The aim of this report is to contribute to the base of knowledge on environmental monitoring by increasing understanding of how eDNA, electrofishing and sampling fishing may be used to examine fish biodiversity. It also aims at understanding if fish indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive reflect biodiversity, as well as the potential of eDNA data to serve as input to these indexes. This was done by using three different approaches. Firstly, in order to establish which of the methods eDNA, electrofishing and sampling fishing is more suitable to measure the different dimensions of biodiversity (species richness, species evenness and genetic diversity), a literature review comparing the different methods was carried out. It was found that eDNA yields a more detailed results for species richness, electrofishing yields better results for species evenness and sampling fishing is outperformed by eDNA and electrofishing alike. Both electrofishing and sampling fishing may collect data for genetic diversity analysis, however electrofishing outperforms sampling fishing with regards to amount of species caught, making electrofishing a more suitable data collection method. Secondly, in order to gain insight on practical usage of eDNA, a case study of Spjutmo (Dalarna county) was reviewed. It was established that eDNA generated more detailed information of species richness in the case of Spjutmo (as compared to electrofishing). The relative abundance data generated by the eDNA study might be seen as a measure of species evenness. However, electrofishing yielded data which may serve as input to species evenness indices. To the best knowledge of the author, none of the methods generated data on genetic diversity in this specific case. Officials from the energy company Fortum and the county board of Dalarna were also interviewed in order to get insight on what potential they see for eDNA to contribute to environmental monitoring. Both officials point at the ability to estimate abundance as a desired feature, hence a better understanding of what the relative abundance results indicates is wanted. The two interviews indicate that this understanding is an important feature to develop in order to make metabarcoding studies effective in current environmental monitoring. Thirdly, in order to understand if fish indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive reflect biodiversity, a literature review was performed. It was found that, all but one of the compared indexes incorporates or somewhat incorporates species richness. However, only five indexes are indicative or somewhat indicative of species richness. Species evenness is incorporated or somewhat incorporated by two indexes, which are also indicative or somewhat indicative of species evenness. None of the indexes incorporate or indicate genetic diversity. Within the third literature review, the potential of eDNA data to serve as input to current fish-based indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive, was studied. It was found that eDNA data may serve as input to only one index in its present form. However, five indexes also use proportional information (e.g. proportion of tolerant species), which possibly could be provided by eDNA data. The index where usage of eDNA data is currently possible uses presence-absence information. / Målet med denna rapport är att bidra till kunskapsläget kring miljöövervakning genom att öka förståelsen för hur eDNA, elfiske och provfiske kan användas för att undersöka fisk biodiversitet. Målet är också att förstå om fisk-index utvecklade inom ramen för det Europeiska vattendirektivet reflekterar biodiversitet samt om data från eDNA kan utgöra input till dessa index. För att uppfylla dessa mål användes tre metoder. För att etablera vilken av metoderna eDNA, elfiske och provfiske är mer lämpad att mäta de olika dimensionerna av biodiversitet (artrikedom, distribution av arter och genetisk diversitet), genomfördes en litteraturstudie. Slutsatsen kunde dras att eDNA mäter artrikedom med högst noggrannhet, elfiske mäter distribution av arter mer detaljerat och att provfiske överträffas av både eDNA och elfiske i alla dimensioner. Både elfiske och provfiske kan samla data för analys av genetisk diversitet, men elfiske överträffar provfiske gällande hur många arter som fångas, vilket gör elfiske mer lämpligt som metod att samla in data för genetisk analys. För att få praktisk insikt i ett fall där eDNA använts, granskades en fallstudie från Spjutmo (i Dalarnas län). eDNA genererade mer detaljerad information om artrikedom än elfiske i detta fall. Datan genererad av eDNA kring relativ abundans mellan arter skulle kunna tolkas som ett mått på distribution av arter. Data genererad av elfiske kan å andra sidan användas som input till olika index för distribution av arter. Författaren veterligen, genererade varken eDNA eller elfiske mått på genetisk diversitet i detta specifika fall. Två personer, en från Fortum och en från länsstyrelsen Dalarna intervjuades också för att få insikt i deras syn på potentialen av att använda eDNA som ett miljöövervakningsverktyg. Båda intervjupersonerna pekade på att en bättre förståelse av de relativa abundansvärdena indikerar är önskad. Båda intervjupersonerna pekade på att det är en viktig aspekt för att metabarcoding studier ska vara effektiva i nuvarande miljöövervakning. För att förstå om fisk-index utvecklade för EU’s vattendirektiv reflekterar biodiversitet, genomfördes en komparativ litteraturstudie av index. Alla index förutom ett inkorporerar eller delvis inkorporerar artrikedom. Bara fem indikerar eller delvis indikerar artrikedom. Distribution av arter inkorporeras eller delvis inkorporeras av två index som också indikerar eller delvis indikerar distribution av arter. Inom den komparativa litteraturstudien av index, studerades även potential att fungera som input av data genererad av eDNA till indexen. Data genererad av eDNA kan i dagsläget fungera som input till ett av indexen. Fem index använder någon form av proportionell data (t.ex. proportion av toleranta arter), som möjligen skulle kunna ges av eDNA. Indexet till vilket det är möjligt att använda eDNA data använder närvarande-ej närvarande information som input.

Detta arbete har utrett möjligheten till att implementera variabelt varvtal hos bulbturbiner. Som utgångspunkt har anläggningar med ett Kaplanlöphjul och en växellåda analyserats där variabelt varvtal ska implementeras med en frekvensomriktare och ett löphjul med fasta skovelblad.  Arbetet har fokuserat på att avgöra vilka huvudkomponenter som krävs till inköp för att kunna implementera variabelt varvtal. Ett ytterligare mål var att avgöra vilken anläggning som kan ge mest producerad energi av en anläggning med fast och variabelt varvtal. Slutligen har lönsamheten för en investering som möjliggör ett variabelt varvtal bedömts. Till grund för beräkningar användes insamlad mätdata från anläggningarna under år 2022 och uppskattningar av verkningsgrad och inköpspris för de olika komponenterna.  Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att implementera variabelt varvtal i anläggningen, både genom att behålla växellådan och genom att bygga bort den. Att behålla växellåda är det alternativ som är enklast att implementera eftersom installationen och ombyggnationen blir mindre omfattande. Vidare kan en anläggning med variabelt varvtal potentiellt leda till en utökning av producerad energi där ökningen är åtminstone 0,8 GWh. Slutligen skulle en investering av denna typ kunna betraktas som lönsam under förutsättningen att man kan få intäkter från stödtjänster.  Dessa slutsatser bygger på en del antaganden som bör valideras med leverantörer. / This work has investigated the opportunities to implement variable speed for bulb turbines. As a reference, facilities with a Kaplan runner and a gearbox have been analyzed were variable speed is introduced with a frequency converter and a runner with non-adjustable blades.  The work has focused on determine which main components are necessary for purchases in order to implement variable speed. Another goal was to determine which facility can produce the most energy comparing a facility with variable and fixed speed. Lastly, the financially profitability of an investment that enable variable speed has been assessed.  The foundation of the calculations were based on measured data from the sites during year 2022 and approximations of efficiency and the price of purchase for the different components. The result shows that it is possible to implement variable speed in the facilities, with and without a gearbox. To keep the gearbox is the alternative that is easiest to implement due to less reconstruction of the facility. Furthermore, a facility with variable could potentially lead to an increase in produced energy where the increase is at least 0.8 GWh. Lastly, an investment of this kind could be considered profitable under the assumption that it is possible to receive revenue from ancillary services.  The conclusions are made on assumptions that needs to be validated with suppliers.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24213号 / 工博第5041号 / 新制||工||1787(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 立川 康人, 教授 角 哲也, 准教授 佐山 敬洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The Drina River Basin (DRB) plays a vital role for the power sectors of the riparian countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia. The Drina river and its tributaries have a considerable hydropower potential, which, due to its geographical position and the political landscape between the riparian countries, have not yet been utilized to its full potential. This study aims to investigate the role of hydropower and other renewables in the future energy mix under different scenarios. Additionally, the study aims to examine the renewable energy penetration within the DRB, as well as changes in total CO2eq emissions from the power sector by 2035. The study describes the implementation and testing of a modelling framework with the purpose of analysing the future energy mix. To answer the key research questions, an energy model was created using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS). Input parameters for the model were obtained through information gathering based on literature reviews, interviews with local experts and reviews of policy documents. The scenario analysis includes a business as usual scenario (BAU), a nationally determined contribution scenario (NDC), renewable energy scenario (RE) and a sensitivity analysis based on three different levels of implementation of the emission trading scheme (ETS). The results indicate that the share of hydropower differ amongst the scenarios, ranging between 41% and 55% by 2035. The scenario results also show that the share of RES located within the DRB ranges between 45-58% by 2035, in relation to the total installed RES capacity in the basin countries. This high share of economically feasible RES potential highlights the importance of the DRB, particularly since the basin area accounts for approximately 12,8% of the total country area. Furthermore, the obtained resultsfrom the scenario analysis indicate the possibility of emission reductions between 7% and 50 % by 2035, compared to the BAU scenario emissions. / Flodområdet Drina (DRB) spelar en central roll för kraftsektorerna i de angränsande länderna Bosnien och Hercegovina, Montenegro och Serbien. Drinafloden och dess bifloder har en betydande vattenkraftpotential som, på grund av dess geografiska position och komplexa politiska landskap, inte har utnyttjats till fullo. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka förnybara energikällors roll i den framtida energimixen, under olika scenarion, med fokus på vattenkraft. Studien ämnar fortsättningsvis att undersöka penetrationen av förnybar energi inom DRB, såväl som förändringar i de totala CO2-utsläppen från kraftsektorn, fram till år 2035. Vidare beskriver studien implementeringen och testningen av en modelleringsram framtagen med syftet att analysera den framtida energimixen. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna skapades en energimodell med hjälp av Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS). Inmatningsparametrar för modellen erhölls genom informationsinsamling baserad på litteraturgranskningar, intervjuer med lokala experter samt granskningar av nationella policydokument. Scenarioanalysen inkluderar ett Business as Usual scenario (BAU), ett Nationally Determined Contribution scenario (NDC), ett scenario för Renewable Energy (RE) samt en känslighetsanalys baserad på tre olika nivåer för implementering av systemet för utsläppshandel (ETS). Resultaten indikerar på att andelen vattenkraft skiljer sig mellan scenariona och sträcker sig mellan ett intervall på 41% och 55% år 2035. Scenarioresultaten påvisar även att andelen RES som ligger inom DRB varierar mellan 45–58% fram till 2035, i förhållande till den totala installerade RES-kapaciteten inom de angränsande länderna. Den höga andelen ekonomiskt genomförbar RES-potential belyser betydelsen av DRB-området, framför allt då flodområdet utgör cirka 12,8% av det totala landområdet. Vidare indikerar resultaten från scenarioanalysen möjligheten till utsläppsminskningar på mellan 7% och 50% fram till 2035, jämfört med utsläpp indikerade i BAU-scenariot.

Bangladesh is a South Asian country that has great potential for renewable energy and a growing economy. Hence, it is important to understand the obstructing forces against Bangladesh’s sustainable development. Current literature has shown that removing fossil fuel subsidies can increase welfare by 1.89 per cent and small-scale hydropower plants can generate clean and reliable electricity while also providing clean drinking water, supporting irrigation systems, and managing severe flooding. The purpose of this report is to provide public opinion on reinvesting fossil fuel subsidies towards hydropower production. It seeks to present the views of Bangladeshi citizens on renewable energy, both their support for or against hydropower production and education levels on the topic. Both are important for policymakers as it allows them to plan their next steps in the energy transition with the knowledge of their general population.  It aims to achieve this through survey data, using snowballing sampling and the pretest-posttest design. Data was analysed using cross tabulation and contingency graphs and found that (1) there was an overall good understanding of fossil fuel consumption in Bangladesh but uncertainties to its relation to flooding and natural disasters. (2) Majority of Bangladeshis think the government over-subsidises fossil fuels and are willing to switch to renewables for electricity if the government offered it. And (3) while a few participants have concerns about hydropower, the majority are willing to support the reinvestment of fossil fuel subsidies into hydropower.

Hydropower generates renewable energy, but also local environmental damage. In Sweden, hydropower facilities are undergoing a process of environmental adaptation which aims at protecting water environments while also ensuring electricity production. Regional stakeholder collaboration has been introduced as part of the decision-making process. To explore opportunities and challenges with this governance strategy, this study analyses hydropower collaborations using the Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance (Emerson & Nabatchi, 2015). Several types of documentation from all 27 finished collaborations have been collected and subjected to a qualitative thematic analysis. The results show that the main challenges are related to organising collaboration, balancing interests and managing needs for knowledge. While these appear closely interrelated, knowledge emerged as especially important. Knowledge contestation was a major driver for disagreements over interest balance, and accepted knowledge can overall be seen as a crucial capacity for joint action. The analysis also identified a discrepancy between stakeholders’ expectations for interest negotiation and reality. More research is however required to establish the connection between collaborative procedural arrangements and agreement among stakeholders.

The energy market is evolving, with a prediction of heavily increased consumption and, consequently, increased production. In parallel, EU directives with targets prioritising fossil-free electricity production, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and becoming climate neutral by 2050, poses a challenge for the current state of electricity production in the Nordics. In managing these predictions, the electricity production from renewable energy sources is required to be increased threefold by 2045. Consequently, the share of intermittent energy sources is deemed to heavily increase, resulting in need of more capacity of energy storage, ancillary services and balancing of the grid. Energy storage systems, such as pumped storage hydropower, can play a crucial role in this energy market transition. However, pumped storage hydropower has yet to be fully explored or proven viable for large-scale investments in the Nordics. In this thesis, the viability and profitability of pumped storage hydropower plants in the Nordics are investigated. The viability assessment was conducted through a SWOT analysis based on a summary of literature and interviews within a PESTLE framework. The interviewees consisted of experts active in different fields of work at Fortum, with knowledge relevant for the purpose of this thesis. To assess the profitability, an investment analysis tool for pumped storage hydropower plants was created in MathWork’s MATLAB, focusing on one of Fortum’s already existing pumped storage hydropower plants. The investment analysis tool was built for several cases with fixed operating schedules using a weekly timeframe.  Through the SWOT analysis, potential challenges for pumped storage hydropower were found in investment costs, topology dependence, development of nuclear power production and increased difficulty in obtaining greenfield permits. Regarding opportunities, Fortum’s pumped storage hydropower plants were found to be favourably and strategically located in SE3, beneficial in generating income from different revenue streams as well as highly beneficial in assisting the development of Sweden’s future energy market. The results obtained from the investment analysis tool indicated that market volatility plays a crucial role in determining the profitability of pumped storage hydropower projects. In a highly volatile market, there is a great possibility to yield large amounts of profit. However, to fully maximise profit, especially in a low volatility market, constant optimisation of pumped storage hydropower operations through advanced forecasting and modelling is crucial.

Hydropower plays an important role in the Swedish power system and is a valuable renewable energy source with great ability for regulation. It is, therefore, crucial to plan and optimize hydropower in a way that is effective. In this project, the Skellefte River is modeled with the software Spine. The focus is on applying a piece-wise linear function to describe the electricity production, instead of a simpler linear one, and optimizing the profit. The results of the optimization indicate that the piece-wise linear function gives accurate values on the electricity production. This work has also further contributed to the development of Spine. / Vattenkraft spelar en viktig roll i det svenska elsystemet och är en värdefull förnybar energikälla med stor regleringsförmåga. Det är därför avgörande att planera och optimera vattenkraft på ett effektivt sätt. I detta projekt modelleras Skellefteälven med programvaran Spine. Fokus ligger på att tillämpa en styckvis linjär funktion för att beskriva elproduktionen istället för att använda en enklare linjär funktion. Modellen optimeras efter pris. Resultaten av optimeringen indikerar att den styckvis linjära funktionen ger korrekta värden på elproduktionen. Detta arbete har också bidragit till den fortsatta utvecklingen av Spine. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

Dams and power plants in watercourses pose a serious threat to diversity and aquatic species as they fragment habitats and create barriers. New legislation aims to facilitate the restoration of watercourses and in many places, various fish passages have been built. Evaluations of these are important in order to ensure that the desired function has been achieved. At Näkten regulation dam in Jämtland, Sweden, a combined technical and natural fishway has been built to enable migration for trout and grayling. The purpose of the study is to find out whether the technical solution has had suitable flows and gate settings for the fish that one wanted to enable migration for. To investigate this, unsteady flow analyzes were performedin HEC-RAS and then compared to field measurements as well as information from the dam owner. The results show that the gate during the study period has not been set according to recommended settings and that the flows at times have been too high to be suitable for migration. However, comparison with field measurements and previous calculations suggest that the modeled flows do not match reality but are too high in the model. The conclusion is therefore that further modeling and a more thorough comparison with field measurements is recommended to create reliable results and that one then possibly can adjust the settings on the gates. / Dammar och kraftverk i vattendrag utgör ett allvarligt hot mot diversiteten och vattenlevande arter då den fragmenterar livsmiljöer och skapar hinder. Nya lagstiftningar ska underlätta för återställning av vattendrag och på många platser har olika fiskpassager byggts. Utvärderingar av dessa är viktiga så att man kan säkerställa att önskad funktion är uppnådd. Vid Näktens regleringsdamm i Jämtlands län har ett kombinerat tekniskt oc hnaturlikt omlöp byggts för att åter möjliggöra vandring för öring och harr. Studiens syfte är att ta reda på om den tekniska lösningen har haft lämpliga flöden och luckinställningar för de fiskar som man velat möjliggöra vandring för. För att undersöka detta har flödesmodelleringar gjorts i programmet HEC-RAS och fältmätningar samt uppgifter från dammägaren har använts som referens. Resultaten visar att luckan under studieperioden inte varit inställd efter rekommenderade inställningar och att flödena ha varit för höga för att vara lämplig för vandring. Dock tyder jämförelse med fältmätningar och tidigare beräkningar att flödena inte stämmer överens med verkligheten utan blir för höga i modellen. Slutsatsen blir därför att ytterligare modellering och en grundligare jämförelse med fältmätningar rekommenderas för att skapa tillförlitliga resultat och att man därefter eventuellt kan justera inställningarna på luckorna. / <p>2023-06-02</p>

The water-energy nexus holds paramount relevance in the context of the transition to a carbon free energy system, being water the only renewable energy source with reliable storage capacity. Modelling hydropower production in a large domain over a long time window represents an open challenge due to a variety of reasons: firstly, high-resolution, large-scale hydrological modelling in a context of uncertainty needs calibration, thus representing a computationally intensive task due to the large domain and time window over which calibration is needed; secondly, as stated by many works in literature, hydropower production modelling and in particular reservoir modelling is a very information-demanding procedure, and excessive simplifications adopted to face the lack of information might lead to consistent bias in the predictions. This thesis can be subdivided into three main parts: firstly, the model that was used to perform every analysis, HYPERstreamHS, will be presented. The model is a continuous, large-scale hydrological model embedding a dual-layer MPI framework (i.e. Message Passing Interface, a common standard in parallel computing) that ensures optimal scalability of the model, greatly reducing the computation time needed. Explicit simulation of water diversions due to hydropower production is also included in the model, and adopts only publicly available information, making the model widely applicable. Secondly, a first validation of the model will be presented, and the adopted approach will be compared with some other approaches commonly found in literature, showing that the inclusion of a high level of detail is crucial to ensure a reliable performance of the model; this first application was performed on the Adige catchment, where extensive information on human systems was available, and allowed to effectively assess which information were indispensable and which, in turn, could be simplified to some extent while preserving model performance. Finally, the model setup has been applied on a relevant portion of the Western Italian Alps; in this case, two different meteorological input forcing data sets were adopted, in order to assess the differences in their performance in terms of hydropower production modelling. This latter study indeed represents a preliminary analysis and will provide stepping stone to extend the modelling framework to the Italian Alpine Region.