Submitted by ALCINÉA GUIMARÃES DE CASTRO (neia.gcastro@ig.com.br) on 2017-07-06T14:47:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Alcinéa Final 1.pdf: 4587551 bytes, checksum: a7dc82329f88aa34f25ffc873a918ab7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-07-07T16:20:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_ag_dr_guara.pdf: 4587551 bytes, checksum: a7dc82329f88aa34f25ffc873a918ab7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T16:20:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_ag_dr_guara.pdf: 4587551 bytes, checksum: a7dc82329f88aa34f25ffc873a918ab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-26 / São inúmeros os serviços econômicos, sociais e ambientais atribuídos às florestas, sendo a fixação do carbono atmosférico o mais recente, pois contribui para a redução de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e do aquecimento global, através do processo de fotossíntese na absorção do dióxido de carbono (CO2) pelas árvores. Buscando a redução dos GEE e a absorção do CO2, as centrais geradoras hidrelétricas (CGHs) e as pequenas centrais hidrelétricas (PCHs) são consideradas, por muitos estudiosos, como uma forma mais limpa de obtenção de energia, ainda que existam algumas discussões sobre os impactos ambientais gerados pelas mesmas. Assim, este estudo visa propor a mitigação da emissão do CO2, por meio da restauração ecológica, devido à instalação de uma central geradora hidrelétrica, com base na análise do potencial dos remanescentes florestais como sumidouros de carbono. Desta forma, utilizou-se mapas georreferenciados com dados físicos ambientais (hidrologia, classe de solo, uso da terra, drenagem, área de preservação permanente e maciços florestais nativos) que possibilitaram delimitar os remanescentes florestais existentes na bacia hidrográfica do Rio do Chapéu, localizada no município de São Luís do Paraitinga, SP, Brasil. Paralelamente, levantou-se os dados dendrométricos (altura da árvore e diâmetro à altura do peito) de 658 indivíduos arbóreos, distribuídos em 119 espécies de um fragmento florestal de 10.000 m2, que foram aplicados em equações alométricas, resultando uma estimativa de 62,25 t C ha-1 fixados pelas árvores e uma emissão de 9.232,92 t CO2 ha-1 devido à área de floresta inundada (reservatório) com a implantação de uma CGH hipotética na bacia hidrográfica. Esses dados evidenciaram que os componentes arbóreos contribuem para a fixação do carbono e que há necessidade da compensação ambiental, por meio da restauração ecológica, em 323,8 hectares de áreas de preservação permanente localizadas na bacia hidrográfica de contribuição. Considerando que atualmente não existem modelos para se estimar as GEE antes da construção do reservatório e que no Brasil a maior parte da energia elétrica gerada advém de usinas hidrelétricas, esta pesquisa poderá contribuir com o processo de licenciamento ambiental e na tomada de decisão quanto à implantação de centrais hidrelétricas, obtendo parâmetros e formas seguras de compensação ambiental, aos efeitos negativos gerados pelas emissões de GEE, em especial o CO2. / There are numerous economic, social and environmental services to forests, among which atmospheric carbon sequestration is the most recent, which contributes to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming through photosynthesis, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption by trees. With the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and absorbing CO2, small hydropower stations (SHS) and small hydropower plants (SHPs) are considered as a cleaner way to generate energy in literature, although there is some discussion regarding their environmental impacts. Thus, the present study aims to mitigate CO2 emissions from building a hydropower station through ecological restoration based on analyzing the potential of utilizing remnant forests as carbon sinks. Therefore, georeferenced maps have been used with environmental physical data (hydrology, soil type, land use, drainage, permanent preservation areas and native forest) that allowed defining the existing remnant forests along the Chapéu River watershed, which is located in São Luís do Paraitinga, SP, Brazil. In addition, dendrometric data (height and diameter at breast height) has been collected on 658 individual trees classified into 119 species in a forest area of 10,000 m2. Data used in an allometric equation resulted in an estimate of 62.25 C ha-1 t sequestrated by trees and CO2 emission of 9232.92 t ha-1 due to the flooded forest area (dam) if a SHS were constructed in the watershed. These data evidenced that trees contribute to carbon sequestration, and that there must be an environmental compensation through ecological restoration of 323.8 hectares of permanent environmental reserve areas located in the contributing watersheds. This research is going to assist in environmental licensing and decision-making processes regarding the implementation of hydropower stations due to obtaining parameters and safe forms of environmental compensation for the negative impacts generated by greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, given that there are currently no GHG estimation models before the dam implementation and most of the electricity supply is generated by hydropower plants in Brazil.

O presente trabalho pretende identificar o modelo ideal para um regulador eletrônico de velocidade por comutação de cargas de controle, com o intuito de baratear o investimento de implantação, e os custos de manutenção de uma microcentral hidroelétrica. Seguindo este mesmo objetivo de barateamento de custos, o trabalho mostra também que é possível se encontrar um tipo de turbina hidráulica e um tipo de máquina elétrica ideais para esta utilização. O trabalho faz a descrição dos vários tipos de turbinas utilizadas de acordo com as alturas de queda d\'agua e com as vazões que se enquadram dentro do conceito de microcentral. A seguir é abordado um estudo dos principais tipos de geradores elétricos, enfatizando-se aqueles que são mais viáveis para este tipo de aplicação. Depois é feita um descrição dos principais tipos de reguladores de velocidade, desde os clássicos eletromecânicos utilizados em centrais convencionais, até os chamados reguladores eletrônicos de velocidade que são utilizados tanto em centrais convencionais, como em microcentrais. Finalmente, faz-se um modelo matemático para uma microcentral a partir de simplificações de um modelo de uma central convencional para compará-lo com modelo identificado a partir dos ensaios realizados em campo. / This present work deals with micro hydropower electric systems and has its enphasis on the study of the turbine speed regulation by a electronic system. The proposed speed regulator is of local commutation type, where the constant speed is achieved by the constant demand of energy from the generator. The study presents a bibliographical revision seting up the state of art on micro-hydropower. Following this revision, the system modelling is studied. Theoretical and practical results are used the system modelling. Substancial cost reduction may be achieved using this technology in many ways: civil engineering works; elimination of the conventional turbine speed governor - not only because the governor is itself an expensive item, but because its removal permits simplification of the turbine, particularly where high efficiency is not a dominant concern. The simplified turbine design may lend itself to large-volume production at low unit cost, or it may permit manufacture in a Third World workshop using local labour and readily available materials. Finnaly this work implements a PID controller for regulation the system frequency.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Arilson da Silva Favareto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, São Bernardo do Campo, 2018. / A literatura voltada à construção de Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs) é ampla, mas peca por normalmente tomar o território que a recebe como um mero receptor no processo de sua entrada, tendo seu foco em grande parte nos impactos negativos e no curto prazo. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem na qual o território é compreendido como capaz de refratar e absorver determinados efeitos desta infraestrutura, ou seja, busca-se compreender de que forma se dá a relação entre o território e a UHE. O princípio que norteia esta pesquisa é o de que a configuração do território tem peso fundamental, uma vez que a dimensão e a diversidade de agentes nas coalizões locais pode influenciar a forma como esta relação será estabelecida, e isso depende do quão restrita é a liberdade de agência e, assim, da participação social. A pesquisa foi conduzida nos territórios do Sertão do São Francisco, onde está instalada da UHE Sobradinho, e no Alto Uruguai, onde está a UHE Machadinho. A escolha destes territórios se deu pelo fato de que suas propostas de entrada de UHE ocorreram em um período muito próximo, e por possuírem trajetórias profundamente distintas. Foram realizados um movimento diacrônico, com vistas a caracterizar a configuração de cada território antes da entrada de sua UHE, como seu deu esse processo, e a configuração atual de cada um destes territórios, e um movimento sincrônico, com o propósito de comparar os resultados dos processos de entrada das UHEs entre os territórios. Os resultados indicam que no caso do Sertão do São Francisco, onde a configuração territorial era de grande concentração de poder, houve a formação de coalizões restritas, sendo a participação social dos atingidos suprimida, resultando na apropriação das oportunidades econômicas, sociais e políticas por parte de pequenos grupos, e o ônus sofridos pelos agentes com menor poder. No outro extremo, no Alto Uruguai a configuração territorial apresentava uma maior desconcentração de poder, o que permitiu a formação de uma ampla coalizão, o que tendo como resultados a diminuição dos efeitos negativos, e as oportunidades econômicas, sociais e políticas menos concentradas. / The scientific production about the construction of hydropower plants (HPPs) is broad, but it often fails by considering the territory that receives the infrastructure as a mere receptor in the process of its entry, focusing on the negative impacts and in short term. This research presents an approach in which the territory is understood as capable of refracting and absorbing certain effects of this infrastructure, that is, it seeks to understand how the relationship between the territory and the HPP occurs. The guiding principle of this research is that the territorial configurarion is fundamental because of the size and the diversity of agents in the local coalitions can influence how this relationship will be estabilished, and that depends on how restricted the freedom of agency is, and thus of social participation. The research was conducted in the territories of the Sertão do São Francisco, where it is installed the Sobradinho HPP, and in Alto Uruguai, where the HPP Machadinho is located. The choice of these territories was due to the fact that their proposals for the construction of the HPP occurred in a very near period, and because they have trajectories with deep differences. A diachronic movement was carried out in order to characterize the configuration of each territory before the entrance of its HPP, how this process occured, and the current configuration of each one, and a synchronic movement, with the aim of comparing the results of the processes of entry of the HPPs between the territories. The results shows that in the case of the Sertão do São Francisco, where the territorial configuration was of a big concentration of power, there was the formation of restricted coalitions, with the social participation of those affected being suppressed, resulting in the appropriation of economic, social and political opportunities by small groups, and the burden suffered by agents with less power. At the other extreme, in the Alto Uruguai the territorial configuration presented a bigger deconcentration of power, which allowed the formation of a broader coalition, which results in the reduction of negative effects, and the less concentrated economic, social and political opportunities.

A literatura que descreve os efeitos locais de empreendimentos hidrelétricos tem recebido contribuições importantes nos últimos anos. Esses trabalhos, contudo, lançam perspectivas disciplinares sobre essa problemática. O presente estudo busca compreender tais efeitos de maneira integrada, partindo de uma perspectiva sistêmica associada à teoria da resiliência em sistemas socioecológicos. Para tal, adota o caso da usina hidrelétrica de Barra Grande, analisando de que forma a dinâmica do sistema socioecológico local diretamente afetado pela barragem transformou-se na época de sua implantação. Assim, o sistema socioecológico local fora conceitualmente modelado e caracterizado para todo o ciclo de implantação da usina de Barra Grande, por meio da coleta de dados e informações primários e secundários. Como principais resultados, estão a concentração de alterações mais significativas nas proximidades do eixo da barragem, a criação de novos atratores para o sistema econômico local, a profunda alteração de aspectos do sistema social e a depleção da resiliência dos ecossistemas afetados pela barragem. / The literature that describes the local effects of undertaking hydropower plants has received important contributions in the past few years. These efforts, however, are based on disciplinary approaches. His study aims to understand the local effects of undertaking hydropower plants in an integrated way, following a systemic approach related to the theory of social-ecological systems resilience. O accomplish that, it is adopted the case of the Barra Grande dam, analyzing the changes in the dynamics of the local social-ecological system directly affected by the dam. The local social-ecological system was conceptualy modeled and designed for the entire projects lifecycle. It was made through collecting primary and secondary data. As maisn results, there are the concentration of significant alterations in the surroundings of the dams axis, the creation of new attractors for the economic system, a deep change in the social systems aspects and the depletion of the resilience of the ecosystems directly affected by the dam.

Com a crescente demanda de energia elétrica há a necessidade da criação de novas fontes de energia e otimização das fontes já existentes. No caso de países que apresentam uma matriz energética predominantemente hidrelétrica como o Brasil, com grandes usinas e reservatórios, os estudos sedimentológicos e os levantamentos batimétricos se apresentam como importantes ferramentas para melhorar o planejamento e o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos e energéticos. Atualmente, muitos reservatórios hidrelétricos operam com dados defasados devido, principalmente, ao contínuo processo de assoreamento dos reservatórios. Este fato faz com que as políticas de gestão e operação destes reservatórios sejam realizadas a partir de dados diferentes dos encontrados na realidade. Neste contexto, a dissertação apresenta um estudo de caso no Reservatório de Três Irmãos (SP), onde foi realizado um levantamento batimétrico em 2008, e a partir da comparação dos dados obtidos neste levantamento com os dados fornecidos pela concessionária de energia, de 1975, foi possível estimar as perdas de volume total, útil e morto do reservatório que correspondem a 14,3%, 14,5% e 14,2%, respectivamente. A partir da observação destas modificações nos dados operacionais do reservatório em estudo, foi realizada a simulação da operação do reservatório e da usina hidrelétrica por meio do software AcquaNet, com a intenção de analisar qual a interferência do assoreamento do reservatório na geração de energia elétrica, durante o período de 1993 a 2008. Com os resultados foi constatado que a diminuição do volume útil do reservatório (devido ao assoreamento) acarretou na redução da energia gerada pela usina durante o período analisado. Também foi possível estimar as perdas financeiras da concessionária de energia com a redução da produção energética. Foram sugeridas, ainda, algumas medidas preventivas e corretivas para a redução do processo de assoreamento do reservatório em estudo. / With the increasing demand of energy, it is necessary to create new sources and optimize the ones that already exist. In the case of countries that present an energy matrix predominantly hydroelectric such as Brazil, where there are huge power plants and reservoirs, the studies on sedimentation and beating surveys are presented as important tools to sharpen the planning and the management of water and energy resources. Currently, most of the hydroelectric reservoirs operate in gapped data, due to, mainly, the continuing process of reservoirs silting. This makes management policies and operation of these reservoirs be performed from data that differ from the ones found in reality. In this context, this dissertation presents a case study at the Três Irmãos Reservoir (SP), where a beating survey was carried out in 2008, and, from the comparison of the data revealed in that survey with the data provided by the power utility in 1975, it was possible to estimate the losses of total capacity, live storage and void volume of the reservoir, which correspond to 14,3%, 14,5% e 14,2%, respectively. From the observation of these operational data modification of the reservoir under study was performed the simulate of the operation of the reservoir and hydroelectric plant with the employing of the AcquaNet software with the intention to look into the interference of silting of the reservoir in generate electricity during the period 1993 to 2008. With the results was found that the decrease in the capacity of the reservoir (due to siltation) resulted in the reduction of energy generated by the plant during the period analyzed. With this verification, it was also possible to estimate the financial losses of the power utility with the reduction of energy production. Was suggested also, some preventive and corrective measures to reduce siltation process in the reservoir under study.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-06-25T23:12:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Fabricio_S_Silva.pdf: 2675376 bytes, checksum: 37796693d06d9e4b32f5991fd61d17d1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T23:12:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Fabricio_S_Silva.pdf: 2675376 bytes, checksum: 37796693d06d9e4b32f5991fd61d17d1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Hydroelectric generation is the main source of electricity in Brazil and also in the West and Southwest of Paraná. Year after year the energy matrix has been diversifying, including new sources, such as wind power. However, due to the power accumulation characteristic of hydroelectric plants, this type of source is important for the stability of the electric system. Currently, hydroelectric power corresponds to just over 60% of all power installed in Brazil. Particularly in the West and Southwest of Paraná, this number increases and Paraná's share in the Brazilian matrix is approximately 16% of all installed power. In order to verify the participation of these regions in the hydropower matrix and also their production, a survey was made of the installed potential and the constructive profile of the hydroenergy projects. In addition, the flow and production trends of the Salto Santiago hydroelectric plant in the Iguaçu River basin and the Melissa hydroelectric plant in the Piquiri river basin were verified in the 2003 to 2017 period. Finally, a conceptual map of the western and southwestern regions of Paraná was elaborated with the hydroelectric generation profile. It was noticed by the survey that the regions of the study have great participation in the hydroelectric matrix of Brazil and that its production and the flow of the rivers in the entrance of these remains practically unchanged in the studied period. / A geração hidrelétrica é a principal fonte de energia elétrica no Brasil e do Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná. Ano após ano a matriz energética vem se diversificando, sendo nela inseridas novas fontes, como por exemplo a eólica. Porém pela característica de acumulação de energia potência das hidrelétricas faz com que este tipo de fonte seja importante para a estabilidade do sistema elétrico. Nos dias atuais a energia hidrelétrica corresponde a pouco mais que 60% de toda potência instalada no Brasil. Em especial na região Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná, este número aumenta e a participação do Paraná na matriz brasileira é de aproximadamente 16% de toda potência instalada. Para verificar como está a participação destas regiões na matriz hidroenergética e sua produção, foi realizado um levantamento do potencial instalado e do perfil construtivo dos empreendimentos hidroenergéticos. Além disto foi verificada a tendência das vazões e produção no período de 2003 a 2017 da hidrelétrica Salto Santiago na bacia do Rio Iguaçu e a hidrelétrica Melissa na bacia do rio Piquiri. Por fim, foi elaborado um mapa conceitual das regiões Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná com o perfil da geração hidrelétrica. Concluiu-se pelo levantamento que as regiões do estudo têm grande participação na matriz hidrelétrica do Brasil e que sua produção e a vazão dos rios na entrada destas permanece praticamente inalterada no período do estudado.

Technische Neu- und Weiterentwicklungen sowie eine Änderung der Marktverhältnisse sind maßgebliche Motive für Investitionen. Im Bereich der Kleinwasserkraft sind Investitionen – quantitativ betrachtet – bedingt durch die aktuelle Konjunkturflaute nach der Finanzkrise gesunken. Auf der anderen Seite setzt die Politik verstärkt auf die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien, um das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit auf diesem Gebiet zu forcieren.

Loss of connectivity in riverine systems due to construction of hydropower dams has resulted in a worldwide decline of anadromous salmonid species such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta L.). The future of these species depend on the presence of available spawning habitat in freshwater river systems. Modern research and mitigation efforts mainly focus on ensuring a successful upstream passage past dams e.g. fish ladders. Atlantic salmon and sea trout are iteroparous, and are thus able to spawn repeatedly during their lifetime. Individuals surviving upstream migration and spawning generally face a hazardous journey back to their marine feeding grounds. In this large scale natural field study I evaluate the possibility of using a bubble barrier as a non-physical structure to guide downstream migrating kelt past the turbines at a large hydropower station in northern Sweden. Results from this study clearly show that kelt effectively can be diverted using a bubble barrier in daylight conditions with a mean water velocity of 1.1 m s-1 (p=0,01). From a fishway managers perspective, increasing survival of salmonid kelt is a substantial step towards achieving a viable population with increased numbers of repeat spawners and large individuals. This study presents new results in a sparsely explored subject; the diversion of post-spawn salmonid migrants using non-physical barriers.

In order to reach climate and environmental goals, Sweden is increasing the implementation of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power to the electricity grid. The increase of intermittent energy sources is rising power regulation requirement towards hydropower, which increasingly exposes the hydraulic turbines to high loads and fluctuating hydraulic forces. These conditions affect the turbine’s structural and rotor dynamic behavior, leading to fatigue in turbine components. Identifying the parameters that affect the dynamics of the water turbine is an essential part of analyzing and, if possible, avoiding these situations. Furthermore, accurate rotor dynamic models are necessary to design for a robust hydropower unit and improve the estimate of wear on turbine components. Added parameters (added mass, polar moment of inertia, and damping) are hydrodynamic effects occurring due to interaction between structural vibrations and surrounding fluid. Added parameters can modify the turbine’s natural frequencies and consequently its dynamic behavior. Therefore, it is of interest to study and quantify the impact of these parameters on the turbine for accurate rotor dynamic modeling and turbine design. The added parameters have been investigated by conducting experiments on a model Kaplan runner, for which the project has been divided into two consecutive parts. First, experiments were performed in a test rig, in which the runner was excited in a lateral movement to determine added mass and linear damping. Secondly, experiments were performed in a test rig similar to the first, except the runner was excited in a torsional movement to determine added polar moment of inertia and torsional damping. Force and displacement have been measured during both movements, with the runner placed in air and thereafter in quiescent water. The added parameters were quantified by comparing measurements conducted with the runner in air against those conducted in water. By varying the excitation frequency and amplitude, added parameters have been analyzed against excitation frequency, velocity, and acceleration to determine dependent variables. The dimensionless added mass ratio, γma, was investigated within a range of acceleration of 0.07m/s2 to 5.00 m/s2 and in an excitation frequency of 2-9 Hz. Results exhibited a frequency-dependent added mass ratio, leading to a mass addition variation of 1.00-1.49 times the test rig mass with a mean γma of 1.22. Similarly, the dimensionless added polar moment of inertia, γIp, was investigated within a range of angular acceleration between 2.4 rad/s2 to 29.6 rad/s2 and in an excitation frequency range of 2-10 Hz. The mean added polar inertia ratio, γIp, was obtained as 1.09 times the polar moment of inertia of the test rig, corresponding to an increase in polar inertia of about 9%, compared to the total dry polar inertia of the test rig. Results showed that the added polar inertia ratio varied by approximately 1.8% within the studied frequency range. Thus, no frequency dependence could be determined. Due to measurement uncertainties and limitations of the test rigs, added linear damping and torsional damping could not be determined in either of the existing test rigs (lateral and torsional movement).

Many AC grids suffer from decreased frequency stability due to less system inertia. This has increased the risk of large-scale blackouts. This thesis and its papers address the frequency stability problem from a hydropower perspective. Grid frequency stability assessments often require accurate system inertia estimates. One approach is to estimate the inertia of all individual power plants and sum up the results. We implemented three inertia estimation methods on a Kaplan unit and compared their results. The generator contributed with 92-96% of the unit inertia, which verified the results from previous studies. However, the three methods estimated slightly different values for the unit inertia, which raises the question of when to use which method. Hydropower often deliver frequency control, yet we found no studies which validate Kaplan turbine models for large grid frequency disturbances on strong grids. Therefore, we performed frequency control tests on a Kaplan unit, implemented three hydropower models, and compared the simulation results to the measurement data. The models overestimated the change in output power and energy delivered within the first few seconds after a large change in frequency. Thus, it is important to have sufficient stability margin when using these types of hydropower models to assess the grid frequency stability. The Nordic transmission system operators are updating their frequency control requirements. We used measurement data and simulation models to assess whether improved runner blade angle control could help a Kaplan unit fulfill the coming requirements. The results showed that improved runner control does not improve the performance sufficiently for requirements fulfillment. The requirements are based on an assumption on minimum system inertia and became easier to fulfill if they were implemented with more system inertia. Thus, more inertia could allow more participants to deliver frequency control in the Nordic grid.