La thèse pose l’hypothèse que la construction des barrages hydroélectriques pourrait être un moteur de développement harmonieux entre montagnes et plaines. L’objectif serait de relier politiques de développement des barrages hydroélectriques et politiques agricoles en fonction des stratégies individuelles et des contraintes physiques et socio-économiques. Depuis les années 2000, dans toute l’Asie du Sud-Est, de nombreux projets de grands barrages hydroélectriques sont construits ou en construction pour répondre à la forte croissance de la demande en énergie, entraînant de grandes menaces sur la gestion de l’eau et l’environnement d’une part, et imposant d’importants déplacements de population d’autre part. Dans ces régions de montagne, les processus d’érosion représentent un risque majeur à la fois pour le comblement des lacs de barrage et pour la productivité agricole. Aussi grands investisseurs, pour la durée de vie des barrages hydroélectriques, et petits exploitants, pour leurs moyens de subsistance, se retrouvent également impactés. Le défi est de reformuler la relation entre la planification et la gestion des barrages hydroélectriques, et la planification et la gestion des terres agricoles des zones amont des barrages. Même si l’accompagnement socio-économique a été très largement amélioré de la part de l’Etat vietnamien, les agriculteurs déplacés et non-déplacés sont encore largement à subir les mutations sociospatiales régionales en cours. En effet, malgré des bonnes intentions gouvernementales et internationales, le manque de concertation au niveau local et le manque de connaissance en hydro-écologie restent les contraintes majeures pour le succès de la protection environnementale et l’équité entre les populations concernées, deux conditions obligatoires à la durabilité des projets de barrages hydroélectriques. Pour conclure, il semble que le succès d’implantation d’un grand barrage hydroélectrique soit lié à la capacité des décideurs à comprendre les interactions complexes entre systèmes écologiques et systèmes socio-économiques. / The thesis project assumes that the construction of hydropower dams could be a driven force for a harmonious economic development between mountains and plains. The aim would be to link policies for hydropower dam development, and policies for agriculture in mountains, within individual strategies, in relationship with physical and socio-economic constraints. Since 2000’s, throughout Southeast Asia, many projects of large hydropower dams are built or being built to meet the strong growth in demand for energy, causing great threats to water management and the environment on the one hand, and imposing important population displacement on the other hand. In these mountainous regions, the erosion process is a major risk for both the filling of reservoirs and agricultural soil productivity. Then major investors, for the lifespan of hydropower dams, and small farmers, for their livelihoods, are equally impacted. The challenge is to reformulate the relationship between planning and management of hydropower dams, and planning and management of agricultural uplands in upstream areas of dams. Although the socio-economic support has been very much improved from the Vietnamese State, displaced and non-displaced farmers are still largely undergoing regional socio-spatial changes on-going. In spite of good government and international intentions, the lack of consultation at local level and the lack of knowledge in hydro-ecology remain major constraints to the success of environmental protection and equity between the concerned populations, two mandatory conditions for sustainability of hydroelectric dam projects. In conclusion, it appears that the successful implantation of a large hydroelectric dam is related to the ability of policymakers to understand the complex interactions between ecological and socio-economic systems.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-12T17:15:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Anselmo Claudino de Sousa - 2013.pdf: 4168276 bytes, checksum: 160f3cce0baa970d16c2d97f90fe53ed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-12T17:15:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Anselmo Claudino de Sousa - 2013.pdf: 4168276 bytes, checksum: 160f3cce0baa970d16c2d97f90fe53ed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-12T17:15:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Anselmo Claudino de Sousa - 2013.pdf: 4168276 bytes, checksum: 160f3cce0baa970d16c2d97f90fe53ed (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / The world population has becoming an urban society. The concentration of people in cities contributes to increase the demand on public services, especially on the water supply systems. Thus it is imperative that these systems are able to meet this growing supply of drinking water with lower operating costs. Requiring the supply companies, as well as expansion of these systems, the proper operation and efficient. In this work, a model for multi-objective optimization of the operation of the water distribution system was developed in order to achieve efficiency hydropower. Three objectives were considered: (i) reduction of real losses, (ii) reduction of the cost of electricity, and (iii) maximizing system reliability. The optimization model was designed for the construction of an interface between a hydraulic simulator and algorithms NSGAII and SPEA. The model system was applied to a hypothetical water distribution and it was proved to be suitable to generate an optimal set of operating rules. The use of multi-objective optimization model is recommend to promote the efficiency of hydropower water distribution systems existing in both macro and micro distribution. / A população mundial vem se consolidando como uma sociedade urbana. A concentração de pessoas nas cidades contribui para aumentar a demanda sobre os serviços públicos, principalmente sobre os sistemas de abastecimento de água. Dessa maneira é imprescindível que esses sistemas sejam capazes de atender a essa oferta crescente por água potável com menor custo operacional. Requerendo das companhias de abastecimento, além da expansão dos sistemas, a sua operação adequada e eficiente. Neste trabalho é desenvolvido um modelo multiobjetivo para otimização da operação de sistema de distribuição de água, visando alcançar a eficiência hidroenergética considerando três objetivos: (i) redução das perdas reais; (ii) redução do custo de energia elétrica; e (iii) maximização da confiabilidade do sistema. O modelo de otimização foi concebido pela construção de uma interface entre um simulador hidráulico e os algoritmos NSGAII e SPEA. O modelo foi aplicado a um sistema de distribuição de água hipotético, e demonstrou ser adequado para gerar um conjunto de regras operacionais ótimas. Recomenda-se o uso do modelo de otimização multiobjetivo para promover a eficiência hidroenergética de sistemas de distribuição de água existentes, tanto na macro quanto na micro distribuição.

Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de examinar o comportamento do estado brasileiro diante das manifestações de insatisfação do Paraguai com o Tratado de Itaipu que reivindicou renegociações sobre o uso da água e a distribuição da geração elétrica. Elas resultaram em revisões de partes do Tratado ao longo da década de 2000. O subsistema platino está dividido em dois tempos, o primeiro de ocupação da fronteira, no período da construção da usina em que a ordem regional rivalizava com a Argentina, e o segundo a partir da década de 2000, quando se consolida uma nova ordem regional voltada à integração. A Itaipu Binacional usa as águas transfronteiriças da bacia onde os dois Estados fazem fronteira e sua existência depende do alinhamento de interesses entre os Estados ribeirinhos no projeto binacional. Isto demonstrou a superação da função de separação política, no entanto tornou mais evidente as desigualdades entre as Partes. As assimetrias no uso das águas transfronteiriças revelam relações de poder entre os Estados ribeirinhos e sugere a existência de agente hidro-hegemônico. No diálogo entre Geografia Política, Geopolítica e Relações Internacionais, defende-se a ideia de que o uso compartilhado da água transfronteiriça impõe uma realidade de interdependente que adapta o comportamento dos Estados, a distribuição de poder e as suas fontes, mas, mesmo assim, mantém a racionalidade estratégica autointeressada. Para viabilizar a investigação foram analisados documentos elaborados pelo Itamaraty e pela Itaipu Binacional, além de fontes secundárias. / This dissertation aims to examine the behavior of the Brazilian state in face of the manifestations of dissatisfaction of Paraguay with the Treaty of Itaipu that demanded renegotiations on the use of water and the distribution of electricity generation. They resulted in revisions of parts of the Treaty throughout the 2000s. The Platinum subsystem is divided into two periods, the first to occupy the frontier, during the construction of the plant in which the regional order rivaled Argentina, and the second from the 2000s, when a new regional order for integration was consolidated. Itaipu Binacional uses the transboundary waters of the basin where the two States border and their existence depends on the alignment of interests among the riparian states in the binational project. This has demonstrated the overcoming of the political separation function, but has made more evident the inequalities between the Parties. Asymmetries in the use of transboundary waters reveal power relations among riparian states and suggests the existence of a hydrohegemonic agent. In the dialogue between Political Geography, Geopolitics and International Relations, the idea is defended that the shared use of transboundary water imposes an interdependent reality that adapts the behavior of States, the distribution of power and its sources, maintains the self-interested strategic rationality. In order to facilitate the investigation, documents prepared by Itamaraty and Itaipu Binacional were analyzed, as well as secondary sources.

Les travaux présentés contribuent à un des enjeux majeurs de l'Entreprise Etendue liée au domaine de la production d'énergie électrique. L'objectif est de maintenir en dynamique la qualité des services rendus par les processus de production. Ces travaux ont ainsi pour objet, en se référant au cadre de modélisation d'Entreprise GERAM, de proposer une méthodologie réutilisable pour l'automatisation intégrée des centrales hydroélectriques. Ces dernières étant structurellement des systèmes stables, cette méthodologie est basée sur une approche orientée processus et aboutit au développement de modèles pérennes et réutilisables. Le point central de cette méthodologie consiste en la définition d'un modèle de référence ICMMS (Intelligent Control-Maintenance-technical Management Systems) formalisant la connaissance générique, de niveau terrain, applicable à l'automatisation de toute centrale hydroélectrique. La mise en œuvre de ce modèle de référence conduit à la proposition d'une architecture HSAS (Hybrid Smart Automation System) qui intègre en un tout cohérent sur les points de vue Contrôle, Maintenance et Gestion Technique, les différents composants d'automatisation distribués, supportés par des actionneurs, capteurs, ou contrôleurs conventionnels de niveau terrain. Par rapport à cette architecture, les concepts innovants de "Surveillance Conditionnelle" pour l'îlot Maintenance et d' "Atténuation de Perturbations" pour l'îlot Contrôle sont définis et étudiés afin d'être intégrés au système ICMMS. De plus, nous proposons, pour la Gestion Technique, des concepts, critères et outils pour l'évaluation de performances des HGUs (Hydroelectric Generating Units). Cette contribution est basée sur la définition d'un système d'évaluation des performances économiques utilisant des descripteurs quantitatifs mesurant l'état d'efficacité, le niveau de gestion de l'exploitation et l'état de maintenance de ces unités. Une nouvelle stratégie en lien avec la maintenance, intitulée EBM (Economic performance Based Maintenance), est ainsi formalisée. L'ensemble de nos propositions est validée sur une étude de cas.

<p>The passage efficiency of downstream migrating brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts past two hydropower plants in the River Emån, southeastern Sweden, was evaluated by telemetry. From 26 April to 17 May 2005, 40 wild brown trout smolts were radio-tagged, and their positions were recorded daily until 14 June. Approximately 45% of the individuals passed both power plants, and 15% made it to the sea, some 28 km downstream of the power plants. About 20% of the individuals ceased migrating, residing in a lotic habitat. Mortality due to predation was 33%, and the predation rate was higher in the power plant dams than it was downstream of the power plants. Turbine-induced mortality was greater in the upper power plant (40%) than in the lower one (13%). Fish that chose the alternative routes, through the gates, swam past the upper dam faster than fish that swam through the turbines. The results confirm previous work in the river, namely that measures need to be taken to improve passage efficiency past the power plants, particularly passage of the upper power plant. Such measures are of crucial importance if the nature-like bypass channels at the power plants in Finsjö are going to have any long-term effects on the brown trout population.</p> / <p>Passageeffektiviteten för nedströms vandrande havsöringssmolt (Salmo trutta) förbi två vattenkraftverk i Emån, i sydöstra Sverige, utvärderades med telemetri. Från 26 april till och med 17 maj 2005 märktes 40 vilda havsöringssmolt med radiosändare och de positionsbestämdes dagligen till och med 14 juni. Ungefär 45% av individerna passerade båda kraftverken, och 15% klarade sig till havet, cirka 28 km nedströms kraftverken. Omkring 20% av individerna avbröt vandringen och stannade i ett lotiskt habitat. Mortalitet på grund av predation uppgick till 33%, och predationshastigheten var högre i kraftverksdammarna än nedströms kraftverken. Den turbininducerade mortaliteten var högre i det övre kraftverket (40%) än i det nedre (13%). Det gick fortare att passera den övre kraftverksdammen för fisk som valde de alternativa rutterna, genom dammluckorna, jämfört med att passera genom turbinerna. Dessa resultat bekräftar tidigare studier i ån, nämligen att åtgärder krävs för att förbättra passageeffektiviteten förbi kraftverken, i synnerhet passagen av det övre kraftverket. Sådana åtgärder är av avgörande betydelse om de naturlika fiskvägarna vid kraftverken i Finsjö ska få några långsiktiga effekter på havsöringspopulationen.</p>

In Turkey with increasing energy demand by industrialization and urbanization, hydropower seemed to be the most environmental friendly and sustainable solution for the problem. However, hydropower has also environmental effects especially when hydropower projects are numerous on a single river, and they use almost entire water in the river. Environmental flow as a new term became popular in media with increased density of small hydropower projects in Turkey. It is the required flow in the part of diversion for Run-off River type of hydropower plant in order to protect health of the river / in other words, to balance components of the river, including physico-chemical quality standards, surface and groundwater, geomorphological dynamics, social, economic, cultural and landscape values. In this study, an analysis utilizing hydrological (desktop) environmental flow assessment methods is prepared for Turkey, focusing on the Pazarsuyu Basin as a case study, and the results are compared with the applications done by the Governmental Institutions. Moreover, insufficient applications with regard to environmental flow assessment are given and reasons for public concerns are pointed out due to small hydropower development in Turkey.

Worldwide interest in renewable energy systems has increased dramatically, due to environmental concerns like climate change and other factors. Wind power is a major source of sustainable energy, and can be harvested using both horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. This thesis presents studies of a vertical axis wind turbine performance for applications in urban areas. Numerical simulations with FLUENT software are presented to predict the fluid flow through a novel Zephyr vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT). Simulations of air flow through the turbine rotor were performed to analyze the performance characteristics of the device. Major blade geometries were examined. A multiple reference frame (MRF) model capability of FLUENT was used to express the dimensionless form of power output of the wind turbine as a function of the wind freestream velocity and the rotor's rotational speed. The simulation results exhibit close agreement with a stream-tube momentum model. / UOIT

The passage efficiency of downstream migrating brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts past two hydropower plants in the River Emån, southeastern Sweden, was evaluated by telemetry. From 26 April to 17 May 2005, 40 wild brown trout smolts were radio-tagged, and their positions were recorded daily until 14 June. Approximately 45% of the individuals passed both power plants, and 15% made it to the sea, some 28 km downstream of the power plants. About 20% of the individuals ceased migrating, residing in a lotic habitat. Mortality due to predation was 33%, and the predation rate was higher in the power plant dams than it was downstream of the power plants. Turbine-induced mortality was greater in the upper power plant (40%) than in the lower one (13%). Fish that chose the alternative routes, through the gates, swam past the upper dam faster than fish that swam through the turbines. The results confirm previous work in the river, namely that measures need to be taken to improve passage efficiency past the power plants, particularly passage of the upper power plant. Such measures are of crucial importance if the nature-like bypass channels at the power plants in Finsjö are going to have any long-term effects on the brown trout population. / Passageeffektiviteten för nedströms vandrande havsöringssmolt (Salmo trutta) förbi två vattenkraftverk i Emån, i sydöstra Sverige, utvärderades med telemetri. Från 26 april till och med 17 maj 2005 märktes 40 vilda havsöringssmolt med radiosändare och de positionsbestämdes dagligen till och med 14 juni. Ungefär 45% av individerna passerade båda kraftverken, och 15% klarade sig till havet, cirka 28 km nedströms kraftverken. Omkring 20% av individerna avbröt vandringen och stannade i ett lotiskt habitat. Mortalitet på grund av predation uppgick till 33%, och predationshastigheten var högre i kraftverksdammarna än nedströms kraftverken. Den turbininducerade mortaliteten var högre i det övre kraftverket (40%) än i det nedre (13%). Det gick fortare att passera den övre kraftverksdammen för fisk som valde de alternativa rutterna, genom dammluckorna, jämfört med att passera genom turbinerna. Dessa resultat bekräftar tidigare studier i ån, nämligen att åtgärder krävs för att förbättra passageeffektiviteten förbi kraftverken, i synnerhet passagen av det övre kraftverket. Sådana åtgärder är av avgörande betydelse om de naturlika fiskvägarna vid kraftverken i Finsjö ska få några långsiktiga effekter på havsöringspopulationen.

Waterhammer is an undesirable event, caused by sudden flow changes in a confined pipe system. When it occurs, its consequences can be very costly and even sometimes deadly. In general, it may be encountered in the penstocks of hydropower plants, water transmission lines, water networks, etc. Therefore, the operation guidelines of the hydropower plants should be defined correctly. In this thesis, waterhammer problems in pumped storage hydropower plants are investigated. Time dependent flow conditions in the penstocks are studied by the help of computer software, HAMMER. The software solves nonlinear differential equations by using method of characteristics. Firstly, hydraulic transients for various operational cases are investigated using some scenarios. Then a surge tank, protective device for waterhammer, is added to the system and for the same operational cases, hydraulic transients are studied again. Finally, the results obtained from the operation of the system with and without surge tank are compared. Wind-hydro hybrid systems are also included in the study.

The report begins with a general inventory of possible technical faults in a hydropower plant and of possible fault indicating measurements. Then an investigation is made concerning a few different faults. Based on this investigation a choice on seal box condition and water leakage is made as problem for a more thorough examination, in which it is concluded that the turbine water leakage is larger when the turbine is put into operation. The examination ultimately results in a computer alarm for faults related to the seal box. Finally a few things are mentioned about flow measurement and pressure measurement in relation to the project as a whole. / Rapporten inleds med en övergripande sammanställning av möjliga tekniska fel i en vattenkraftstation och av möjliga felindikerande mätningar. Därefter görs en probleminventering av ett antal olika fel. Baserat på denna inventering väljes sedan tätningsboxkondition och läckvatten som problem för en mer ingående undersökning, vid vilken det konstateras att turbinvattenläckaget är större när turbinen är i drift. Undersökningen utmynnar sedan i ett datalarm för fel relaterade till tätningsboxar. Slutligen nämns något om flödesmätning och tryckmätning i relation till projektet i sin helhet.