) empregou-se planejamento fatorial 22 completo com análise de superfície de resposta (RSM). A suplementação do HHSM com a proteína de farelo de soja solubilizada em associação ou não com outros nutrientes (ureia e sulfato de amônio) na obtenção de bioetanol por S. stipitis foi avaliada por meio de um planejamento fatorial 23 completo com RSM. A fermentação foi realizada em frascos de Erlenmeyer (125 mL) contendo 50 mL de meio sob agitação de 150 rpm e 30 °C. A concentração de inoculo foi de 1,5 g/L de células. Os resultados mostraram que a hidrólise ácida favoreceu a remoção da fração hemicelulósica (88,05%) com pouca alteração na celulose (10,06%) e da lignina (27,07%) com relação ao material in natura, proporcionando um hidrolisado hemicelulósico rico em xilose (28,30 g/L) com baixas concentrações de compostos fenólicos e furanos. O tratamento do HHSM reduziu seu teor proteico em relação ao hidrolisado concentrado (74,76%) e hidrolisado original (28,53%). O farelo de soja foi de boa qualidade apresentando solubilidade da proteína em KOH igual a 82,99% e índice de urease igual a 0,00. A hidrólise enzimática de farelo de soja hidrolisou 50,45% mais proteína do que a extração aquosa de proteína de farelo de soja, obtendo-se 45 g/L de proteína solubilizada. Na quantificação de proteína pelo método de Lowry foi necessário levar em consideração a presença de espécies interferentes do HHSM. A máxima solubilização da proteína de soja (9,02 g/L) em HHSM foi obtida maximizando a concentração de hidrolisado de farelo de soja (5,0 g/L). O pH, nos níveis estudados, não influenciou a solubilização da proteína de soja em HHSM. Pela RMS, o valor máximo para o fator de conversão de açúcares em etanol (0,20 g/g) pode ser alcançado empregando-se hidrolisado de farelo de soja em seu nível superior (5,0 g/L) e uréia (3 g/L) e sulfato de amônio (3,0 g/L) em seus pontos centrais. A fonte de proteína de farelo de soja solubilizada em HHSM tem potencial como fonte de nitrogênio alternativa na produção de bioetanol por Scheffersomyces stipitis. / The corn cob, due to its lignocellulosic structure, can be used as a biomass renewable source for soluble sugars can be converted into high value-added products, such as ethanol and others. Acid hydrolysis is the mostly used method to obtain hemicellulosic hydrolysate from lignocellulosic materials, leading to the obtaining of the xylose sugar at the highest concentration, from their hemicellulosic fraction. The xylose fermenting yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis is among the few organisms that utilize both xylose and glucose regulatory systems and exhibits a transition between the respiratory and fermentative processes. This work aims to contribute to the development of a technology to obtain bioethanol by Scheffersomyces stipitis CBS 6054, from the corn cob hemicellulosic fraction, evaluating the nutritional formulation of the fermentation medium. As an alternative of nitrogen source, it was chosen soybean bran. The corn cob hemicellulosic hydrolysate (HHSM) was obtained by acid hydrolysis, vacuum evaporated and treated by pH variation. Hydrolysate of soybean bran was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis (Alcalase, 60°C, 100 rpm, 3h). The solubility evaluation of the hydrolysate of soybean bran in HHSM (pH 4.0 to 7.0) was performed by 22 full factorial design using response surface methodology (RSM). The supplementation of HHSM with solubilized soybean bran protein associated or not with other nutrients (urea and ammonium sulphate) to obtain bioethanol employed a 23 full factorial design using RSM. The fermentation was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks (125 mL) containing 50mL of medium stirred at 150rpm and 30 °C. The inoculum concentration was 1.5 g/L of cells. The results showed that the acid hydrolysis favored removal of the hemicellulosic fraction (88.05%) with little change in cellulose (10.06%) and lignin (27.07%) compared to the in natura material, providing a hemicellulosic hydrolysate rich in xylose (28.30 g/L) with low concentrations of phenolics compounds and furans. Treatment of HHSM reduced protein content in the vaccum evaporated hydrolysate (74.76%) and original hydrolysate (28.53%). Soybean bran had good quality as shown by the protein solubility of KOH of 82.99 % and by urease index of 0.00. The soybean bran enzymatic hydrolysis produced 50.45% more protein than aqueous soybean bran protein extraction, yielding 45 g/L of solubilized protein. In the determination of protein content by the Lowry method was necessary to take into account the presence of interfering species of the HHSM. The maximum soybean bran protein solubility (9.01 g/L) was obtained maximizing the concentration of hydrolysate of soybean bran (5.0 g /L) in HHSM. In the range studied in this work, the pH did not influence the solubility of soybean bran protein in HHSM. For the response surface methodology, the maximum value for the ethanol yield (0.20 g/g.) can be achieved employing hydrolysate of soybean bran in its upper level (5.0 g/L) and urea (3 g/L) and ammonium sulfate (3 g/L) in their center points. The source of soybean bran protein solubilized in HHSM has potential as an alternative nitrogen source for bioethanol production by Scheffersomyces stipitis.

O colágeno é a proteína fibrosa predominante da matriz extracelular e é a maior proteína constituinte do tecido conectivo. Alterações nas taxas de colágeno tipo I na derme ocorrem durante o envelhecimento. A introdução de um agente eficaz para a manutenção da pele durante o envelhecimento é importante, possibilitando a redução destes efeitos. Neste projeto foram avaliados os efeitos proliferativos e de biossíntese de colágeno, em fibroblastos humanos de derme normal tratados com colágeno bovino e derivados de diferentes perfis moleculares, colágeno super hidrolisado, colágeno hidrolisado e gelatina, em diferentes experimentos, adesão e viabilidade celular, síntese de colágeno e análises das fases do ciclo celular. Os resultados sugerem que o colágeno bovino e derivados induzem as propriedades adesivas nos fibroblastos, não desencadeiam efeitos citotóxicos e induzem a biossíntese de colágeno pelos fibroblastos. Os resultados de síntese de colágeno indicam que concentrações menores de colágeno super hidrolisado e colágeno hidrolisado podem ser utilizadas em relação à amostra de gelatina. Comparando os resultados após 48 horas de cultura na síntese de colágeno e nas modificações na fase S do ciclo celular, as células tratadas com as amostras de colágeno super hidrolisado e colágeno hidrolisado induziram aumentos significativos. / Collagen is the predominant fibrous protein of the extracellular matrix and it is a major protein constituting connective tissue. Alterations in the rate of collagen type I deposition occur during aging. The introduction of an efficient agent for the maintenance of the skin during the aging process is important as it can reduce those effects. Thus, the proliferative effects and collagen biosynthesis in normal dermis of human fibroblasts were evaluated in this project. The fibroblasts were treated with bovine collagen and its derivates from different molecular mass, as well as super hydrolysate collagen, hydrolysate collagen and gelatine. Different assays were applied as adhesion, cell viability, collagen biosynthesis, and cell cycle phases analysis. The results suggest that the bovine collagen and its derivates can induce to adhesion properties in fibroblasts, they do not produce cytotoxic effects, and they can induce the collagen biosynthesis by fibroblasts. The results also show that super hydrolysate collagen and hydrolysate collagen can be used in lower concentrations than gelatine in collagen biosynthesis analysis. Analyzing the results after 48 hours of culture, the cells treated with the samples of super hydrolysate collagen and hydrolysate collagen had significant improvement in the collagen biosynthesis and in the modifications in the S phase of the cell cycle.

No presente trabalho foram estudados a necessidade de suplementação nutricional do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz para bioconversão a etanol pela levedura Pichia stipitis, e os efeitos da agitação e da razão Vfrasco/Vmeio, em frascos agitados, sobre os parâmetros fermentativos deste processo. Os estudos da suplementação do hidrolisado para produção de etanol por bioconversão pela levedura Pichia stipitis avaliou a adição dos nutrientes: uréia ( 0 a 2,3 g/L) MgSO4.7H2O (0 a 1,0 g/L) e extrato de levedura (0 a 3,0 g/L). Este estudo mostrou que apenas a adição 3 g/L de extrato de levedura foi necessária para que o processo alcançasse bons resultados de conversão (YP/S = 0,29 g/g) e produtividade em etanol (QP = 0,24 g/L.h) não necessitando portanto da adição dos demais nutrientes. Comparado com o meio suplementado com todos os nutrientes, a suplementação com apenas 3 g/L de extrato de levedura, levou a um aumento de 14% na produtividade do processo. A avaliação da oxigenação em frascos agitados mostrou que a aeração foi um fator capaz de influenciar fortemente os parâmetros de fermentação (YP/S e QP). A condição de maior aeração favoreceu a produção de células e a condição de menor aeração favoreceu a conversão em etanol, porém com baixa produtividade, sendo a produtividade em etanol favorecida por condições intermediárias de aeração, correspondente a agitação de 200 rpm e a razão Vfrasco/Vmeio de 2,5, onde foram alcançadas conversão em produto (YP/S) e produtividade em etanol (QP) de 0,36 g/g e 0,39 g/L.h, respectivamente, o que representa um aumento de cerca de 63% a produtividade e 24% a conversão em etanol, quando comparado com as condições de aeração utilizadas anteriormente. A cinética de fermentação de Pichia stipitis no hidrolisado empregando as condições de suplementação nutricional e aeração otimizadas mostrou que a máxima concentração de etanol alcançada para o hidrolisado suplementado foi cerca de 23,6 g/L após 48 horas, consumindo neste tempo 86 % dos açúcares presentes no meio. Comportamento semelhante foi observado para o meio sintético, onde, no mesmo tempo, a máxima concentração de etanol foi de 24,4 g/L, porém com completo consumo dos açúcares. / The present work studied the necessity of nutritional supplementation of rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate for ethanol bioconversion by Pichia stipitis, and the aeration (effects of agitation and Vflask/Vmedium ratio) in agitated flasks, on the fermentative parameters of the process. The studies on the hydrolysate supplementation for ethanol production by Pichia stipitis yeast bioconversion evaluated the nutrients addition: urea (0 to 2.3 g/L), MgSO47H2O (0 to 10 g/L) and yeast extract (0 to 3.0 g/L). This study showed that only the addition of 3g/L yeast extract was enough to obtain good results for ethanol conversion (YP/S = 0.29 g/g) and productivity (QP = 0.24 g/L.h). By comparing to the medium supplemented with all the nutrients, the supplementation with only 3 g/L yeast extract increased 14% the process productivity. The evaluation of the oxygenation in agitated flasks showed that the aeration highly influenced the fermentative parameters (YP/S and QP). The condition of higher aeration favored the cells production and the condition of lower aeration favored the ethanol conversion, but with low productivity. The ethanol productivity was favored by intermediary conditions of aeration, correspondent to 200 rpm agitation and 2.5 Vflask/Vmedium ratio, thus obtaining 0.36 g/g product conversion (YP/S) and 0.39 g/L.h ethanol productivity (QP). This means an increase of approximately 63% productivity and 24% ethanol conversion, when compared to the aeration conditions previously used. The kinetics of Pichia stipitis fermentation in the hydrolysate using the optimized conditions of nutritional supplementation and aeration rate showed that the maximum ethanol concentration for the supplemented hydrolysate was about 23.6 g/L after 48h, consuming 86% sugars present in the medium. Similar behavior was observed for the synthetic medium where, with the same time, the maximum ethanol concentration was 24.4 g/L, but with the complete sugars consumption.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um processo de destoxificação biológica do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizando as leveduras Issatchenkia occidentalis CCTCC M 206097 e Issatchenkia orientalis CCTCC M 206098. Com este propósito, foi realizado testes com diferentes concentrações de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e diferentes condições experimentais para avaliar a influência do fator de concentração e pH inicial do hidrolisado, temperatura e agitação do sistema, na eficiência da redução na concentração de compostos inibidores presentes no hidrolisado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, sem a redução na concentração de açúcares. As leveduras avaliadas apresentaram os maiores valores de redução na concentração dos inibidores e uma menor perda de açúcares quando utilizado o hidrolisado com fator de concentração 5. Nestes experimentos foram constatados que o aumento na concentração de D-glicose e D-xilose favoreceram o menor consumo destes açúcares por estas leveduras. Foi observado também que após 24 h de ensaio empregando a levedura I. occidentalis a redução na concentração de siringaldeído (66,67%) e ácido ferúlico (73,33%) foi maior quando destoxificado o hidrolisado concentrado. Entretanto, nestas mesmas condições ao empregar a levedura I. orientalis foi verificado uma redução maior na concentração de 5-hidroximetilfurfural (80%) e furfural (56,25%). Com base no potencial de redução destes compostos inibidores em hidrolisado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar concentrado, foram realizados estudos para avaliar a influência do pH inicial do hidrolisado (4,0 a 7,0), temperatura (23 a 37°C) e agitação do sistema (100 a 300 rpm) na porcentagem de redução da concentração do total de inibidores, utilizando um planejamento fatorial 23 com 3 repetições no ponto central. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que independente do microrganismo utilizado como agente destoxificante do hidrolisado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar a maior porcentagem de redução na concentração dos inibidores totais foi obtida ao empregar todos os fatores avaliados em seus níveis inferiores. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstraram o potencial das leveduras Issatchenkia occidentalis CCTCC M 206097 e Issatchenkia orientalis CCTCC M 206098 como agentes destoxificantes de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. / This work had as the main objective contribute for the development of a biological detoxification of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate using the Issatchenkia occidentalis CCTCC M 206097 and Issatchenkia orientalis CCTCC M 206098 yeasts. With this aim, it was done tests with hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse in different concentrations and different experimental conditions to evaluate the influence of the hydrolysate concentration, icicial pH of the hydrolysate, temperature and system agitation, on the efficiency of concentration reduction of inhibitory compound present in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, without sugar concentration reduction. The evaluated yeasts showed more redutction values on the the inhibitors concentration and less sugar losses when it was used the hydrolysate five fold concentrated. At these experimets it was found that the concentration rise of D-glucose and D-Xylose favored a lower sugar consumption by the yeasts. It was also observed that after 24 h of experiment using I. occidentalis yeast the reduction of syringaldehyde concentraction (66,67%) and ferulic acid concentration (73,33%) was higher when the concentrated hydrolysate was detoxified. However, under the same conditions using I. orientalis it was observed a higher reduction on the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (80%) and furfural (56,25%). Based on the potential reducion of these inhibitors in concentrated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, it was performed studies to evaluate the influence of initial pH (4,0 or 7,0), temperature (23 to 37°C) and system agitation (100 to 300 rpm) on the reduction percentage of total inhibitors concentration, using a factorial experimental design 23 with three repetitions in the central point. According to the results, it was observed that independent of the microrganism used as detoxificant agent of the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, the largest reduction percentage of the total inhibitors concentration was obtained using all the factors evaluated in their low levels. The results obtained in this work showed the potential of the yeasts Issatchenkia occidentalis CCTCC M 206097 and Issatchenkia orientalis CCTCC M 206098 asdetoxificant agent of hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse.

Hidrolisados hemicelulósicos como o resultante do processamento do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para obtenção do etanol celulósico, constituem uma fonte rica em açúcares, em particular xilose. Considerando o potencial destes hidrolisados para utilização por micro-organismos fermentadores de pentoses e a disponibilidade de leveduras xilanolíticas isoladas da Antártica, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar o cultivo destas leveduras no hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com vistas à obtenção de bioprodutos. Os experimentos foram realizados empregando-se 16 leveduras xilanolíticas isoladas de diferentes fontes. Inicialmente estas foram repicadas em ágar Sabouraud e cultivadas em diferentes temperaturas, selecionando-se para o cultivo em hidrolisado hemicelulósico aquelas que cresceram neste meio. Os cultivos no hidrolisado foram realizados em triplicata em frascos Erlenmeyer, a 200 rpm, a 30°C em duas etapas: O primeiro ocorreu por 72 h e as leveduras que cresceram neste período foram as empregadas para avaliação do cultivo no hidrolisado e também em meio semi-definido simulando a composição em açúcares deste hidrolisado por um período de 96h. Neste caso as avaliações ocorreram a cada 24h a partir da determinação da concentração de açúcares, formação de células, xilitol e etanol, pH, concentração dos tóxicos ácido acético, hidroximetilfurfural, furfural e fenólicos. O experimento controle foi empregado utilizando-se Candida guillermondii já bastante pesquisada nas fermentações que empregam hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana. Foi verificado que 6 das leveduras testadas foram capazes de assimilar os açúcares presentes no hidrolisado, sendo que apenas a Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) apresentou capacidade de produzir etanol como produto deste metabolismo, enquanto as leveduras Cryptococcus aff laurentii (L62), Candida davisiana (L101 e L107) e Cryptococcus adeliensis (L108) apresentaram indícios de atividade xilanolítica. Com relação aos compostos tóxicos presentes no hidrolisado verificou-se que em alguns cultivos ocorreu decréscimo na concentração destes e a manutenção da viabiliadade celular ao final do cultivo. Considerando o caráter inovador da presente pesquisa faz-se necessário a continuidade da investigação a fim de se estabelecer as melhores condições de cultivo destas leveduras para fins de aproveitamento biotecnológico de hidrolisados hemicelulosicos, em função do desempenho destas em relação à C. guilliermondii. / Hemicellulose hydrolysates, as the result of sugarcane bagasse processing for obtaining cellulosic ethanol, are a rich source of sugars, especially xylose. Considering the potential of these hydrolysates for the use by pentoses fermenting micro-organisms and the availability of xylanolytic yeasts isolated from Antarctica, this research aims to evaluate the cultivation of these yeasts in hemicellulose hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse in order to obtain bioproducts. The experiments were performed by employing 16 xylanolytic yeasts isolated from different sources. Initially, they were transferred in Sabouraud agar and grown at different temperatures, and those that grew in this medium were selected for cultivation in hemicellulose hydrolysate. The cultures in the hydrolysate were performed in triplicate in Erlenmeyer flasks at 200 rpm at 30 ° C in two stages: The first one occurred for 72 h and the yeasts that grew in this period were used for the evaluation of growth in the hydrolysate and also in semi-defined medium simulating the sugar composition of this hydrolysate for 96h. In this case, the evaluations occurred every 24 hours from the determination of sugars concentration, formation of cell, xylitol and ethanol, pH, concentration of the toxics acetic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and phenols. A control experiment was employed using Candida guillermondii which has been well investigated in fermentations employing sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate. It was verified that 6 of the tested yeasts were able to assimilate the sugars present in the hydrolysate, and only Cryptococcus adeliensis (L95) showed ability to produce ethanol as a product of this metabolism, while the yeasts Cryptococcus aff laurentii (L62), Candida davisiana (L101 and L107) and Cryptococcus adeliensis (L108) showed evidences of xylanolytic activity. With respect to toxic compounds present in hydrolysate, it was verified that, in some cultures, the decrease in their concentration and the maintenance of cell viability at the end of cultivation occurred. Due to the innovative nature of this research, it is necessary to continue the investigation in order to establish the best conditions for this yeasts cultivation with the purpose of biotechnological exploitation of hemicellulose hydrolysates, depending on their performance regarding C. guilliermondii.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da suplementação do meio de fermentação com diferentes fontes de nitrogênio e avaliar estratégias de aclimatação da levedura Pichia stipitis ao hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz visando melhorar a produção de etanol. Em uma primeira etapa do trabalho foram realizados estudos em meio semissintético para avaliar o efeito das fontes de nitrogênio arginina, ácido glutâmico, uréia e fosfato de amônio sobre a produção de etanol por P. stipitis. Os resultados em meio semissintético demonstraram que o meio composto por ácido glutâmico, fosfato de amônio e extrato de levedura nas concentrações de 3 g/L proporcionou os melhores resultados de conversão (YP/S = 0,36 g/g) e produtividade (QP = 0,71 g/L.h). O estudo de suplementação nutricional do hidrolisado mostrou que o crescimento de P. stipitis foi inibido pela suplementação com ácido glutâmico, e que a presença de extrato de levedura e fosfato de amônio não apresentou qualquer efeito sobre a produção de etanol, sendo o hidrolisado hemicelulósico capaz de suprir a necessidade nutricional da levedura, dispensando a sua suplementação para o uso como meio de fermentação. Na etapa de aclimatação da levedura P. stipitis ao hidrolisado, foram avaliadas cinco estratégias (A, B, C, D e E), baseadas em transferências sucessivas de células para meios com concentrações crescentes de hidrolisado, 45, 60 e 75 % (v/v). Durante a estratégia de aclimatação A foi possível isolar uma colônia (A75-2) capaz de fermentar em hidrolisado contendo 70 g/L de xilose, alcançando valores dos parâmetros YP/S (0,35 g/g) e QP (0,23 g/L.h), 10 e 28 % superiores, respectivamente, aos obtidos pela cepa original. Os resultados das estratégias B e C mostraram que mesmo empregando um maior número de transferências, assim como a utilização de elevadas concentrações celulares, não foram capazes de contribuir com o processo de aclimatação. Na avaliação das estratégias D e E, verificou-se que o emprego de condições de maiores níveis de fornecimento de oxigênio durante as etapas de transferências sucessivas propiciaram condições mais adequadas para que a levedura superasse os efeitos de inibição ocasionados pelos compostos tóxicos presentes no hidrolisado. A estratégia E, realizada sob condição de maior aeração, apresentou os melhores resultados dentre as estratégias de aclimatação avaliadas, sendo obtida uma produção de 27 g/L de etanol após 72 horas. Além disso, esta estratégia foi a única em que a levedura foi capaz de manter os valores de YP/S (0,33 g/g) e QP (0,35 g/L.h) durante todas as transferências, indicando uma maior aclimatação ao hidrolisado. Na fermentação em biorreator, o emprego de inóculo proveniente de cultivo sucessivo de células, quando comparado à fermentação realizada sem cultivo sucessivo, proporcionou um aumento de 7 e 50% sobre os valores de YP/S e QP, respectivamente. Com os resultados do presente trabalho pode-se concluir que estratégias de aclimatação da levedura P. stipitis em hidrolisado não destoxificado são métodos eficazes para a superação de inúmeros problemas relativos às condições de stress fisiológico e inibição do metabolismo microbiano. Porém, a resposta fisiológica da levedura P. stipitis é dependente do número de transferências, concentração celular e oxigenação do meio. / In this work, different acclimatization strategies employing the yeast Pichia stipitis on rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate with high xylose concentration were evaluated. Initially, the effects of nitrogen sources supplementation in the semisynthetic and hydrolysate medium on P.stipitis fermentation were studied. The results showed that in semisynthetic medium the addition of glutamic acid, ammonium phosphate and yeast extract at concentrations of 3 g/L provided the best conversion (YP/S = 0.36 g/g) and productivity (QP = 0.71 g/L.h). On the other hand, the hydrolysate supplementation with yeast extract and ammonium phosphate did not show effect on the fermentative parameters, whereas glutamic acid supplementation inhibited completely the cellular growth. These results show that the hemicellulosic hydrolysate can be used as a fermentation medium without any nutritional supplementation. To overcome the effects of inhibition caused by toxic compounds present on rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate, five acclimatization strategies (A, B, C, D and E) were performed by sequentially transferring of the cells in hydrolysate containing increasing concentrations (45, 60 and 75% (v/v). During the strategy A was possible isolate a colony (A75-2) with ability to ferment the hydrolysate containing xylose at 70 g/L (YP/S = 0.35 g/g and QP =0.23 g/L.h), which corresponded to increase of 10 and 28%, respectively, as compared to the values obtained by the original strain. Employing a greater number of transfers, as well as the use of high cell concentrations (strategies B and C) was not possible improve to the acclimatization process. Regarding the strategy E, which employed higher levels of oxygen supply during periods of successive transfers, showed the most appropriate for the yeast overcome the effects of inhibition caused by toxic compounds present in the hydrolysate. With this strategy the best results (27 g/L ethanol after 72 hours) among all assessed, were observed. Moreover, this approach was the only in which the yeast was able to keep the values of YP/S (0.33 g/g) and QP (0.35 g/L.h) for all transfers, indicating greater acclimatization to hydrolysate. By using this strategy in bioreactor fermentation, it was obtained an increase of 7 and 50% on the values of YP/S and QP, respectively, in relation the reference fermentation (without successive transfer). It is possible conclude that acclimatization strategies of the yeast P. stipitis in no detoxified hydrolysate are effective methods to overcome numerous problems concerning the physiological stress and inhibition of microbial metabolism. However, the physiological response of yeast is dependent on the transfers number, cell concentration and oxygenation level of the medium.